LIFE PROCESSES

1. Define the following:

a. Nutrition
It is the process of intake of nutrients by an organism and utilization of these nutrients by the organism for the
metabolic activities.
b. Nutrients
It is the substance in which an organism obtain it from the surrounding and uses it as a source of energy or for the
biosynthesis of its body.
c. Modes of Nutrition
i. Autotrophic Nutrition: It is that type of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from the simple
inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water present in the surrounding by photosynthesis. For eg: Green
plant and blue green algae.
ii. Heterotrophic Nutrition: It is that nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food from simple
inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water and depend upon the other organisms, for its food For eg:
non green plants and animals
d. Type of Heterotrophic Nutrition
a. Saprophytic Nutrition: It is the type of nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of dead and
decaying organic matter like dead animals, dead plants and rotten bread. For eg: Bacteria and Fungus.
b. Parasitic Nutrition: It is the type of nutrition in which an organism derives its food fro the body of other living
organism without felling it. For eg: Plant like cuscuta (Amarbel) and animals like plasmodium and round worms
c. Holozoic Nutrition: It is the type of nutrition in which an organism takes the complete organic food material into
its body by the process of ingestion. The ingested food is digested and then absorb into the body cells of an
organism. For eg: Amoeba, Paramecium, Human being etc.

2. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like us?

Ans. In multicellular organisms like us all the body cells are not in direct contact with the surroundings environment so
every cell of the body will not get oxygen as per need by the process of diffusion from the environment so
complex multicellular organisms need specialized tissue, organ and organ system to take in oxygen.

3. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?

Ans. Movement or motion is the criteria we use to decide whether something is alive

4. Draw the labeled diagram of cross section of leaf.

5. What are outside draw material used for buy an organism?

Ans. An organism need draw material from outside mainly

a. Food: to supply energy, materials like minerals vitamins etc. for working and maintenance of cell or tissue

b. Water: To provide medium in the body to like and carry out all metabolic reaction necessary for life.

c. Oxygen: for respiration

6. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, sunlight, water and chlorophyll as its basic raw materials.
a) Carbon dioxide:It is a gas present in the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide through small pores called as stomata on their surface of
their leaves. This is a source of carbon for the plants.
b) Water: It is a liquid form required for the process of photosynthesis and is absorbed by the roots, transported through the stem to leaves by a
special structures called as xylem tissues.
c) Chlorophyll: It is a green coloured pigment in the chloroplasts of the cells. It has two photosystems called as PS-I and PS-II. It traps energy
from the sunlight. This energy is used to to split the water molecules.
d) Sunlight: It is an important factor for the photosynthesis to occur. intensity, quality of light and the duartion of light are the factors which
influence the process.

7. Explain the nutrition in human being.

Ans. i. Nutrition in human being: The alimentary canal is basically a long tube extending from the mouth to anus.
There are five steps;

ii. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the mouth with the help of hands called ingestion.

iii. Digestion: In our mouth there are teeth, tongue and salivary gland. Teeth cut the food into small pieces
and held in chewing, crushing and grinding the food. Tongue gives taste and mix the saliva with the food
for easy swallowing the food. Salivary gland contain saliva which contain an enzyme salivary amylase
which digest the starch into sugar.

iv. a. Oesophagus: From the mouth food goes down into the food pipe called oesophagus where no
digestion take place.

b. From the oesophogus food passes in stomach through peristaltic movement (Expansion and
relaxation of walls of oesophagus)

v. Stomach: Stomach is J shape organ where the food digested and stay three hours (time is depending upon
the type of food). The walls of stomach secrete gastric juice. Gastric juice contain three substances

a. Hydrochloric Acid: it kills the germs. Help in activation of an enzyme pepsin

 b. Pepsin: In the presence of HCL pepsin activate and digest protein.

c. Mucus: It protect the stomach wall from its own secretion of HCL.

vi. Small Intestine: From the stomach partially digested food pass in to small intestine which is regulated by
sphincter muscles. There are three parts in small intestine . In small intestine there are two glands.

a. Liver: It contain bile juice which store in gall bladder. Bile juice have two functions: i. It makes the
acidic food to alkaline. ii It break down the large muscular of fat into small globules
b. Pancreas: pancreas contain pancreatic juice which contain three enzyme
a. Pancreatic amylase which digest the carbohydrate
b. Trypsin which digest the protein
c. Lipase which digest the fats
c. The walls of small intestine secrete intestinal juice which finally digest the carbohydrate into glucose,
protein into amino acid and fats into fatty acid and glycerol.

vii. Third Step: Absorption: The digested food is taken up by the walls of the intestine. The inner lining of the
small intestine has numerous fingers like projections called villi which increase the surface area for
absorption and help in absorption of food.

viii. Fourth step: Assimilation: The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to
each and every cell of the body, where it is utilized for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and the
repair of old tissues.

ix. Fifth Step: Egestion: The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water
from this material. The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of this waste
material is regulated by the anal sphincter.

8. Define Respiration.

Ans. The process of respiration involve taking in oxygen into the cell and oxidation with food with releasing of energy
carbon dioxide and water from the body

Food+Oxygen – Carbondioxide + Water + Energy

9. Explain the breakdown of glucose by various pathways

10 (a). Write the difference between the following:

Respiration Breathing

i. Oxidation of food take place Taking of O2 and taking out of CO2 is called breathing
Food+O2 – CO2 + H2O + energy
ii. It is chemical process It is physical process
 iii. In respiration energy produce In breathing energy consume
iv. It is cellular process It is not a cellular process

10 (b). Aerobic Anarobic

i. it take place in presence of oxygen It take place in absence of oxygen

ii. It take place in mitochondria It take place in cytoplasm

iii. It release more amount of energy it release low amount of energy

iv. Full breakdown of food take place partially breakdown of food take place

v. End products are Food+O2- CO2+H2O+Energy End products are In plant: ethanol (yeast) and CO2

In animal (muscle cells) – lactic acid

11.What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have

with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Animals living in water need use the oxygen dissolved in water. However the amount of dissolved oxygen is
fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Hence, the aquatic organisms has much faster rate of
breathing. Terrestrial organisms, on the other hand, obtain oxygen from the oxygen - rich atmosphere through respiratory organs. So, they breathe at a lesser rate than aquatic
organisms. Thus terrestrial organisms can facilitate better utilization of food by way of respiration.

12. explain the human respiratory system.

Human Respiratory System

The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. Lungs are attached to a channel of tubes
which open on the outside through the nostrils. The main structures in the human respiratory system
are discussed below:
Nostrils: There two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is
lined with hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. Both mucus and hairs help in filtering the
dust particles out from the inhaled air. And the air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of the trachea
in the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, and with one bronchus attached to each lung.
Bronchioles: branches and sub-branches of bronchus inside the lung are called bronchioles.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed of a very thin
membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. Where oxygen mixes with the blood and
carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli; takes place due to the pressure
differential.
Diaphragm The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from the abdominal
cavity.

Respiration in human beings

 Air is taken in through nostrils and the air is filtered while passing through the nostrils by
fine hairs and mucus that line the passage.
  From nostrils, air passes to the throat where rings of cartilages are present to ensure that
air passage does not collapse.
 Air reaches lungs from throats and within the lungs, the passage divides into smaller and
smaller tubes ending into a balloon-like structure called alveoli.
 A network of blood vessels is present in the alveoli.
 During breathing air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli.
 The oxygen in the alveolar air is taken by the blood vessels after releasing carbon dioxide
collected from all the cells of the body in the alveoli.

13. Describe the mechanism of respiration in human being

Ans. There are two processes in mechanism of respiration

Inhalation: i. When we breath air in the body the muscles between the ribs contract causing the ribcage to move upward
and outward

ii. The diaphragm contract and move downward chest cavity expand volume of air increase and pressure
decrease than the air rushes the following path
Nostril: Nasal passage – Trachea – bronchi (in lungs) – Bronchioles-Air sec – blood vessels – cell
iii. Oxygen passes from blood vessels to the cell due to the higher concentration of oxygen present in the
blood
b. Exhalation: i. When we breathe out than the muscles between ribs relax causing the ribcage to move
downward and inward.
ii. The diaphragm relax and moves upward, chest cavity contract, volume of air decreases and pressure
increases then air (carbon dioxide) rushes the following path for exhalation
cell- blood vessels – air sec (lungs) – bronchioles – bronchi – trachea-nasal passage- nostril
iii. Carbon dioxide rushes from cell to blood vessels due to the higher concentration of carbon dioxide is present
in the cell.

14 . Why lungs always contain residual volume of air?

Residual volume is the amount of gas remaining in the lungs of the and of a maximal exhalation.The lungs
always contain a residual volume of air so that during breathing cycle there is sufficient time for oxygen to
be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Residual volume is important because it prevents
the lungs from collapsing.

13. How plants respire?

Ans. In plant each and every part respire individually like

Leaves: leaves have stomata by which exchange of gases take place

 Stem: In herbs and grasses there are stomata from which exchange of gases take place but in the stem of trees
there is a woody stem which has lenticels through which exchange of gases take place.

Roots: roots have root hair which contract with the air in the soil and diffuse to all root by root hair

14. What is the mode of respiration in following and what are the common features of these organs

Amoeba, Earthworm, Fish, Prawn, Insect like cockroach, mammals like human being.

Ans. Amoeba-diffusion through cell membrane, Earthworm -through skin, Fish- through gills, Insect like cockroach -
through spiracles and trachea, mammals like human being- through lungs . Common features: i)All the
respiratory organs have large surface area to get enough oxygen. Ii)All the respiratory organs have thin walls for
exchange of gases easily. Iii)All the respiratory organs (like skin, gills and lungs) have a rich blood supply for
respiratory gases (except tracheal system)

15. How respiration in plant differ from the animals

Ans. Respiration in Plants Respiration in Animals

i. All the parts perform respiration individually individual parts not perform respiration but it
perform as a single unit
ii. Short distance covered by the gases from one long distance covered by the gases from one part
Part to other part to another
iii. Respiration occur in slow rate respiration occur in fast rate

16. How muscles cramps occur? How can we get rid of it?

Ans. Sometimes, when there is a lack of oxygen in our muscle cells, another pathway for the breakdown of pyruvate is
taken, here the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is also a three carbon molecule. This build up of lactic
acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps. We can get rid off by taking hot water massage

17. Define

Transportation: In biologically, transport is life process in which a substance absorb from one part of the body of an
organism is carried to the another part of the body..

Translocation: The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called translocation .

Transpiration: removal of water in the form of vapours from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration

Function: i)Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved. Ii) It held
in regulation of temperature.

18. Difference between xylem and phloem

Xylem Phloem

i. Transportation of water and minerals take place Transportation of food takes place
ii. Transportation of water takes place in one direction Transportation of food takes place in both the
upward only directions upward and downward
iii. All cells are dead except xylem parenchyma All cells are living except phloem fiber
iv. There are 4 type of elements There are 4 types of elements
a. Xylem parenchyma a. phloem fiber
b. Xylem fiber b. phloem parenchyma
 c. Xylem vessels c. companion cell
d. Tracheids d. Sieve Tubes

19. explain ;1) transportation of water and mineral in plants 2) transportation of food in plants

TRANSPORTATION OF WATER AND MINERALS

Transportation of food in plants

9. Write a short note on blood.

Ans. Blood is a connective tissue which is red in color contains pigment called hemoglobin. It has following component
a. Plasma: It is a liquid part of blood. It contain dissolve substances like protein, digested food, common salt,
water product and hormones’)Red Blood Cells (RBC): It has a red color pigment called hemoglobin which gives the
red color to the blood and also carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body.

c)White Blood Cells (WBC): WBC fights from infections or diseases causing germs. It protect us from various
diseased. They are also called soldiers of the body. d)Platelets: It help in clotting of blood.

Function of Blood: i)Blood carry oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body. II) Blood carry carbon dioxide
from the body cell. III)Blood carry digested food from the small intestine to all parts of the body. Iv) Blood carry
waste product called urea from kidney to out of the body. V)Blood protect us from various diseases. Vi)Blood
regulated the body temperature.

20. Explain the transporting system in human being

Ans. The main organs which are involved in the transporting system are blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries)
heart and blood.

Blood: We have discussed about blood in previous question

Blood Vessels:

Arteries Veins

i. Arteries carry blood from heart to body organs Veins carry blood from body organ to heart
ii. Arteries are thick wall Veins are thin wall
iii. Blood flow with a high pressure Blood flow without any force i.e. does not
flow with high pressure
iv. Arteries do not have valve Veins have valves which allow the flow of blood
In one direction only and prevent it from backflow
v. Arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary Veins carry deoxygenated blood except
Artery pulmonary vein

Capillaries: Capillaries are thin walled extremely narrow tubes which connect with arteries or veins to the
exchange of various material like oxygen, food, carbon dioxide etc between the blood and body cell.

Heart: 1)heart is a triangular in shape made up cardiac muscles. 2)The size of our heart is about our clinched fist.
3)Heart is protected by a membrane which is called pericardium. 4)Inside the heart there are 4 chambers which
are upper 2 chambers are called Atrium i.e right atrium and left atrium, lower two chambers are called ventricle i.e
right ventricle and left ventricle 5)The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle through the valve v1 and right
atrium is connected to the right ventricle through valve v2. 6) Right side and left side of the heart separated by the

wall called septum.

Circulation of Blood:1) When the muscles of all the 4 chambers of heart are relaxed the pulmonary vein brings
the oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood) from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. 2) When the left atrium
 contract the oxygenated blood push into the left ventricle through the valve v1. 3)When the left ventricle contract
the oxygenated blood is forced into the aorta. 4) Aorta has many branches called arteries which carry the
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. 5)At the same time carbon dioxide rich blood (deoxygenated blood)
enters into the main vein called vena cava from the body organs. 6)From the venacava the deoxygenated blood
passes into right atrium and when right atrium contract the deoxygenated blood is pushed into the right ventricle
through the valve v2. 7)When the right ventricle contract the deoxygenated blood pumped into the lungs
through the pulmonary artery. 8)In the lungs the deoxygenated blood release and absorb oxygen. 9) Again this
oxygenated blood carry the same path in this way, circulation of blood take place.

21. What is double circulation?

Ans. A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body is called
double circulation. In human circulatory system one pathway of blood from lungs to heart and back to the lungs is
called pulmonary circulation and another pathway of blood is from heart to the rest of the body part and back to
the heart is called systematic circulation. These two types of circulation taken together make double circulation.

22. The animal such as mammals and birds have 4 chambers heart while the amphibian and reptiles have 3 caber
heart ?OR: Why there is a separation of left side and right side of the heart.?

23. Write a short note on blood pressure.

Ans. The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood pressure. This pressure is much greater in
arteries than in veins. The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular systole (contraction) is, called
systolic pressure and pressure in artery during ventricular diastole (realization) is called diastolic pressure. The
normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of mg and diastolic pressure is 80mm of mg. Blood pressure is measured
with an instrument called sphygmomanometer high blood pressure is also called hypertension and is caused by
the constriction of arterioles, which result in increased resistance to blood flow. It can lead to the rupture of an
artery and internal bleeding.

24. Write the difference between the blood and lymph

Ans. Blood Lymph

i. It is red in color due to presence of RBC containing it is yellow in color because there is no
hemoglobin haemoglobin
ii. Blood flow in blood vessels and does not come in It contact with body tissue
Contact of body tissue
iii. Blood flow from heart to body organ return to heart lymph flow from tissue to body organs.
iv. Blood contain RBC, WBC and Platelets lymph contain WBC

25. What is lymph? Explain the structure and functions of lymph?

Ans. It is a yellow color liquid which flow from tissue to body organs. It is also called extra cellular fluid
 Structure: Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells
escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is similar to the plasma of blood
but colorless and contains very less protein. Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces,
which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins.

Functions: lymph take part in nutritive process of the body. For eg. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from
intestine. It protect the body disease causing germs the germs. Lymph helps in removing the wall products like
fragments of dead cell i.e. drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.

26. Define the following:

a. Heartbeat: One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart is called heartbeat. It is 70 to 72 times
in a minute that means the heart pumps out blood to the arteries about 70 to 72 times per minutes.

b. Pulse: The definition of a pulse is a rhythmic beating in the arteries caused by the beating of the heart. An example of a pulse is the throbbing
beat heard at the wrist.The expansion of an artery lock time the blood is forced into it. It is called pulse. Pulse rate is

equal to the number of heartbeats so it is also 70 to 72 times per minutes.

27. Explain the excretory system in human being

Ans. The excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra.
Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone.

Function: Urine produced in the kidneys. Kidneys also help in osmoregulation i.e. regular the amount of water.
Urine passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra

28. Name the waste product of the body and how it release?

Ans. In our body there are following waste products

Carbon Dioxide (gaseous): it is release by the process of respiration through lungs

Faccal matter (semi solid substance): it is remove by the process of ingestion through large intestine.

Sweat It is released by the skin through subcesious gland.

Urine (Liquid): It is released by the kidneys

29. Explain the urine formation in human beings?

Ans. 1)Urine is formed in kidneys. 2)Each kidney is made up of large number of excretory unit called Nephron.

3)A nephron has cup shaped bag called bowman capsule4) The lower end of bowman capsule is tube shape called
tubule either end of tubule is connected to collecting duct. 5)The bowman capsule contain number of blood,
capillaries called glomerulus. 6)One end of the glomerulus is connected to the renal artery which bring the dirty
blood. 7)The other end of the glomerulus surrounded with tubules and finally joined with renal vein. 8)The dirty
blood containing waste like urea passed from renal artery enter to glomerulus where it filter. 9)Now the filtrate
passes from glomerulus containing some useful and harmful substances like glucose amino acid, Salt, Water and
Urea.10) From the bowman capsule this filtrate passed into tubule where absorption of useful material (like
glucose, amino acid, some amount of salt and water) take place. 11) Only yellow color liquid left behind which is
called urine. This yellow color liquid passes into collecting duct then ureter after that store into the urinary
bladder and finally comes out from the body through urethra.

30. How plants get rid off waste products

Ans. The main waste products of plants are carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen which is in gaseous form. It is
remove through the stomata and lenticels by the process of respiration, transpiration and photosynthesis. Plants
also store some of the waste product in their body and remove by shading of leaves, pealing of bork and falling of
fruits. The plant get rid off waste by secretion the in the form of gums and resins.

Q31 write the excretory organs of the various animals.

Protozoa amoeba, paramecium,euglena --------- cell membrane

Porifera hydra, sponges--------------water bathes

Platyhelminthes ---planaria. Tapeworm

Annelida earthworm, neries

Arthropoda ---- insects

Mollusca --- octopus,pila,unio

Echinodermata starfish