Computer system overview A computer ic an electronic deviee that can be programmed to accpect input data, procecs the data according to the ucer't need and export the result that would be output. A computer system combines hardware and coftware to process data, converting input into meaningha form. © Hardware: The phycical electronic componente of a computer are called hardware. Example: Keyboard, CPU, monitor, printer ete © Software: There are the recorded instructions and programs that govern the working of a computer. Basic computer Organization Computer organization refers to the logical structure of a computer dercribing how its components are conneeted: how they effect one another’: functioning and contribute to the overall performance of the computer. > Computers, follow the TPO' principle ie, Input—> Procece —> Output: Go, the computer organization ic alto hike Chic thece are component (¢) dedicated to obtaining input in diferent forms, component (a)dedicated to performing proceccing parte and component(s) to produce output in different forme. Input Unit Gince a computer operates on electricity, it can understand only the language of electricity ie, either ON or OFF or high voltage or low voltage. That mean a computer can understand tuo ctagee ON/OFF or High/Low voltage or the binary language that uces just two cymbole: 1 for ON and 0 for OFF. > The input anit is responsible for taking input and converting it inte computer-understandable form (the binary code). Computer input alo concicte of date and instructions, Example ~ If we give the computer to add 5 + 5,¢ Data: itis 5 and 5 Instruction: Addition Example ~ If we give the computer input ac print ‘Hello World” Date: ‘Hello World” Instruction: Print The input unit ic concict of different input devices that take the input in different Forme and pase them in digital Form to CPU for processing.Some common input devices are: 1. Keyboard: A keghoard is typeuriter-ike device that ic used to type in letters, digits and commands. 2. Mouse: The mouse ic a pointing device with either a roler on ite base or come laser mechanitm. Mouce controle the movement of pointer (alte called the mouse pointer] on the screen. 3. Micrephone(Mic): We can cond sound input to a computer through a special input device called a ‘micrapkone or mie in short. A mic converts the sound received ints a computer’ Format, which is called Aigitieed cound or digital audio. A mie can work if your computer bas a special hardware known as sound card. The eutput unit it responsible for converting binary signals inte human-readable form, ie, characters, graphical or audlo-viteal form Some common output deviees are: 1. Monitor: Ie displays information. The pictures on a moniter are made up of thoucande of pire 2. Printers: Printers are the devices that deliver information using printed charactert on paper. 3. Speakers: Speakere rec into an audible Format for users. 1 cound in the Form of electric current from the cound card and convert it > The CPU ic the main control center where procecsing takes place. it ic often called the brain of the computer. The CPU ie parted inte 8 parte that i: © AU Arithmetic Logie Unit © CU Control Unit © Registers ALU Arithmetic Logie Unit AlU can perform allfourarithmatic (+ Arithmetic 4) and logical (>, 62,24, €2, 16} © When tue numbers are added, thece are cent to the ALY From the memory. © The addition takes place then the ie ie put back in the Logical © Sent to the memory to ALU where the comparizon takes place © And returned to memory CU- Control Unit The CU sende control cignals antl required operations are done by ALU and memory. The CU controle and guides the interpretation, low and manipulation of all data and information.CU acts as a supervisor by controlling and guiding the operation taking place Another important Function of CU it the program execution ie, carrying out all the instructions stored in the program. The CU gets program instructions From memory and exccutec them one the other. After getting the instructions From memory in CU, the instruction it decoded and interpreted ie, which operation i to be performed. en the acked operation ic carried out. After the work of thic instruction ic completed, control unit sende signal to memary to send the next instruction in cequence to CU. The control unit even controle the flow of data from input devices to memory and from memory Co output devices. Registers > Registers or processor regcters are small unite of date holding places The CPU aces registers to temporarily hold come important procecsing information during the time the procecsing ic taking place. > CPU may store some part data or some memory addrecs or some inctraction in ite processor registers Memory (Main/Primary) The memory of a computer it more lke a predefined working place, where it temporarily keeps information. Each memory location has a unique memory addrecs. When the task is performed, it clears ite memory and memory space is then available for the next tack to be performed. >When the power it cwitehed off everything ctored in the memory gets erased and cannot be recaled. The memory of a computer can be thought of as ces! Each of these cells Further broken down into emailer parts known a bite Abit meanc a binary digit ie, either 0 or 1. Several bite together are uced to ctore data instructions by their combination.A bit ic an elementary unit of memory. Eight bite together form a byte One byte ic the cmallest unit which can represent a data item or a character Other unite of memory are KB, MB, 6B, TB. Every higher memory unit ic equal to 2 of ite lower unit Some most common secondary storage media are hard disk, CD-RW, pen drives Kb ete. The secondary memory devices are alse known ac storage devices. PAM ~ Random Aecese Memory RAM allows information transfer from any random location, but its main drawback ic that it losec all data when power is lest due to ite volatile mature. RAM in a computer can be of tuo types: Dynamic RAM (DRAM): There are made of trancistore and capacitors. Teday't DRAM Chipe have access times below 20-70 nanacecondl. Static RAM (DRAM): There are made up of fipflops and offer faster access time nanoseconds) thas. DRAMS, thue are atilaed in speciaheed applications (aboot 10 > The amount of time taken to produce data required from memory, from the ctart of the accert unit the availability of data ic called memory accece time ROM- Read Only Memory A Read-Only Memory (ROM) ic a memory unit that performe the read operation only it does not have awrite capabitty. Thit implies that the binary information ctored in a ROM ic made permanent dluring the hardware production of the unit and cannst be altered by writing diferent words inte it (hence non-volatile). Whereas RAM ic a general-purpoce device whose contents can be altered daring the computational procecs, a ROM ic restricted to reading worde that are permanently ctored within the unit ROMs are uced for applications in which it it known Chat the information never needs to be altered. Example: a moniter program controling a machine. There, however, are lower than RAM, There are many typec of ROM, but we will only cover that's in our eyllabus: 4 PROM (Programmable ROM): Alo called OTP (One Time Programmable). PROM is a user-programmable memory in which information is burnt using special equipment called a ROM burser. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): In EPROM, one can program the memory chip (through various mechanitme e.g. UV radiation) and erase it many times ac needed. The UWV-EPROM can take up Co 20 minutes to erare EPROM content. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): In EEPROM, the EPROM is erased electrically which ig faster. Alco, with EEPROM, celective bytes can be erased, unlike UW-EPROM which erases fal.4. Flash EEPROM: It is hike EEPROM but is very fast comparatively (the erasure of the entire contents takes ese than a second). Als, it erases Filly and not selectively 5. Mack ROM: Mack ROM ic a kind of ROM in which the IC manufacturer programs the contents. It it not a user-programmable ROM, Storage Unit Since primary memory has a limited storage capacity and is not permanent, ceondary storage devices are used to store large amount of data permanent There are various types of secondary devices available thece days. To specify the storage capacity of storage devices, same unite of memory are used, which are uced for measuring primary memory. That is, we ean reprecent the storage capacity of storage devices in terme of hile bgter (KB's), mega bytes (MB), giga bytes (GB's) and tera bytes (TBs) ac we do for main memory. Some common storage unite are: © Hard Dike: The hard disk memarieectore infermation on ove or more cireular plattere (or ditke) hich are continvaly pinning. = These rotating disks are coated with a magnetic material and stacked with space between them. Information ig recorded on the surface of rotating dirke by magnetic heads as tiny magnetic spots. The hard dicks of today have ctorage capacity mearured in giga bytes upto tera bytes. © Compact Dicks: (CDe) The compact disks or CDs are optical media. The (De are relatively cheap and have a storage capacity of upto 700 Mb. There are three main types of CDs: (CD-ROM (Compact Dick-Read Only Memery): This ic uced only to store information and cannot be used to store data. It ie mainly used for CD distribution e.g., encyclopedias, software, games, e-books ete. G) CD-R (Compact Dick-Recordable): It ie mainly used for CD-R and can be written on only once and dich cant be eraced Git) CD-RW (Compact Disk-Rewritable): CD-RUW is an erasable disk you can write on multiple timec. © DVDs: DVD ie an optical ctorage device that looks the same as a compact dire but it able to hold about 15 times at much information and transfer it bo the computer about 20 timer ac fart ac a CD-ROM. A DVD, alee caled a Super Density disk (SD), ean bold upto 12 gigabytes of data or four hours of movies on a cide. DVDs alco come in three varieties. () DVD-ROM: This ic read only DVDe ive, once recorded initially, you cannot write on it Gi) DVD-R (DVD-Recordable): DVD-R similar to CD-R's allow users to write on the dive once but read it many Cimer Git) DVD-RW (DVD-Rewritable): Mect writable DVD drives are DVD-RW You eam erase and read many timec on them. © Flash Memery:A flash drive is a cmall, ultra-portable storage device with a ‘old ctate' memory i, it shat no moving parte unlike magnetic storage deviee, nor doer it make use of lacere ~ unlike optical drives1. Instead, it works in a similar way to RAM. The key difference is that data is retained in Flash memory even when the power it ewitehed off. Theg are now fairly inexpensive, costing from 250/- upwards. Typical sives range from 256 Mbgtes up to 128 GB and beyond. © Blu RayDick Blacray Dice (alte known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical dise storage media format. Its 22 art high-definition video and data ctorage. 1 Th lice has the same dimensione ac a standard DYD or CD. 2 The benefit of using a blue-vialet laser (405 nm) ie that it has a shorter wavelength than a red laser (650 nm), which makes it possible to focus the lacer spot with even greater precision, 3. This allowe data to be packed more tightly and ctored in lere cpace, co itt poscible to fit more data on the dive even though its the came sive as a CD/DVD. Blu-Ray dicks of today are copable of storing pte 128 GB of data. > While carrent optical dize technologies cuch ac DVD, DVD+R, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM rely on 0 red laser to read and write date, the new format uces a blue-viset acer inctead, hence the name Bla-ray. Syrtem Bus The egctem bus (or the bus) is am electronic pathwag composed of connecting cables and that connects the major components of a computer system. Through system bus, data and instructions are passed among the computer cyctem components. e data carrying part of eyctem bus ie called data bus. . control instruction carrying part of eystem bus is called contra! bus. © The memory address carrying part ic called addrece bus. © A separate type of bus called 1/0 Bus connects the Input, Output and other external devices to the eyctem. Mobile System Organization Medern mobiles are tiny computers in your hand. Although they have eee computing power compared to their bigger vercions, they handle diverse type of applications cuch ac making calle through radio signals, offering camera utilties, handling touch sencitve cereen, display audio/video/graphical content but having little battery based power ete. Mobile Processor This ic the brain of a cmartphone. The CPU receives commande, makes instant caleulationc plays audio/video, stores information and cende signals throughout the deviee The CPU of a mobile eystem has majorly two cab-procecsor typec Procescing Unit1. Communications Proceccing Unit : This subcyetem ie rerpencible for making and receiving phone calle on a mobile handeet. It has a digital signal processor that helps it work with RF Transceiver and the Audio cabsystom = Radio Signal Management Unit is responsible for connecting SIM (which provide a type of modem) to the bare stations through radio cignale (36/LTEMG baced celular networks). 2 Applications Proceceing Unit (APU). Thi eubsystem it responsible for governing controling al types of operations taking place on a mobile sgctem by running various types of mobile appleatione (apps). Display Subsystem This eystem is responsible For providing display facilities, Couch cencitive interface and touch sensitive keghoarde. Camera Subsystem Thie subunit i designed to delver a tightly bound image processing package and enable a improved overall piefure and video experience It has an integrated Image Signal Procescor encures things like instant image capture, high-recolotion cupport image station, and other image enhancement? Mobile System memory A mobile system memory is compromiced of two memories: 1. RAM (Random Accecs Memory): It it the work memory of your mobile cystem. ~The inctalled mobile appe, when rur, are first loaded in the RAM and then executed. These appe remain in the RAM after you are no longer using them and then they are shifted to backround. 2 ROM (Read Only memory): The ROM or Read Only Memory ic a part of mobile system's internal storage and it ic not acceccible for users to write on and ic thuc referred to as Read Only Memory ~The ROM ic basivally Flach memory or technically EEPROM (lectricaly erasable and programmable read-only memory) > RAM ic a volatile memory, hence it loses its memory when you cwiteh off the device This subunit i designed Co deliver a tightly bound image processing package and enable a improved overall picture and video experience. It has an integrated Image Signal Proceccor encures thinge ike instant image capture, high-resolution cupport image station, and other image enhancement? Storage The external storage of a mobile system is alto caled expandable storage. It comes in the form of SD cards, or ‘micro SD cards ete. It ic the storage which ean be removed easily by you and can be used for ctoring pictures, matic, video and the likes.To.an extent, even the cloud storage can alto be categorized as external storage Battery - Power Management System This subsystem ic responsible for providing power to a mobile system. The mobile system work on limited power provided through an attached battery unit: This cubcystem has a battery management cystem that works with a battery charger and a battery unit, and provides power to the mobile cystem in required form. System Software Instructions are provided tothe computer through cofeware. The coftware that controle internal computer aperations (ce. reading data from input devices, transmitting processed information to the output devices, checking eyctem component, converting data/inetructions Co computer understandable form ete) ic known ac syetem coftware. The eyetem coftware can further be elaccified into two categories © Operating System © Language Processor > The primary goal of an OS ic to make the computer system convenient to uce & Secondary goal isto use computer hardware efficiently. An operating system ic an important component of a computer system which control all other components of the computer cyctem. Major components of a computer cyctem are: The Hardware The Operating Software The application program routines (compiler, linkers, databace management cyctems, utility programs) The Hamanware (Users) > An Operating System it a program that acts at an interface between a user and the hardware (ie, all computer resources). © Application program routine: the ways in which thece resources are used to colve the computing probleme of the acers. © The OS controle and coordinates the uce of the hardware among the various application programe foren are different types of operating sycteme available today to cater to varied type of requirements Example: Gingle ucer OS, Maltivcer OS, Time charing OS, Real time OS, Maltiprececting OS, Distributed OS ete. Lareuage Processors A special tape of computer software that can translate the source code inte an object code or machine code > Source Code 1. Source code: refers te the program-code written by a programmer in a High Level programming Language (HLL) cuch as in C, Java, Cx ete 2 Object code: refers to a code ucuaily in machine language or binary code, a language that computer can anderstand easily and run on hardware There are three types of language processors: © Assembler: This language processor converte the program written in acrembly language into machine language © Interpreter : An interpreter isa type of eyctem coftware that translates and tee inetructions written im a computer program line-by-line, unit by unit ete. © Compiler : A Compiler ic another type of system software that translates and executes computer program in one go. Application Software > Thi type of software pertains to one specific application example: a software that can perform railway reservation functions cannot prepare result for a school These are the programs written by programmers to enable computer to perform a cpecifie tack cuch ac processing worde, inventory control, handing calculationc and figures, medical accounting, nancial accounting, result preparation, railway reservation, billing ete Application coftware can Farther be cubdivided into four categories Packages © Utilities © Customited Software © Developer Toole Packages > Some general software designed that may be used by individual usore in a manner that cuits their neede and requirements are called Packages.Ae applications may be numerous (from thousands to millons of them) tit not feasible to design software for cach one of them. Rather come general software are designed that may be used by individual users in the manner it cuits their needs and requirements. Suck general-application coftware are known as packages. Some major and most common categories of general application coftware (packages) are: Mtiktes Word Procescing Software Spreadsheets Desktop Pablching Software Graphics, multimedia & presentation applications Database Management Systems > Utiities are those application programs that assist the computer by performing housekeeping Functions like backing up dick or canning / viruses or arranging cleaning information ete These are those useful software that ensure smoath functioning of the computer. Some of the important attics are mentioned below Text editor: Creating, and editing text ies. Backyp Utilitie: Utility program Facilitates the backing-up of disk. Back-up meanc duplicating the disk information co that in case of ang damage or data-lees, thus backed up data may be used. Compression Utility: Thit utility program facilitates comprescion of Files. Large fer can be compressed £0 that they take lere ctorage area. Dick Defragmenter: A file ic Fragmented when it consumes to large for your computer to store in a single location om a disk ~ When thie happens, your computer spits the Fle yp and stores it in piece. You ean use Fragmented fies, but it takes your computer larger to access them Dick Defragmenter utility program speeds up dick accese by rearranging the files and Free space on your computer Antivirus Software: This utilty program encures virus-free work environment. ~ Acomputer virus is a malicious computer program that disrupte normal Fnctioning of a computer. = An antivirus coftware ccans your disk for viruses and removes them, if any virus it found. ~ Moreover, come antivirus coftware remainc precent in memory all the time co that they can detect the viruses (as soon as they occur) and counterattack them Business Software Thie type of coftware ic specfially created coftuare according to a butiness requirements. Thie type of software is developed to meet the general requirements of a business. There are many reedymade business software that can cater to a variety of business neds© However, cach software cannot be directly installed at any other user's workplace a the requirements of the second ucer may differ From the fret and the software may not fit in the requirements of the Software Libraries > A software library is « predefined and available to use, suite of data & programming code in the form of prewritten code/functions/ceripte/elasces ete. that can be used in the development of new software programs and applications. When programmers develop cofeware and programs, they have a prewritten cet of cade/fumetione, clacces, scripts ete available to do a variety of tasks, which they can use directly in their code. These predefined sets of codes are called coftware libraries. The coftware libraries combine codec/ Functions/ceripts/elaccer ete., on the basic of their common domain. In order Co use the rewritten functionality, a programmer needs to add that libraries to ite code 1. NumPy Tt provides an abundance of useful Features and Functions for eperations om mumerie arrays and matrices in Python 2 Geib : Containe modules For Linear algebra, eptimization, integration and ctatictics. 3. Panda: It ic a python framework to handle Yabeled" and ‘relational "data