Number systems and further Binary
2.2.1.0 INTRODUCTIO N TO NUMBER SYSTEMS
• A number system is a system established to convert a
specific type to another . Eg – Binary to denary
2.2.1.1 denary system
• A denary system is a base – 10 value chart that has an increasing by 10 times value change from
right to left
Eg - 3639
103 102 101 100
1000(100*10) 100(10*10) 10(1*10) 1
3 6 3 9
(3*1000)+(6*100)+(10*3)+(1*9)
3000+600+30+9
Binary system
• Base 2 hence to the power of 2
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
NOTE –
THAT EACH VALUE MUST CONTAIN 8 values since a byte contains 8 bits more than that
is an overflow
Since each binary answer is a byte .
2.2.2.1 CONVERTIONS OF BINARY AND DENARY
EG – convert 213 to binary
Steps –
1 ) find the nearest lowest value to the given number but note for your level the maximum is 128 you
will figure it later
If we have 213 it is near to 128 which is technically 27
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
2) subtract the converting value by different values
For an instance :
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
213 – 128 = 85
85-64 – 21
21-16=5
5-4=1
1-1=0
Therefore, the answer is 11010101 2
MAKE SURE TO DO THE QUESTIONS
ATTACHED
HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM
- We have come across 8-bit binary numbers, but
they could be 32 and 64 bits.
- It is hard to memorize 8 bits , how about 32 and 64
bits ? it would be impossible. Hence the
hexadecimal system can be used.
- However, computers do not use hexadecimal ,
instead they still use binary.
- It has a base of 16 , hence a power of 16
- It has a different alphabet than human –
TO TURN BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Take 11100110 for an instance –
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
23 22 21 20 23 22 21 20
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
8*1 +2*1 +4*1 4*1 + 2*1
14 6
14 in hexadecimal would be E
6 IN HEXADECIMAL WOULD BE 6
THEREFORE, E6 IS THE ANSWER
TO CONVERT HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
CONSIDER AC
AC
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
10 12
8 4 2 2^0= 1 8 4 2 2^0= 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
10-8-2 12 -8 = 4
2-2=0 4-4 =0
AMSWER = 10101100
• NOTE THAT SOMEHOW BOTH SIDE MUST HAVE 4 BITS
IF LESS ADD ZEROS
FURTHER BINARY !
Further binary is extended and advanced calculations
done from binary values
3.1 BINARY ADDITIONS
Before doing any calculations know what any binary
digit would cause –
1+1 = 1 0
0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
1 +1 +1 = 0 and a carry-over of 1
how much is 11010110+01100111 in binary
11010110
+ 01100111
-----------
overflow 100111101
But it should be 8 bit but here we have 9 so it is an
overflow
SIGN AND UNSIGNED NUMBERS
IN DENARY A (–) AND (+) IS IDENTIFIE
HOWEVER IN BINARY YOU CANNOT
Sign And Magnitude
In a bit value the left most value is called the MSB (
most significant bit). We can use it to represent signs
We use 0 as + and 1 as –
For an instance –
11111000
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
The MSB IS 1
SINCE THE GREATEST DIGIT IS TAKEN BY THE
SIGN THE LARGEST POSITIVE NUMBER
PRODUCED BY A BYTE IS 127
Adding Signed integers
Normally if we add -28 and + 28 we get 0
but if we use binary addition to do it we
will get – 56 which is wrong
Hence to do it properly we use two’s
compliment theory
1) FINDING TWO’S COMPLEMENT IN A BINARY
NUMBER
- Flip all of the bits change 1 to 0 and 0 to 1
- Add 1 to the value given
power 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
Exponentiation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Num 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Flip 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
carry 1 1
+1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
It is 11100100
Since 1 is the MSB and it denotes minus
-128+64+32+4
-128+100
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
-28
Two’s complement to denary
Method 1 – reverse calculation
Imagine -28
The binary value is 11100100
First we flip it
- 28 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
flip 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Add 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
power 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
Exponentiation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-128+64+32+4 =-28
Second method – place
power 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
Exponentiation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
-128 +64 +32 +4
Therefore it is -28
Rashmitha Jayawardhana Grade 9/10 computing Edexcel
