Lecture – 05 & 11
Programming Fundamentals
BS Information Technology – First Semester
By: Ms. Mahnoor Buriro, Research Associate, TUMS
Contents
• Problem analysis tools
• IPO (Input, Process, Output) chart
• Algorithm
• Flow Chart
• Problem Examples
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Problem analysis tools
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Problem analysis tools
• Problem analysis tools help you analyze the problem to have a clear picture
of the problem.
• They help you identify the problems and their causes at the beginning.
• They help you better understand the problem by conducting its
postmortem.
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Problem analysis tools
• The problem analysis tools that we will be using to solve problem are:
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IPO Chart
• IPO stands for Input Process Output.
• It performs the analysis by identifying the input, process and output of a
given problem.
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IPO Chart
• It can be represented by the following chart:
Input Processing Output
Processing Items:
Algorithm:
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IPO Chart
• The input section specifies all the inputs to the problem.
• The input may be given by the user from input devices like, keyboard,
mouse, scanner etc.
• The input may also come as the contents of a file.
• The input may come from the network or Internet.
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IPO Chart
• The output section specifies all the outcomes of the problem.
• The output may be in the form of the presenting the results on the
monitor screen, printer or any other output device.
• The output may also be stored in a file.
• The output may be redirected to network or Internet.
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IPO Chart
• The processing section specifies two things: processing items and algorithm.
• The processing items involve any formula or equation to be used while
processing.
• The algorithm is the step by step processing procedure to solve that task.
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Algorithm
• Algorithm is the representation of a solution to a problem.
• It is step by step procedure to solve a given problem.
• An algorithm contains finite number of instructions in order to solve a
problem.
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Algorithm
• For example, calculating the average of three numbers.
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number1, number2 and number3 from the user
Step 03: Calculate average as: average = (number1 + number2 +
number3)/3
Step 04: Print average
Step 05: End
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Flow Chart
• Flow chart is the pictorial representation of a process or an algorithm.
• It uses symbols (boxes of different shapes) to represent each step of an
algorithm.
• All the symbols are then connected with arrows to show the flow of the
process.
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Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning
Terminal Indicates the beginning and end points
(Oval) of an algorithm.
Process Shows an instruction other than input,
(Rectangle) output or selection.
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Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning
Input-Output
Shows an input or output instruction.
(Parallelogram)
Decision Shows any point in the process where
(Diamond) decision is to be made.
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Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning
On-Page Continues and connects the flowchart
Connector on the same page.
Off-Page Continues and connects the flowchart
Connector on another page.
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Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning
Denotes movement to another process
Sub-Process
and hence a new flowchart
Connects symbols and shows flow of the
Arrows
process or algorithm.
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Problem Examples
IPO Charts, Algorithms and Flow Charts
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Problem 01: Area of rectangle
Problem Statement: Write a program that accepts the width
and the height of a rectangle from the user and prints the area of
the rectangle.
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Problem 01 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Width of rectangle Processing Items: • Area of rectangle
• Height of rectangle area = width * height
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input width and height from the user
Step 03: Calculate area as: area = width *
height Step 04: Print area
Step 05: End
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Problem 01 – Flow Chart
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Problem 02 : Average of three numbers
Problem Statement: Write a program that accepts three
numbers from the user and displays the average of the numbers.
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Problem 02 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• First number Processing Items: • Average of numbers
• Second number average = (number1 + number2 + number3)/3
• Third number
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number1, number2 and number3
from the user
Step 03: Calculate average as: average =
(number1 + number2 + number3)/3
Step 04: Print average
Step 05: End
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Problem 02 – Flow Chart
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Problem 03 : Temperature scale conversion
Problem Statement: Write a program that receives
the temperature in Celsius from the user and displays the
temperature in Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
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Problem 03 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Temperature in Processing Items: • Temperature in
Celsius F = C * 1.8 + 32 Fahrenheit
K = C + 273.15 • Temperature in
Kelvin
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input Celsius c from the user
Step 03: Calculate Fahrenheit temperature as:
f = (c * 1.8) + 32
Step 04: Calculate Kevin temperature as:
k = c + 273.15
Step 05: Print f and k
Step 06: End
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Problem 03 – Flow Chart
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Problem 04 : Area and circumference of a
circle
Problem Statement: Write a program that receives the radius
of the circle from the user and displays the area and circumference
of the circle.
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Problem 04 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Radius of circle Processing Items: • Area of circle
area = • Circumference of
circumference = circle
Algorithm:
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Problem 04 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Radius of circle Processing Items: • Area of circle
area = π * radius^2 • Circumference of
circumference = 2 * π * radius circle
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input radius from the user
Step 03: set PI = 3.1415
Step 04: Calculate area as: area = PI * radius^2
Step 05: Calculate circumference as:
circumference = 2 * PI * radius
Step 06: Print area and circumference
Step 07: End
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Problem 04 – Flow Chart
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Problem 05 : Buntty, Bubbly and
Building
Problem Statement: There are two friends Buntty and
Bubbly. Buntty is standing at the top of a vertical building and
Bubbly is standing on the ground away from the building. Write
a program that displays the distance of Bubbly from the building
after asking the user about the length of the building and the
distance between Buntty and Bubbly.
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Problem 05 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Distance Processing Items: • Distance of
between Hyp2 = Base2 + Perp2 Bubbly from
Buntty and Hyp = Distance b/w Buntty and Bubbly the building
Bubbly Base = Distance b/w Bubbly and building
Perp = Height of building
• Height of the Base = 𝐻𝑦𝑝 2 + 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝2
Building
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input Dis_Bun_Bub, Height_Bui from the user
Step 03: Calculate Distance b/w Bubbly and building as:
Dis_Bub_Bui = 𝐷𝑖𝑠_𝐵𝑢𝑛_𝐵𝑢𝑏2 + 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡_𝐵𝑢𝑖2
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Problem 05 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Step 04: Print Dis_Bub_Bui
Step 05: End
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Problem 05 – Flow Chart
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Problem 06 : Even or odd number
Problem Statement: Write a program that receives an
integer number from the user and displays whether it is an even
number or an odd number.
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Problem 06 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Integer number Processing Items: • Number is
If (number MOD 2) = 0 then it is even odd or even
If (number MOD 2) ≠ 0 then it is odd
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number from the user
Step 03: if (number MOD 2) == 0 then GOTO Step
04 else GOTO Step 05
Step 04: Print “Number is even” GOTO Step 06
Step 05: Print “Number is odd”
Step 06: End
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Problem 06 – Flow Chart
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Problem 07 : Positive numbers
Problem Statement: Write a program that receives an
integer number from the user. If the number is positive then
display that number.
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Problem 07 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Integer number Processing Items: • Number if it
If (number > 0) then it is positive is positive
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number from the user
Step 03: if (number > 0) then GOTO Step 04 else
GOTO Step 05
Step 04: Print number
Step 05: End
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Problem 07 – Flow Chart
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Problem 0 8 : First 10 integer numbers
Problem Statement: Write a program that generates and
displays first 10 integer numbers.
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Problem 0 8 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Processing Items: • First 10
1, 2, 3, . . . , 10 integer
numbers
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Set i = 1
Step 03: Repeat Step 04 to Step 05 while i <=10
Step 04: Print i
Step 05: Set i = i +
1 Step 06: End
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Problem 0 8 – Flow Chart
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