Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016.
Genius Project
Preface.
In late 1800s and early 1900s, many western cities, including New York, suffered from severe
environmental problem, so called Horse Manure Crisis. In New York in 1900, the population of
100,000 horses produced nearly 1,200 tons of horse manure per day. In addition, the horses
produced nearly a 100,000 liter of urine per day, which also ended up on the streets of the city.
These urine and manure attracted millions of flies and spread numerous diseases.
By the time, motor vehicles started to replace these carriages, powered by horses, the mayor of
New York praised this marble of technology as an amazing breakthrough for the environment.
Ironically enough, the fossil fuel powered vehicle began to its era as an environmentally friendly
transportation.
The mayor of New York couldn’t even imagine that same motor vehicle, he praised, has
imposed more serious environmental problem than horses once did. Carbon dioxide from
automobile has been blamed for infamous global warming. Famous hockey stick graph has
shown the impact of the industrial carbon footprint on the global warming trend.
Beside the global warming, this same carbon dioxide can harm to environment in many ways.
One of more harms by this gas is an acid rain problem. Our mother nature has tried to maintain
its pH level for its out springs. Plants and animals have been prospered with this pH
homeostasis. Minor change of the pH level can be lethal in long run. To minimize this damage, I
exam the relationship between carbon dioxide emission from Automobile and pH level in rain;
and develop an equation to calculate and apply to many other cities.
Acid rain and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
When nonmetal oxide meets water (H2O), products of this chemical reaction is acid. CO2 is a
nonmetal oxide and relatively heavier than atmospheric gas (N2). When one drives a vehicle
powered by fossil fuel, which is carbon (C), and carbon hydride (C-H), the car emits carbon
dioxide.
C + O2 CO2
2CH4OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016. Genius Project
The carbon dioxide from the car stays fairly low altitude in atmosphere because it is heavier
than nitrogen gas which covers 78% of atmosphere. By the time, the carbon dioxide collides
with water vapor, a weak acid, carbonic acid, is produced.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
The carbonic acid comes down with rain; and it alters pH level of soil, lake and river.
Carbonic Acid and pH level
We drink many kinds of beverages with carbonic acid (H2CO3) for almost every day. Unlike
strong acid, like hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid, the carbonic acid doesn’t pose
direct impact on our body because it is a weak acid.
Ka (acid equilibrium constant) of HCl is 1.3 x 106, but that of H2CO3 is 4.2 x 10-7.
Ka of Acid HA =
[ H +1 ] [ A−1 ]
[ HA ]
As Ka is bigger, the acid produces more ions. Thus, the carbonic acid produces very tiny Hydrogen ion
when it dissolves into water.
pH=−log ¿
pH level represents the concentration of hydrogen ion in water. pH2 represents the concentration of
1/100, and pH3 does that of 1/1000. Thus, as one increasing in pH level means one tenth decreasing in
actual hydrogen ion concentration.
Equation.
Independent Variable
o Average driving hour per day: H
o Total number of vehicle: V
o Precipitation: P
o Size of City: A
Constant
o Ka of H2CO3: 4.2 x 10-7
o CO2 Emission Rate: 130 grams per Kilometer
o Driving Distance: 40Km per hour
o Molar Mass of H2CO3 : 62
Dependent Variable
Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016. Genius Project
o pH level increased by CO2 : pH
pH=−log ¿))
pH=−log ¿
6.2 million cars in Sao Paulo
https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/sao-paulo-urban-transport-infrastructure/en-gb/
Emissions from transport vehicles (cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, etc.) depend on the fuel type and above the
average consumer.
Burning fuel produces carbon dioxide and water and not exist a pot that can reduce its value, so it's important to
choose cars with lower fuel consumption. http://www.sunearthtools.com/tools/CO2-emissions-
calculator.php#txtCO2_14
an average of130 grams of CO per kilometre
2
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars/index_en.htm
People in São Paulo use in average 3 hours - 2012, I could not find any resource than is more
recent.
http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/cost-of-living-in-sao-paulo
The average of hours people drive per day * the number of car in Sao Paulo * how much carbon dioxide
is emitted from cars per 1 km * 30 or 31(depends on which month I am calculating) = The total amount of
carbon dioxide that are only from cars in Sao Paulo per day
Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016. Genius Project
3h* 6,300,000 * 130g* 30 = 73710000000g
1 mole of Co2(44.0g) + 1 mole of H2o(18.0g) = 1 mole of H2Co3(62.0g)
1675227273 moles of Co2(73710000000 g) + 1675227273 moles of H2o(30154090910
g) = 103865090900 g, 3350454546 moles of H2Co3 in total
How does carbon dioxide effect the acid rain how it changes how it is related.
H2Co3(103865090900 g, 3350454546 moles) * Ka(H2Co3 : 4.5 * 10^7) = amount of H+(4.673929091
E^18, )
-log [H +] = PH
Ph = -18.6697 (?)
2nd try Ph = 2.4
If there are more H+, it means the acid rain is more acidic.
Put into the precipitation in Sao Paulo
1%?
Normal acid rain Ph = 5.5
-log [H+] = 5.5
- [H+] = 5.5/log
[H+] = - 7.428
Research the amount of acid that is safe.
Make an equation that can fit to any country if I get informations.
Compare countries that may be danger from the acid rain.
Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016. Genius Project
Precipitation * area of sao paulo = Total volume of Rainfall
1. 220mm * 1,523km^2 = 335060 km^2*mm
2. 208mm * 1,523km^2 = 316984 km^2*mm
3. 150mm * 1,523km^2 = 228450 km^2*mm
4. 65mm * 1,523km^2 = 98995 km^2*mm
5. 55mm * 1,523km^2 = 83765 km^2*mm
6. 50mm * 1,523km^2 = 76150 km^2*mm
7. 36mm * 1,523km^2 = 54828 km^2*mm
8. 43mm * 1,523km^2 = 65489 km^2*mm
9. 70mm * 1,523km^2 = 106610 km^2*mm
10. 123mm * 1,523km^2 = 187329 km^2*mm
11. 138mm * 1,523km^2 = 210174km^2*mm
12. 190mm * 1,523km^2 = 289370 km^2*mm
Acid Base
Seoul
2,821,816 (2006) 2hours
1,344.2
2011 년
http://kin.naver.com/qna/detail.nhn?
d1id=11&dirId=1112&docId=126972736&qb=7ISc7Jq4IOyXsO2Pieq3oCDqsJXsiJjrn4k=&enc=utf8&sec
tion=kin&rank=3&search_sort=0&spq=0
Paris 3 hours
Cars : Jan. 1, 2007 there were 5,870,558 vehicles registered in Greater Paris (of which
4,985,715 were private cars, the rest being trucks and vans, buses, trailers, etc.). Note that
vehicles older than 15 years are not included in that tally. The total population of Greater
Paris on the same date (Jan. 1, 2007) was 11,616,500 people.
Integrated Science 1: 2015 ~ 2016. Genius Project
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=938932
The rainfall here averages 637 mm.
http://en.climate-data.org/location/44/
Introduction
Simulation
Describe and explain scientific facts and concepts
Apply concepts in familiar and unfamiliar situations
Make connections among scientific concepts (synthesis)
Analyse and evaluate information to make informed decisions
Clearly and accurately convey scientific information.
Analyse and extract meaning from varied sources
Evaluate and synthesize information from varied sources to create a
scientific claim or product.
Appropriately document the work of others.
Design scientific investigations or engineering solutions.
Analyze, process and present quantitative and qualitative data.
Draw conclusions and evaluate the data and the design of the investigation.
Use scientific equipment correctly and safely.
The average of hours people drive per day * the number of car in Sao Paulo * how much carbon dioxide
is emitted from cars per 1 km * 30 or 31(depends on which month I am calculating) = The total amount of
carbon dioxide that are only from cars in Sao Paulo per day
3h* 6,300,000 * 130g* 30 = 73710000000g
1 mole of Co2(44.0g) + 1 mole of H2o(18.0g) = 1 mole of H2Co3(62.0g)
1675227273 moles of Co2(73710000000 g) + 1675227273 moles of H2o(30154090910
g) = 103865090900 g of H2Co3 in total
