BMC MHSS ,TUTICORIN GRADE-XII-CHEMISTRY

UNIT-6 SOLID STATE

EVALUATION
1.Define unit cell.
 A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid in a three
dimensional pattern is called a unit cell.
 A unit cell is characterised by the three edge lengths or lattice constants
a ,b and c and the angle between the edges α, β and γ

2. Give any three characteristics of ionic crystals

 They have high melting points.
 They does not conduct electricity, because the ions are fixed in their
lattice positions.
 They conduct electricity in molten state (or) when dissolved in water
because, the ions are free to move in the molten state or solution.
 They are hard as only strong external force can change the relative
positions of ions.

3. Differentiate crystalline solids and amorphous solids

Crystalline Solids Amorphous solids

Long range orderly arrangement of Short range, random arrangement of

constituents. constituents.
Definite shape Irregular shape

Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

They are true solids They are considered as pseudo solids

(or)
super cooled liquids
Definite Heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite

They have sharp melting points. Gradually soften over a range of

temperature and so can be moulded
4. Classify the following solids
(a) P4 (b) Brass (c) Diamond (d) NaCl (e) Iodine

(a) P4 - Molecular solid

(b) Brass – Metallic solid
(c) Diamond – Covalent solid
(d) NaCl – Ionic solid
(e) Iodine – Molecular solid

5. Explain briefly seven types of unit cell.

There are seven primitive crystal systems

1) Cubic - NaCl
2) Tetragonal - TiO2
3) Orthorhombic - BaSO4
4) Hexagonal - ZnO
5) Monoclinic - PbCrO4
6) Triclinic - H3BO3
7) Rhombohedral – HgS
6.Distinguish between hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing.
Hexagonal Close packing Cubic Close packing

‘ABA’ arrangement ‘ABC’ arrangement

The spheres of the third layer is The spheres of the third layer is not
exactly aligned as first layer aligned with those of either the first
or second layer.

The hexagonal close packing is based The cubic close packing is based on
on hexagonal unit cells with sides of the face centered cubic unit cell.
equal length
Tetrahedral voids of the second Octahedral voids of the second layer
layer are covered by the sphere of are covered by the sphere of the
the third layer third layer

The unit cell of hexagonal close The unit cell of cubic close packing
packing has 6 spheres. has 4 spheres

This type is found in metals like Mg, This type is found in metals like Cu,
Zn. Ag.

7.Distinguish tetrahedral and octahedral voids.

Tetrahedral Void Octahedral Void

When a sphere of second layer (b) is When the voids (y) in the first layer
above the void (x) of the first layer (a) are partially covered by the
(a), tetrahedral void is formed. spheres of layer (b), octahedral void
(a)

If the number of close packed If the number of close packed

spheres be ‘n’ then, the number of spheres be ‘n’ then, the number of
tetrahedral voids generated is equal octahedral voids generated is equal
to 2n. to n

This constitutes four spheres , three This constitutes six spheres

on the lower (a) and one in the upper the lower layer (a) and three in the
layer (b). upper layer (b)
When the centers of these four When the centers of these six
sphere sare joined, a tetrahedron is spheres
formed are joined, an octahedron is formed.

The coordination number is 4. The coordination number is 6.

8. What are point defects?

 If the deviation in the perfect crystal occurs due to missing atoms ,
displaced atoms or extra atoms the imperfection is called as point
defect.
 It occurs due to imperfect packing during the original crystallisation or
they may arise from thermal vibrations of atoms at elevated
temperature.

Types : Stoichiometric , Non stoichiometric , Impurity defect.

9. Explain Schottky defect
 Schottky defect arises due to the missing of equal number of cations
and anions from the crystal lattice.
 This effect does not change the stoichiometry of the crystal.
 Ionic solids in which the cation and anion are of almost of similar size
show schottky defect. Example: NaCl.
 Presence of large number of schottky defects in a crystal lowers its
density.
 Example: vanadium monoxide (VO).Theoretical density is 6.5 g cm-3, but
the actual Experimental density is 5.6 g cm-3.
 Approximately 14% Schottky defect in VO crystal.
10. Write short note on metal excess and metal deficiency defect with an
example
Metal excess defect
 It arises due to the presence of more number of metal ions as
compared to anions.
 Alkali metal halides NaCl, KCl show this type of defect.
 The electrical neutrality of the crystal can be maintained by the
presence of anionic vacancies equal to the excess metal ions (or) by
the presence of extra cation and electron present in interstitial
position.

Example : ZnO is colourless at room temperature. When it is heated, it

becomes yellow in colour. On heating, it loses oxygen and thereby forming
free Zn2+ ions. The excess Zn2+ ions move to interstitial sites and the
electrons also occupy the interstitial positions.
Metal deficiency defect

 It arises arises due to the presence of less number of cations than the
anions.
 This defect is observed in a crystal in which, the cations have variable
oxidation states.

Example : In FeO crystal, some of the Fe2+ ions are missing from the crystal
lattice. To maintain the electrical neutrality, twice the number of other Fe 2+
ions in the crystal is oxidized to Fe3+ ions. In such cases, overall number of
Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions is less than the O2- ions.

11.Calculate the number of atoms in a fcc unit cell.

In a face centered cubic unit cell, identical atoms lie at each corner as well as in
the centre of each face.
𝑁𝑐 = 8 (Number of atoms in corners ) 𝑁𝑓 = 6 ( Number of atoms in face )
Number of unit cell in = 𝑁𝑐/8+𝑁𝑓/2
=8/8+6/2
= 1 + 3=4
12.Explain AAAA and ABABA and ABCABC type of three dimensional packing
with the help of neat diagram.
(i) AAAA type
 It can be obtained by repeating the AAAA type two dimensional
arrangements in three dimensions.
 Spheres in one layer sitting directly on the top of those in the previous
layer so that all layers are identical.
 All spheres of different layers of crystal are perfectly aligned
horizontally and also vertically, so that any unit cell of such
arrangement as simple cubic structure .
 In simple cubic packing, each sphere is in contact with 6 neighbouring
spheres - Four in its own layer, one above and one below and hence
the coordination number of the sphere in simple cubic arrangement is
6.

(ii) ABAB.. Type

 In this arrangement, the spheres in the first layer ( A type ) are slightly
separated and the second layer is formed by arranging the spheres in
the depressions between the spheres in layer A .
 The third layer is a repeat of the first.
 This pattern ABABAB is repeated throughout the crystal.
 In this arrangement, each sphere has a coordination number of 8, four
neighbors in the layer above and four in the layer below.
(iii) ABCABC type arrangement

 In this arrangement, the first layer is formed by arranging the spheres as

in the case of two dimensional ABAB arrangements.
 The spheres of second row fit into the depression of first row. This is
layer ‘a’.
 The second layer is formed by placing the spheres in the depressions of
the first layer. This is layer ‘b’.
 There are two types of voids x and y.
 Wherever a sphere of second layer (b) is above the void (x) of the first
layer (a), a tetrahedral void is formed. This constitutes four spheres –
three in the lower (a) and one in the upper layer (b). When the centers
of these four spheres are joined, a tetrahedron is formed.
 At the same time, the voids (y) in the first layer (a) are partially covered
by the spheres of layer (b), now such a void in (a) is called a octahedral
void.
 The third layer may be placed over the second layer in such a way that
all the spheres of the third layer fit in octahedral voids. This
arrangement of the third layer is different from other two layers (a) and
(b), and hence, the third layer is designated (c). If the stacking of layers
is continued in abcabcabc… pattern, then the arrangement is called
cubic close packed (ccp) structure.
 In ccp arrangements, the coordination number of each sphere is 12 – six
neighbouring spheres in its own layer, three spheres in the layer above
and three sphere in the layer below.
13.Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?
 Only strong forces can change the relative position of its constituent ions
, so they are hard
 In ionic compounds the ions are rigidly held in a lattice because the
positive and negative ions are strongly attracted to each other and
difficult to separate.
 But the brittleness of a compound is how easy it is to shift the position
of atoms or ions in a lattice
14.Calculate the percentage efficiency of packing in case of body centered
cubic crystal
The spheres are touching along the leading diagonal of the cube
In ΔABC
15.What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square
close packed layer?
The two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close
packed layer is 4

16. What is meant by the term “coordination number”? What is the

coordination number of atoms in a bcc structure?
✓ The number of nearest neighbour that surrounding a particle in a crystal is
called coordination number.
✓ The coordination number of atoms in a bcc structure is 8.
An element has bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. the density of
the element is 7.2 gcm-3. how many atoms are present in 208g of the
element.
18. Aluminium crystallizes in a cubic close packed structure. Its metallic
radius is 125pm. Calculate the edge length of unit cell.
let ‘a’ is the edge of the cube and ‘r’ is the radius of atom.
Given :r = 125 pm
a = 2√2 𝑟
Sub the value of ‘r’ we get,
a = 2 x 1.414 x125 pm
= 354 pm (approximately)

19.If NaCl is doped with 10-2 mol percentage of strontium chloride, what is
the concentration of cation vacancy?
Given : Concentration of SrCl2 = 10−2mole%

Concentration is in percentage so that take total 100 mole of solution

Number of moles of NaCl =100 – moles of SrCl2

Moles of SrCl2 is very negligible as compare to total moles.

Number of moles of NaCl = 100
1 mole of NaCl is dopped with SrCl2 =10/2100 moles
= 10−4mole of SrCl2
cation vacancies per mole of NaCl =10−4mole
1 mole = 6.023×1023 particles
So, cation vacancies per mole of NaCl = 10−4×6.023×1023
= 6.023×1019vacancies
20.KF crystallizes in fcc structure like sodium chloride. Calculate the
distance between K+ and F− in KF. (Given: density of KF is 2.48 g cm-3)

21.An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10 gcm −3 with
unit cell edge length of 100pm. calculate the number of atoms present in 1 g
of crystal.
22. Atoms X and Y form bcc crystalline structure. Atom X is present at the
corners of the cube and Y is at the center of the cube. What is the formula of
the compound?

The atom at the corner makes a contribution of 18 to the unit cell (X)
The atom at the center makes a contribution of 1 to the unit cell (Y)
Thus, number of atoms X per unit cell = Number of atoms × Contribution per
unit cell
= 8 (at the corners) × 18 atoms per unit cell
=1
Thus, number of atoms X per unit cell = Number of atoms × contribution per
unit cell
= 1 (at the body centre) × 1
=1
Thus, the formula of the given compound is XY.

23. Sodium metal crystallizes in bcc structure with the edge length of the unit
cell 4.3 ×10−8 cm. calculate the radius of sodium atom.

Given : a = 4.3 ×10−8cm.

For bcc r = √34 a
= √34 × 4.3 ×10−8 cm.
= 1. 786× 10−8cm

24. Write a note on Frenkel defect.

 Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions from its crystal lattice.
 The ion which is missing from the lattice point occupies an interstitial
position. This defect is shown by ionic solids in which cation and anion
differ in size.
 Unlike Schottky defect, this defect does not affect the density of the
crystal.
 For example AgBr, in this case, small Ag+ion leaves its normal site and
occupies an interstitial position as shown in the figure.