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Continuity and Differentiability Formulas

The document summarizes key concepts of continuity and differentiability in functions, including definitions, algebra of continuous functions, and differentiation rules. It outlines the relationship between continuity and differentiability, provides derivatives of standard and inverse trigonometric functions, and discusses implicit and parametric functions. Additionally, it covers second-order derivatives and mean value theorems.

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41 views3 pages

Continuity and Differentiability Formulas

The document summarizes key concepts of continuity and differentiability in functions, including definitions, algebra of continuous functions, and differentiation rules. It outlines the relationship between continuity and differentiability, provides derivatives of standard and inverse trigonometric functions, and discusses implicit and parametric functions. Additionally, it covers second-order derivatives and mean value theorems.

Uploaded by

shivsharma.sps
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Continuity and Differentiability - Formulas Summary

1. Continuity

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if:


* f(c) exists.
* lim(x->c) f(x) exists.
* lim(x->c) f(x) = f(c).
Also: lim(x->c-) f(x) = lim(x->c+) f(x) = f(c)
In an open interval (a, b): f is continuous at every point in (a, b).
In a closed interval [a, b]:
* Continuous in (a, b)
* Right continuous at x = a: lim(x->a+) f(x) = f(a)
* Left continuous at x = b: lim(x->b-) f(x) = f(b)

Algebra of Continuous Functions

If f and g are continuous at x = c:


* f ± g is continuous at x = c
* f * g is continuous at x = c
* f/g is continuous at x = c, if g(c) != 0
* k * f is continuous at x = c, where k is a constant

Continuity of Composite Functions

If g is continuous at x = c and f is continuous at g(c),


then (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) is continuous at x = c.

Types of Continuous Functions

Polynomial, modulus, exponential, logarithmic, sine, cosine: Continuous in their domains.


Rational functions: Continuous where denominator != 0.

2. Differentiability

A function f(x) is differentiable at x = c if f'(c) exists.


f'(c) = lim(h->0) [f(c+h) - f(c)] / h
LHD = lim(h->0-) [f(c+h) - f(c)] / h
RHD = lim(h->0+) [f(c+h) - f(c)] / h
f is differentiable at x = c if LHD = RHD
Relationship between Continuity and Differentiability

Differentiable => Continuous


Continuous not implies Differentiable (e.g., f(x) = |x| at x = 0)

3. Differentiation Rules

d/dx(c) = 0
d/dx(cu) = c * du/dx
d/dx(u ± v) = du/dx ± dv/dx
d/dx(uv) = u * dv/dx + v * du/dx
d/dx(u/v) = [v * du/dx - u * dv/dx] / v^2 (v != 0)
Chain Rule: dy/dx = dy/du * du/dx

4. Derivatives of Standard Functions

d/dx(x^n) = n*x^n-¹
d/dx(e^) = e^
d/dx(a^) = a^*ln(a)
d/dx(ln x) = 1/x (x > 0)
d/dx(log x) = 1 / (x*ln a)
d/dx(sin x) = cos x
d/dx(cos x) = -sin x
d/dx(tan x) = sec^2x
d/dx(cot x) = -csc^2x
d/dx(sec x) = sec x*tan x
d/dx(csc x) = -csc x*cot x

5. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d/dx(sin-¹ x) = 1 / sqrt(1 - x^2), for -1 < x < 1


d/dx(cos-¹ x) = -1 / sqrt(1 - x^2), for -1 < x < 1
d/dx(tan-¹ x) = 1 / (1 + x^2)
d/dx(cot-¹ x) = -1 / (1 + x^2)
d/dx(sec-¹ x) = 1 / (|x|sqrt(x^2 - 1)), for |x| > 1
d/dx(csc-¹ x) = -1 / (|x|sqrt(x^2 - 1)), for |x| > 1

6. Implicit Functions

If equation defines y implicitly, differentiate both sides wrt x using chain rule on y.
7. Parametric Functions

If x = f(t), y = g(t), then dy/dx = (dy/dt) / (dx/dt), dx/dt != 0.

8. Second Order Derivative

d^2y/dx^2 = d/dx(dy/dx)

9. Mean Value Theorems

Rolle's Theorem:
* f continuous on [a, b],
* differentiable on (a, b),
* f(a) = f(b) => there exists c in (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.
LMVT:
* f continuous on [a, b],
* differentiable on (a, b) => there exists c in (a, b) such that
f'(c) = [f(b) - f(a)] / (b - a).

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