Unit- 5

Cloud computing

What is Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering

applications and services over the Internet. Cloud computing involves provisioning of
computing, networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as
metered services to the users, in a "pay as you go" model. Cloud computing resources can
be provisioned on-demand by the users, without requiring interactions with the cloud
service provider.
The process of provisioning resources is automated. Cloud computing resources
can be accessed over the network using standard access mechanisms that provide
platform-independent access through the use of heterogeneous client platforms such as
workstations, laptops, tablets and smart-phones. The computing and storage resources
provided by cloud service providers are pooled to serve multiple users using multi-
tenancy. Multi-tenant aspects of the cloud allow multiple users to be served by the same
physical hardware. Users are assigned virtual resources that run on top of the physical
resources.
Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): IaaS provides the users the ability to provision

computing and storage resources. These resources are provided to the users as virtual
machine instances and virtual storage. Users can start, stop, configure and manage the
virtual machine instances and virtual storage. Users can deploy operating systems and
applications of their choice on the virtual resources provisioned in the cloud. The cloud
service provider manages the underlying infrastructure. Virtual resources provisioned by
the users are billed based on a pay-per-use paradigm.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): PaaS provides the users the ability to develop and deploy
application in the cloud using the development tools, application programming interfaces
(APIs), software libraries and services provided by the cloud service provider. The cloud
service provider manages the underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network,
operating systems and storage. The users, themselves, are responsible for developing,
deploying, configuring and managing applications on the cloud infrastructure.

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): SaaS provides the users a complete software application

or the user interface to the application itself. The cloud service provider manages the
underlying cloud infrastructure including servers, network, operating systems, storage and
application software, and the user is unaware of the underlying architecture of the cloud.
Applications are provided to the user through a thin client interface (e.g., a browser). SaaS
applications are platform independent and can be accessed from various client devices
such as workstations, laptop, tablets and smart-phones, running different operating
systems. Since the cloud service provider manages both the application and data, the users
are able to access the applications from anywhere.
Sensor-cloud

1. What is sensor cloud?

It is a unique sensor data storage, visualization and remote management platform

that leverages powerful cloud computing technologies to provide excellent data
scalability, rapid visualization, and user programmable analysis.

It is Originally designed to support long-term deployments of MicroStrain

wireless sensors, Sensor-Cloud now supports any web-connected third party device,
sensor, or sensor network through a simple OpenData API.
A sensor cloud collects and processes information from several sensor
networks,enables information sharing on big scale,and collaborates with the applications
on sensor among users. Sensor-cloud enables users to easily
gather,access,process,visualize,analyze ,store,share,and search for a large number of
sensor data from several types of applications and byusing the computational IT and
storage resources of the cloud.
(1) patient - centric health care- Qos refers to monitering delay and reliability of
message delivery.
(2) Network -centric healthcare-Qos refers to a number of patients supported and
message throughput.
(3) Healthcare professional-centric healthcare -Qos refers to cognitive load of
healthcare professional and the number of correct medical decisions
Sensor modeling language(SML)can be used to represent any physical sensors
metadata like their type,accuracy,their physical location,and so forth.
It also uses XML encoding for the measurement and description processes of
physical sensors.
 Basic diagram of sensor cloud platform
Architecture of sensor-cloud

Cloud computing service framework delivers the services of shared network

through which the users are benefited by the services. When a user requests, the service
instances(e.g., virtual sensors) generated by cloud computing services are automatically
provisioned to them.
 Sensor-cloud infrastructure provides services instances(virtual sensors)automatically
to the end users as and when requested in such a way that these virtual sensors are p-
art of their IT resources(like disk storage,CPU,memory etc)

 These service instance and their associated appropriate sensor data can be used by the
end users via a user interface through the web.

 Users make the request for service instances according to their needs by selecting an
appropriate service template of sensor cloud,which will then provide the needed
service instances freely and automatically because of cloud computing services
integration.

 In a sensor cloud infrastructure , sensor owners are free to register or unregister their
physical sensors and can join this infrastructure. These IT resources(physical
sensor,database servers,processors etc)and sensor device are then prepared to become
operational.
 After that, templates are created for generating the service instances(virtual sensor)
and its groups(virtual sensor).once templates are prepared, the virtual sensors are able
to share the related and contiguous physical sensors to receive quality sensor data.
Users then request these virtual sensors by choosing the appropriate service
templates, use their service instances(virtual sensors).
ADVANTAGES OF SENSOR-CLOUD

Cloud computing is very encouraging solution for sensor cloud infrastructure due to
several reasons like agility,reliability,portability,real time ,flexibility and so forth

1. Analysis: users will more efficiently analyze large quantities of data from several
sensor networks with sensor-to-cloud systems. Sensors capture, process and analyze data
in real-time, which can help you make better decisions quickly. The cloud’s ample storage
space also allows you to access historical data to track trends and measure improvement.

2. Scalability: Because the cloud has an extensive routing infrastructure, sensor-to-cloud

grows earlier sensor networks on a much larger scale. As businesses expand and require
more resources, they’ll be able to scale their sensor infrastructure with their business
without investing in new hardware. Furthermore, sensor-to-cloud systems increase data
storage rather than requiring physical computer systems, permitting growing companies to
store more data as they grow without spending time and money implementing new
hardware.
3. Collaboration
The cloud allows for multiple parties to access data from any location simultaneously,
encouraging greater collaboration. Multiple physical sensor networks all display data on
the cloud, making large amounts of data easily accessible.

4. Visualization
As part of the sensor-to-cloud infrastructure, a visualization API represents diagrams
based on sensor data, allowing employees to make sense of complex data from multiple
sensors in a network. You’ll be able to interpret current data patterns that could have
otherwise gone unnoticed to predict future trends.

5. Automation
In the past, employees physically had to be at a site to monitor sensors. Automation
streamlines the sensor monitoring process, as sensor-to-cloud allows you to capture and
analyze data automatically. If issues arise, the system will notify the necessary individual.
Automation is a significant goal of the Internet of Things, and it greatly enhances
productivity by providing faster delivery times.

6. Flexibility
While past computing methods required more hardware, sensor-to-cloud systems provide
more flexibility, as you’ll be able to use more applications to control sensors and easily
share resources and data with others anywhere in the world via the cloud.

7. Multitenancy
Several service providers can integrate multiple services through the cloud, allowing for
access to data from various sources. Although others who do not have access to your data
cannot see it, all data still runs on the same server.

8. Security
Wireless sensors can also be used for security, detecting movement to manage
unauthorized access and sending an alert to the cloud. Door sensors detect when doors
open, can control locking mechanisms and even activate alarms. Window sensors work
much like door sensors, but they also frequently monitor the temperature to optimize
power consumption. Finally, motion sensors can sound an alarm or call the police to keep
spaces like warehouses or artifacts at museums safe.

9. Cost
Cloud infrastructure permits more significant computing and storage capacity without the
same cost as hardware. Further, you’ll be able to monitor equipment and make the
necessary repairs before they become too costly.

10. Installation
One of the significant advantages of wireless sensors is they are quick and easy to install.
The technology will immediately begin collecting data and sending it to the cloud once
attached to a piece of equipment.
Advantages of sensor cloud

Sensor -cloud service life-cycle model

Before creating the service instances within sensor-cloud infrastructure,preparation phase

is needed,and this includes the following

(1) preparing the IT resources(processors,storage,disk,memory etc)

(2) Preparing the physical sensor devices
(3) Preparing service templates.

The users of the sensor can select the appropriate-service template and request the
required service instances.

These service instances are provided automatically and freely to the users,which can then
be deleted quickly when they become useless.
Sensor-Cloud life cycle development phases.
Layered structure of sensor-cloud

Layered structure of sensor cloud platform,which is divided mainly into three types

(1) user and application layers

(2) Sensor-cloud and virtualization layers.
(3) Template creation and tangible sensors layers

Layer 1 : this layer deals with the users and their relevant applications. Sensor users want
to access the valuable sensor data from different OS platform,such as mobile phones
OS,windows OS,or mac OS for a variety of applications. This structure allows usersof
different platforms to access and utilize the sensor data without facing any problem
because of the high availability of cloud infrastructure and storage.

Layer 2: This layer deals with virtualization of the physical sensor and resources in the
cloud. The virtualization enables the provisioning of cloud based sensor services and other
IT resources remotely to the end user without being worried about the sensor exact
locations. The virtualized sensors are created by using service templates automatically.
Service templates are prepared by the service providers as service catalog, and this catalog
enables the creation of service instances automatically that are accessed by multiple users.

Layer 3 : this is the last layer which deals with the service template creation and service
catalog definition layer in forming catalog menu.physical sensors are located and
retrieved from this layer. Since each physical sensor has its own control and data
collection mechanism, standard mechanisms are defined and used to access sensors
without concerning the difference among various physical sensors. Standard functions are
defined to access the virtual sensors by the users.

Existing and emerging sensor-cloud applications

There exist a number of services based on Sensor-Cloud infrastructure to store and

process the sensor-based information.

Nimbits. is a free and social service that is used to record and share sensor data on cloud.
It is a cloud-based data processing service and is an open-source platform for the IoT
(Internet of Things)
Nimbits also provide an alertmanagement mechanism, data compression
mechanism, and data calculation on received sensor data by employing some simple
mathematical formulas.

Pachube Platform. Pachube is oneof the first online database service providers, which
allows us to connect sensor data to the web.
It is a real-time cloud-based platform for IoT with a scalable infrastructure that
enables us to configure IoT products and services, store, share, and discover realtime
energy, environment, and healthcare sensor data from devices and buildings around us.

IDigi. is a machine-to-machine (M2M) platform as a service PaaS that minimizes the

barriers to build scalable, secure, and cost-effective solutions, which can bind the
enterprise applications and device assets together.

iDigi eases the connectivity of remote assets devices and provides all the tools
tomanage, store, connect, andmove the information across the enterprise irrespective of its
reaches.

ThingSpeak. is another open source IoT application and has an open API to store and
retrieve data from device assets or things via LAN or using HTTP over the Internet.

With this platform, location tracking applications,sensor logging applications, and social
network of device assets with proper update of its status can be created.

ThingSpeak allows numeric data processing like averaging, timescaling, rounding,

median, summing, and so forth to store and retrieve the numeric and alphanumeric data.
Emerging Sensor-Cloud Applications

There are many other applications that are emerging based on the Sensor- Cloud
infrastructure, which can be summarized as follows.

Ubiquitous Healthcare Monitoring. Sensor-Clouds can be used for health monitoring by

using a number of easily available and most often wearable sensors like accelerometer
sensors, proximity, ambient light and temperature sensors,and so forth to collect patient’s
health-related data for tracking sleep activity pattern, blood sugar, body temperature, and
other respiratory conditions.

Environmental Monitoring for Emergency/Disaster Detection. In environmental

applications, it is possible to detect the earthquake and volcano explosion before its
eruption by continuously monitoring them through the use of several numbers of different
sensors like strain, temperature, light, image, sound, acceleration, barometer sensors, and
so forth through the use of wireless sensor networks.

Telematics. Sensor-Clouds can be used for telematics, meant to deploy the long distance
transmission of our computerized or information to a system in continuum. It enables the
smooth communication between system and devices without any intervention.

Google Health. It is a centralization service of Google that provides personal health

information and serves as cloud health data storages.

Microsoft HealthVault. This cloud platform is developed by Microsoft to store and

maintain health and fitnessrelated information. HealthVault helps users to store, gather,
and share their health relevant information and its data can be acquired from several
pharmacies, cloud providers, health employees, health labs, equipment, and from the users
itself.

Agriculture and Irrigation Control (Field Server Sensors).

Sensor-Cloud can be used in the field of agriculture to monitor the crop fields in order to
upkeep it. For this, a field server is developed that comprises of a camera sensors, air
sensor, temperature sensor, CO2 concentration sensor, soil moisture and temperature
sensors, and so forth.

Earth Observation. A sensor grid is developed for data gathering from several GPS
stations, to process, analyze,manage, and visualize the GPS data.

Transportation and Vehicular Traffic Applications. Sensor-Cloud can be used to

provide an efficient, stable, equilibrium, and sustainable tracking system. Earlier existing
technologies like GPS navigation can only track the status and current location of vehicle.
On the other hand, when vehicle monitoring is implemented using cloud computing, it is
possible to incorporate centralized web service, GPS and GSM enabled devices, and
embedded device with sensors
which will provide the following benefits:

(i) to identify the current name of the location,

(ii) to predict the time of arrival,
(iii) to find status of driver via alcohol breath sensor,
(iv) to find the total distance covered,
(v) to track the level of fuel.

All the data fetched are stored onto some centralized server that will be resided into the
cloud.

TunnelMonitoring. WSNcan be used to implement the distributed sensing of light levels

inside the tunnel and underbridges to provide necessary input information for adapting
light functionality. This tunnel information can be put onto the cloud and is used to
monitor the light intensity in real time to avoid the automobile users (drivers) casualty and
to save the energy spent unnecessarily for lightening throughout the day.

Wildlife Monitoring. Sensor-Cloud can also be used for tracking the wildlife sanctuaries,
forests, and so forth to regularly monitor the endangered species in real time.

Pros of Sensor-Cloud Infrastructure:

1. Service requesters or end users can control the service instances freely.

2. End users can inspect the status of their relevant virtual sensors.

3. Service requesters can use the virtual sensors without worrying about the
implementations detail.

4. The client/users need not to worry about the exact locations and detailed description of
their sensors

5. The service instances are automatically provisioned whenever a request is made.

6. The IT resources and sensors are released as and when the required job is over, which
means that users can delete them when they become nonuseful.

7. Usage of physical sensors can be tracked by the sensor owner.

8. Sensor data are available all the time for a number of various applications until the
connection is provided.

9. The Sensor-Cloud architecture provides an extensible, open, interoperable, and

intelligent sensor network for service provisioning in health care.

10. The cost of IT resources and WSN infrastructure is reduced when integrating with
Internet/Cloud.

11. End users can also create the sensors group dynamically in the formof virtual-sensor
groups to innovate the new services.

12. Besides these advantages, the Sensor-Cloud infrastructure also has some drawbacks
and these are as follow.
Cons of Sensor-Cloud Infrastructure:

1. The IT resources and physical sensors should be prepared prior to operation of the
Sensor Cloud infrastructure.

2. The Sensor-Cloud infrastructure will not provide much accurate data as in the case of
direct sharing of physical sensors data.

3. Sensor-Cloud infrastructure is vulnerable and more prone to sophisticated distributed

intrusion attacks like DDOS (distribute denial of service) and XSS (cross-site scripting).

4. A continuous data connectivity is needed between end users and Sensor-Cloud server

Issues and Challenges While Designing Sensor-Cloud Infrastructure in

Several Applications

There are several issues like designing, engineering, reliable connection, continuous data
flow, power issues, and so forth that need to be handled while proposing Sensor-Cloud
infrastructure for health care and other different applications .
Some of the main issues are as follows.

Design Issues. There are several issues while designing the system in real scenario like
nursing home, health care, hospitals, and so forth, which require fault-tolerant and
reliable
continuous transfer of data from sensor devices to the server.

Storage Issues. Some engineering issues like storage of data at server side and
transferring data fromphone to server must have to be considered.

Authorization Issues. A web-based user interface is used for doctors, patients, helpers,
care-givers, and so forth to inspect and analyze the patients’ health-related results
remotely.

Power (Battery) Issues. While using smart phone as a gateway, power (battery) is the
main issue that has to be taken care of because the continuous processing and wireless
transmission would drain out the mobile battery within few hours or days.

Service Level Agreement (SLA) Violation. Consumers dependency on cloud providers

for their applications’ computing needs (i.e. their processing, storage, and analysis of
enormous sensor data) on demand may require a specific Quality of Service (QoS) to be
maintained.

Need for Efficient Information Dissemination. In Sensor- Cloud an efficient

information dissemination mechanism is needed that can match the published events or
sensor data to appropriate user’s applications.

Security and Privacy Support Issues. There are fewer standards available to ensure the
integrity of the data in response to change due to authorized transactions. The consumers
need to know whether his/her data at cloud center is well encrypted or who supervises the
encryption/decryption keys (i.e., the cloud vendor or customer himself).

Real-Time Multimedia Content Processing and Massive Scaling. Usage of large

amount of multimedia data and information in real time and its mining is a big challenge
in the integration of heterogeneous and massive data sources with cloud.

Collective Intelligence Harvesting. The heterogeneous real-time sensor data feed

enhances the decision-making capability by using the appropriate data and decision level
fusion mechanisms.

Energy Efficiency Issues. The basic disadvantages of a WSN and cloud computing are
almost the same, and energy efficiency of sensor nodes is lost due to the limited storage
and processing capacity of nodes.

Bandwidth Limitation. Bandwidth limitation is one of the current big challenges that has
to be handled in Sensor- Cloud system when the number of sensor devices and their cloud
users increases dramatically.

Network Access Management. There are various numbers of networks to deal with in
Sensor-Cloud architecture applications.

Pricing Issues. Access to the services of Sensor-Cloud involves both the sensor-service
provider (SSP) and cloudservice provider (CSP).

Interface Standardization Issues. Web interfaces currently provide the interface among
Sensor-Cloud users (may be smartphone users) and cloud.

Maintenance Issues. In order to keep the end users’ loyalty, the cloud should cope with
the service failure.

Resource and Hardware Compatibility Issues. Hardware compatibility as well as

software compatibility both can be solved in cloud computing environment by allowing
the sharing of hardware or software resources or services but there may be the case when
sensor or some other resources being used are lost due to some calamity or severe weather
condition.

IOT Application in Smart Homes and Smart Cities

The two most prospering domains with the help of the internet of things are smart homes
and smart cities.
Iot in smart homes and smart homes is increasing an urbanised world and improving
energy efficiency.
Smart homes

Smart homes connect the devices and home appliances together in order to improve
efficiency. These interconnect devices under one roof such as geysers, ovens, smart TVs,
thermostats and allow communication between the devices.
IoT connects these devices to the internet and these devices constantly send and
receive information about the surroundings. The devices send the data to giant cloud
servers mostly via IoT gateways. Smart homes allow users to remotely monitor their
devices via mobile applications. Applications of smart homes also include home security
systems, smart thermostats and smart refrigerators.Smart homes cities integrate with the
entire cities by creating and controlling a network.

Smart thermostats
The Smart homes include thermostats that are capable of sensing and controlling the
temperature. This controls the flow.

Location-based smart devices

Smart devices can track your location and instantly send messages to other devices to
operate. For example, your smart thermostats can track your location from a smart car and
switch on the ACs before you arrive

Voice-enabled devices
These devices can interpret human voices and convert these into text that is interpreted by
the machines. Machines then perform the necessary task. Examples include alexa and siri.

Facial recognition
This is one of the most propelling uses of the IoT. facial recognition models track the
features of the face such as the yes, noses, chin and lips to predict the output of the person.
Based on the accuracy the machine is further trained or sent for development.

Motion detection
Similar to facial detention but here the sensors record the movements or changes on the
surroundings. These behavioural changes are then sent to the model for further analysis.

Biometric access control

Biometrics have become the backbone of any organisation’s security systems. They are
easy to manage and hassle-free. The employees and the staff members simply record their
thumb or iris impressions on arrival and the machine marks their attendances. This model
saves time and cost.

Benefits for smart homes

Smart homes allow you to add improvised functionality into regular homes. These make
lives easier. For instance, smart vacuums clean up your entire home when you are away
and smart refrigerators stock up your fridge and manage your die charts. Smart homes
offer security, stability, flexibility and peace of mind.

Challenges in smart home systems

 Although there is no doubt that smart homes immensely make the lives of humans
easier. It comes with the following challenges
 It becomes difficult to integrate the system when each one of the IoT devices is sold
by different vendors
 Many times the IOt devices are not compatible with each other. Each of the devices
must be connected to the WiFi in addition to being connected to devices such as
Google Assistant.
 The prices of setting up smart homes are highly expensive and so the customers may
not prefer to make such a hefty investment when regular homes just work fine
without IoT.
 Security is still a big threat in smart homes. Smart homes must have a powerful
farewell in order to avoid system hacking

Smart city

 The internet of things technology allows smart cities to stay connected worldwide.
Smart cities are driven by technology to make smart cities more safer, modern and
reliable. It leads to a boost in the economy.
 Smart cities include services, devices and technology that work with IoT.
These offer services to improve water, electricity, roads, transportation, public areas,
buildings and digital services such as broadbands.
 These replace regular machines with smart machines that contain sensors to sense and
collect data and actuators generate efficient responses on the basis of the data
incoming from sensors.
 Smart cities make the lives of the citizens more comfortable and easy.
11Smart cities with traffic sensors have decreased road accidents and deaths to a large
extent.

Features of smart cities

1. Smart water management

Smart eater management uses the internet of things to gain access to real-time information
about the water systems and the water bodies. This allows humans to better manage their
water resources and their requirements.
2. Smart lighting
Smart lighting contains sensors that can sense when the night falls and automatically
switch on the street lighting. These sensors can also sense when the sun comes and they
automatically switch off. Smart lighting also is capable of reaching with the help of solar
energy.
3. Smart traffic management
Smart traffic management integrates with smart cities in order to better control and
manage traffic in the cities. It offers different routes to regulate the traffic and it sends
help quickly in case of a road incident. These systems are in constant contact with the
traffic police and deliver the officers with real-time updates.
4. Smart parking
Smart parking is a technology that makes use of a combination of efforts by iOt devices
and humans. This allows drivers to locate empty spots in parking areas, detect the cars
around them and alert the drivers in case they are blocking someone elses driveways.
5. Smart waste management
Smart waste management involves the use of sensors that detect full garbage bins to notify
the city authorities. These management systems collect and store data over the course of
years to create better drinking routes and reduce the cost of operation.
6. Smart policing
Smart policing is one of the important features of smart cities. It involves the use of IOT
based technologies to manage the citizens of the city. These technologies collect data
about the cities in order to better manage the city. For example, cameras in local areas can
provide data about the areas with more burglary cases in order for the police to take the
next step of actions.

Benefits of Smart Cities

Smart cities have revolutionized the lives of communities. Sensors can now sense the
percentage of pollutants in the air. Sensors send data about the traffic in a locality to
manage the city.
Smart homes in smart cities
Smart homes in smart cities are going to become a much more common occurrence as
housing is one of the most important features of any city.
These are capable of reducing the cost of living and the cost of construction. As we move
into the near future we are likely to notice that smart homes connect to smart cities to
provide further benefits to the entire city. These may sound like an alien topic to discuss
as of now. But as the year moves by and the technology develops into a higher level we
are likely to notice inter-connected smart cities and smart homes on a wider scale and
network.

IoT Smart homes for smart citizens

Smart cities are much safer.
These include smart traffic control, pollution control, smoke detectors, security cameras
near every public area, and so on. Smart security systems reduce crime rates in any city by
a large percentage.
Smart homes with IoT technology create a much easier and helpful living space for their
residents. Cities become safer and easier to control. Smart cities contain responsible and
dutiful citizens and residents.

Connected vehicles

What Are Connected Vehicles?

A connected vehicle can establish wireless connections with nearby devices. It connects to
the internet with the help of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and transmits data
to other devices inside and outside the vehicle.
 These systems include features like GPS and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connectivity, as
well as apps that can unlock your automobile. The connected vehicle can obtain
information or carry out tasks online, whenever the user wants it.

IoT advancement has been significantly supported by connected vehicles and its use cases
range from internet-connected automobiles with bi-directional communication with other
vehicles to mobile devices and city junctions that are connected to systems that interact
with the driver’s mobile phone.
How Do Connected Vehicles Work?
Connected vehicles link to a network to permit bidirectional communications between
vehicles (cars, trucks, buses and trains) and other vehicles, mobile devices and
infrastructure for triggering crucial communications and events.
For instance, communications can allow vehicles equipped with linked vehicle
technology to continuously communicate their whereabouts and to receive information
that prompts an automated response in the case of city traffic and intersection safety.
Through wireless communication, connected vehicles can communicate with other types
of infrastructure, such as traffic lights, construction zones, toll booths and school zones.
Vehicles cannot be monitored because the sent vehicle information is anonymous making
the system safe from outside intrusion.

Examples of Connected Vehicles at Work in the IoT

With vehicles becoming more sophisticated and more connected, cars today are
connecting to more sophisticated, high-bandwidth networks, in order to enable a range of
capabilities. For example, automotive IoT enables high-speed vehicle-to-vehicle and
vehicle-to-infrastructure communications to trigger the following results, many of which
are possible today:
 Adaptive cruise control
 Automatic route planning based on real-time conditions
 Traffic redirected away from congestion
 Automatically updated road signage, to report traffic or conditions
 Communications to drivers, notifying them of crash sites or wrong-way drivers
ahead
 Automatic vehicle braking to prevent collisions (in trials)
 Autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle control (in trials)

GPS is one example of a technology that supports connected vehicle, as the GPS network
allows a car to plan a route, taking into account current traffic conditions to avoid traffic
jams. The sophistication of GPS and its use by connected vehicles will continue to evolve
with lower-latency networks and the advance of connected vehicle technology.
OnStar is another example, with a car connecting to an OnStar representative so that a
driver can get assistance when needed. Today, connected vehicles are being equipped with
4G receivers to create an in-vehicle hotspot.

These are just a few of the ways in which today’s connected vehicles are integrating with
networks in smart cities and supporting development of the highly sophisticated
communications required for autonomous driving.
How Will 5G Networks Impact Connected Vehicle Technology?
Soon, connected vehicles will be built with 5G receivers and transmitters. A 5G module
will allow connected vehicles to communicate with each other in near real time.

As a simple example, two cars going in opposite directions could share road conditions
based on where they’ve just been. One of the most interesting IoT use cases is that
connected vehicles can transmit data about how they’re driving. For example:
 Self-driving cars will communicate their position, which will allow them to safely
drive side by side as well as merge at high speeds.
 Connected vehicles will communicate at stoplights and stop signs to determine
which vehicle has the right of way.
 A vehicle will also be able to connect to a city’s network to find parking, locate a
business or residence, or avoid areas with construction or congestion.
 Most importantly, the dramatic reduction in latency will enable the key reason for
connected vehicle technology, which is to prevent accidents and collisions,
primarily in city intersections.

As Tesla has shown, self-driving cars can generally do okay on highways and other roads
that don’t have complex obstacles. However, today autonomous vehicles do not safely
navigate difficult intersections and other obstacle-ridden areas in dense cities. With
enough sensors and cameras, and the high-speed, low-latency communications that 5G
networks will deliver, the future IoT car will ultimately be able to navigate safely through
these difficult zones.

Internal On-Board Use Cases for Connected Vehicle Technology

Internally, a connected vehicle is designed to connect to a driver’s or passenger’s
smartphone, to vastly increase the functionality beyond playing music or routing a phone
call through the car’s speakers.

For example:
 The connected vehicle can be turned on or off with a smartphone.
 The vehicle can share diagnostic data and remind the owner about upcoming
service requirements, such as oil changes.
 In the event that the vehicle is stolen, it can share its location.
 The owner can use an app to have the flash its headlights in the parking lot so
that the car stands out.

There are many interesting possibilities for a connected vehicle and we’re just beginning
to explore them.

The Communications Backbone for Connected Vehicle

The infrastructure supporting smart city and automotive IoT initiatives like Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) will help connected vehicle systems to reach their full
potential. Today, these deployments use sensors, cameras and RFID readers to monitor
intersections and roadways to identify congestion, automatically reroute traffic, identify
distances to various destinations and update signage. And public safety will improve, as
intersections become safer for pedestrians and cyclists, and adaptive traffic lighting
enables emergency responders to get to accident scenes faster.

As networks continue to advance and AI capabilities improve, the capabilities of traffic

management systems will continue to advance as well; for example they will be able to
monitor traffic in real time and use historical data to identify where traffic buildup is
likely before it happens. Smart cities are deploying these systems for their excellent traffic
management capabilities today, and their more sophisticated connected vehicle
capabilities tomorrow.

Today, Digi cellular routers are providing the mission critical communications for these
deployments, with over 20,000 intersections installed at this writing. With Gigabit
Ethernet speeds, multiple ports and compute power, Digi transportation routers are IoT
solutions that provide the needed speed, compute power and connectivity to manage the
full range of devices at work in today's complex traffic management scenarios, while
paving the way for the connected vehicle future.

Most importantly, cities can deploy these systems today to dramatically improve the
effectiveness of their entire traffic management system while reducing the cost and
complexity of their infrastructure and preparing for the next generation of connected
vehicle.
The technology in the connected vehicle consists of two systems:
The Embedded System is where it is integrated into the car with an antenna and chipset.
The Tethered System is where the vehicles can connect to the user’s phone.
 The built-in WiFi in connected vehicles allows them to download updates, send data that
can be accessed remotely and link themselves to other devices nearby. It also includes
remote vehicle functions and telematics data access, which are both growing in popularity.

Benefits of IoT and Connected Vehicles

Modern automakers are extensively investing in integrating operating systems and apps
with IoT development efforts. Connected vehicle designs are constantly improving,
becoming more ergonomic and futuristic. It has a variety of innovative and practical
features that provide many benefits.

 IoT and connected vehicles provide access to numerous infotainment services, which
offer entertainment and information to the users.
 It supports the navigation system through third-party apps.
 More updates with a focus on feature improvement can be added with a pay-as-you-go
subscription.
 IoT-connected onboard software allows manufacturers to instantly release an update
that fixes any vulnerability.
 Predictive maintenance and real-time preventive action are one of the biggest
assurances that connected vehicles give.
 With the help of smart parking and mapping data, connected vehicles have the potential
to make parking easier. Thus, reducing the time and money that drivers spend on
parking.
 Connected vehicles and IoT are capable of predicting and reporting traffic patterns.
They can communicate with other connected vehicles through Vehicle To Vehicle
(V2V) connectivity systems and get inputs on signal phase, road conditions, weather
and speed traps. This helps drivers anticipate traffic and additionally save fuel.
 It can help keep drivers safe by providing real-time insights into driver behavior, in-car
circumstances and events. Thus, helping vehicle systems spot risky behaviors or
rules being broken and take the appropriate action.
 In the event of an accident, a connected vehicle can send SOS notifications and connect
to emergency agencies. In the event of a breakdown, it will immediately connect to
the Roadside Assistance service.

Smart Grid

 The “grid” is the electrical network serving every resident, business and infrastructure
service in a city.
 The “smart grid” is the next generation of those energy systems, which have been
updated with communications technology and connectivity to drive smarter resource
use.
 The technologies that make today’s IoT-enabled energy grid “smart” include wireless
devices such as sensors, radio modules, gateways and routers.
 These devices provide the sophisticated connectivity and communications that
empower consumers to make better energy usage decisions, allow cities to save
electricity and expense, and enables power authorities to more quickly restore power.
Smart Grid in Action


 The businesses, services and private citizens that require electricity from the grid, and
therefore stand to benefit when municipalities adopt smart grid technologies, span
every resident, city service and critical infrastructure installation.
 Smart grid allows a power company to assess system health in significantly more
detail than was previously possible.
 In the event that a blackout does occur, IoT devices that use cellular and RF
technology installed in transformers and substations can automatically redirect
power.

How Smart Cities Are Adopting Smart Grid Technology

 Smart city applications are vast, and include everything from smart city lighting,
energy management and intelligent traffic management to water treatment and
wastewater management.
 Sensors in traffic lights can send information back to a central authority for decision
making.

 IoT sensors in streetlights can also adjust off and on timing and brightness according
to real time conditions.
 Smart meters enable demand response which lets home and business owners see real
time pricing information so that they can adjust their energy usage accordingly.


The Top Three Benefits of Smart Grid

1. Smart Grid Enables Renewable Energy Generation
Traditional energy grids are designed to transmit electricity from a large, centralized
power station to a wide network of homes and businesses in the area. At this stage, the
electric grid is not designed to accept inputs from homes and businesses that are
generating power via solar panels or windmills. A smart grid is designed to accept power
from renewable resources.

2. Better Billing, Better Predictions

 Smart meters offer two benefits. First, via wireless IoT devices they can collect a
tremendous amount of data, data that utility companies have never had access to
before.
 Second, for consumers the smart grid means more efficient billing. Previously the
costs of electricity during peak demand were averaged out among communities and
neighborhoods.
3. Smart Grid is More Resilient
 With smart grid technology, power can be automatically rerouted as soon as a
blackout happens, minimizing the effects on households and businesses.
 IoT sensors can also report on the condition of equipment so that repairs can be made
before failure.
 Utilities can notify their customers (via email/social media) when there is an outage
instead of reactively responding to customer calls reporting outages.

The Smart Grid as the Backbone of the Modern Smart City

Smart Grid for the Future
Smart grid technology can be expressed in a single sentence: a new electric grid with two
way communication. For the first time, businesses and consumers can get real time billing
information while utility companies can better meet the needs of their customers as they
react to demand spikes and fix or manage blackouts and other challenges. Smart grid is
resilient, efficient and green which is good for the consumer, the utility company and the
environment. Wireless technology will replace thousands of miles of cable that would
have been needed to advance the smart grid to where it is today.

Industrial internet of things (IIoT)

What is the industrial internet of things?

 The industrial internet of things (IIoT) is the use of smart sensors and actuators to
enhance manufacturing and industrial processes.
 Connected sensors and actuators enable companies to pick up on inefficiencies and
problems sooner and save time and money, while supporting business intelligence
efforts.

How does IIoT work?

IIoT is a network of intelligent devices connected to form systems that monitor, collect,
exchange and analyze data.
Each industrial IoT ecosystem consists of:
 Connected devices that can sense, communicate and store information about
themselves;
 Public and/or private data communications infrastructure;
 Analytics and applications that generate business information from raw data;
 Storage for the data that is generated by the IIoT devices; and people.
Which industries are using IIoT?

There are countless industries that make use of IIoT.

 Automotive industry, which uses IIoT devices in the manufacturing process. The
automotive industry extensively uses industrial robots, and IIoT can help proactively
maintain these systems and spot potential problems before they can disrupt
production.
 The agriculture industry makes extensive use of IIoT devices, too. Industrial sensors
collect data about soil nutrients, moisture and more, enabling farmers to produce an
optimal crop.
 The oil and gas industry also uses industrial IoT devices. Some oil companies
maintain a fleet of autonomous aircraft that can use visual and thermal imaging to
detect potential problems in pipelines. This information is combined with data from
other types of sensors to ensure safe operations.

What are the benefits of IIoT?

 One of the top touted benefits of IIoT devices used in the manufacturing industry is
that they enable predictive maintenance.
 Organizations can use real-time data generated from IIoT systems to predict when a
machine will need to be serviced.
 Another benefit is more efficient field service. IIoT technologies help field service
technicians identify potential issues in customer equipment before they become major
issues, enabling techs to fix the problems before they inconvenience customers.
 Asset tracking is another IIoT perk. Suppliers, manufacturers and customers can use
asset management systems to track the location, status and condition of products
throughout the supply chain.
 IIoT also allows for enhanced customer satisfaction. When products are connected to
the internet of things, the manufacturer can capture and analyze data about how
customers use their products, enabling manufacturers and product designers to build
more customer-centric product roadmaps.
 IIoT also improves facility management. Manufacturing equipment is susceptible to
wear and tear, which can be exacerbated by certain conditions in a factory.

What are the risks and challenges of IIoT?

 The biggest risks associated with IIoT use pertain to security.

 Patch management presents another big challenge regarding IIoT devices. It's
becoming increasingly common for device manufacturers to issue periodic firmware
updates.

What is the difference between IoT and IIoT?

IoT applications connect devices across multiple verticals, including agriculture,

healthcare, enterprise, consumer and utilities, as well as government and cities. IoT
devices include smart appliances, fitness bands and other applications that generally don't
create emergency situations if something goes amiss.

IIoT applications, on the other hand, connect machines and devices in such industries as
oil and gas, utilities and manufacturing. System failures and downtime in IIoT
deployments can result in high-risk situations, or even life-threatening ones. IIoT
applications are also more concerned with improving efficiency and improving health or
safety, versus the user-centric nature of IoT applications.

What are IIoT applications and examples?

IIoT is used in many industries and sectors, including robotics, manufacturing and smart
cities.

Who are IIoT vendors?

There are several vendors with IIoT platforms, including:

 ABB Ability. An IIoT company specializing in connectivity, software and machine

intelligence.

 Aveva Wonderware. A company that develops human-machine interface (HMI) and

IoT edge platforms for OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) and end users.

 Axzon. An IIoT company focusing on smart automotive manufacturing, predictive

maintenance and cold chain.
 Cisco IoT. A networking company offering platforms for network connectivity,
connectivity management, data control and exchange, and edge computing.
 Fanuc Field System. A company that has developed a platform for connecting
various generations, makes and models of industrial IoT equipment.
 Linx Global Manufacturing. A product development and manufacturing company
offering custom IIoT, application and data management platforms.
 MindSphere by Siemens. An industrial IoT solution based around artificial
intelligence (AI) and advanced analytics.
 Plataine. An IIoT company specializing in using AI to generate actionable insights in
manufacturing.
 Predix by GE. A platform for connecting, optimizing and scaling digital industrial
applications.
What is the future of IIoT?

 The future of IIoT is tightly coupled with a trend known as Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0
is, essentially, the fourth Industrial Revolution.
 Industry 4.0 is where we are today. Industry 4.0 is based on the use of connected
electronic devices -- particularly, IIoT devices.
 This will make it possible for organizations to detect changing conditions in real time
and respond accordingly.
 Although IIoT devices have been around for several years, real-world adoption is still
in its infancy. This is sure to change as 5G becomes increasingly prevalent and more
and more organizations begin to realize what IIoT can do for them. There are a
number of resources available online for organizations that want to get up to speed on
IoT and IIoT.

Case Study :Agriculture

 Smart agriculture, on the other hand, is mostly used to denote the application of IoT
solutions in agriculture.
 IoT sensors to collect environmental and machine metrics, farmers can make
informed decisions, and improve just about every aspect of their work – from
livestock to crop farming.
 By using smart agriculture sensors to monitor the state of crops, farmers can define
exactly how many pesticides and fertilizers they have to use to reach optimal
efficiency.

The Benefits of smart farming

Technologies and IoT have the potential to transform agriculture in many aspects.
Namely, there are 6 ways IoT can improve agriculture:
 Data, tons of data, collected by smart agriculture sensors, e.g. weather conditions,
soil quality, crop’s growth progress or cattle’s health. This data can be used to track
the state of your business in general as well as staff performance, equipment
efficiency, etc.
 Better control over the internal processes and, as a result, lower production
risks. The ability to foresee the output of your production allows you to plan for
better product distribution. If you know exactly how much crops you are going to
harvest, you can make sure your product won’t lie around unsold.
 Cost management and waste reduction thanks to the increased control over the
production. Being able to see any anomalies in the crop growth or livestock health,
you will be able to mitigate the risks of losing your yield.
 Increased business efficiency through process automation. By using smart
devices, you can automate multiple processes across your production cycle, e.g.
irrigation, fertilizing, or pest control.
 Enhanced product quality and volumes. Achieve better control over the production
process and maintain higher standards of crop quality and growth capacity through
automation.
 Reduced environmental footprint. Automation also carries environmental benefits.
Smart farming technologies can cut down on the use of pesticides and fertilizer by
offering more precise coverage, and thus, reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

IoT use cases in agriculture

1. Monitoring of climate conditions

Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining
various smart farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the
environment and send it to the cloud. The provided measurements can be used to map the
climate conditions, choose the appropriate crops, and take the required measures to
improve their capacity (i.e. precision farming).

2. Greenhouse automation
Typically, farmers use manual intervention to control the greenhouse environment. The
use of IoT sensors enables them to get accurate real-time information on greenhouse
conditions such as lighting, temperature, soil condition, and humidity.
In addition to sourcing environmental data, weather stations can automatically adjust the
conditions to match the given parameters. Specifically, greenhouse automation systems
use a similar principle.
3. Crop management
One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision farming are
crop management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to
collect data specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water
potential and overall crop health.
4. Cattle monitoring and management

Just like crop monitoring, there are IoT agriculture sensors that can be attached to the
animals on a farm to monitor their health and log performance. Livestock tracking and
monitoring help collect data on stock health, well-being, and physical location.
For example, such sensors can identify sick animals so that farmers can separate them
from the herd and avoid contamination. Using drones for real-time cattle tracking also
helps farmers reduce staffing expenses. This works similarly to IoT devices for petcare.
5. Precision farming

Also known as precision agriculture, precision farming is all about efficiency and making
accurate data-driven decisions. It’s also one of the most widespread and effective
applications of IoT in agriculture.
By using IoT sensors, farmers can collect a vast array of metrics on every facet of the field
microclimate and ecosystem: lighting, temperature, soil condition, humidity, CO2 levels,
and pest infections. This data enables farmers to estimate optimal amounts of water,
fertilizers, and pesticides that their crops need, reduce expenses, and raise better and
healthier crops.

6. Agricultural drones

Perhaps one of the most promising agritech advancements is the use of agricultural drones
in smart farming. Also known as UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), drones are better
equipped than airplanes and satellites to collect agricultural data. Apart from surveillance
capabilities, drones can also perform a vast number of tasks that previously required
human labor: planting crops, fighting pests and infections, agriculture spraying, crop
monitoring, etc.

7. Predictive analytics for smart farming

Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. While IoT and smart
sensor technology are a goldmine for highly relevant real-time data, the use of data
analytics helps farmers make sense of it and come up with important predictions: crop
harvesting time, the risks of diseases and infestations, yield volume, etc. Data analytics
tools help make farming, which is inherently highly dependent on weather conditions,
more manageable, and predictable.

8. End-to-end farm management systems

A more complex approach to IoT products in agriculture can be represented by the so-
called farm productivity management systems. They usually include a number of
agriculture IoT devices and sensors, installed on the premises as well as a powerful
dashboard with analytical capabilities and in-built accounting/reporting features.

9. Robots and autonomous machines

Robotic innovations also offer a promising future in the field of autonomous machines for
agricultural purposes. Some farmers already use automated harvesters, tractors, and other
machines and vehicles that can operate without a human controlling it. Such robots can
complete repetitive, challenging, and labor-intensive tasks.
 Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

IoT technology brings numerous applications in healthcare, from remote monitoring to

smart sensors to medical device integration. It keeps the patients safe and healthy as well
as improves the physician delivers care towards the patients.
Healthcare devices collect diverse data from a large set of real-world cases that increases
the accuracy and the size of medical data.

Factor affecting IoT Healthcare Application

There are various factors that affect the IoT healthcare application. Some of them are
mention below:
 Continuous Research: It requires continuous research in every field (smart devices,
fast communication channel, etc.) of healthcare to provide a fast and better facility for
patients.
 Smart Devices: Need to use the smart device in the healthcare system. IoT opens the
potential of current technology and leads us toward new and better medical device
solutions.
 Better Care: Using IoT technology, healthcare professionals get the enormous data
of the patient, analysis the data and facilitate better care to the patient.
 Medical Information Distribution: IoT technology makes a transparency of
information and distributes the accurate and current information to patients. This
leads the fewer accidents from miscommunication, better preventive care, and
improved patient satisfaction.

Simple Healthcare System Architecture

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT ) in healthcare transforms it into more
smart, fast and more accurate. There is different IoT architecture in healthcare that brings
start health care system.
 Product Infrastructure: IoT product infrastructure such as hardware/software
component read the sensors signals and display them to a dedicated device.
 Sensors: IoT in healthcare has different sensors devices such as pulse-oximeter,
electrocardiogram, thermometer, fluid level sensor, sphygmomanometer (blood
pressure) that read the current patient situation (data).
 Connectivity: IoT system provides better connectivity (using Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.)
of devices or sensors from microcontroller to server and vice-versa to read data.
 Analytics: Healthcare system analyzes the data from sensors and correlates to get
healthy parameters of the patient and on the basis of their analyze data they can
upgrade the patient health.
 Application Platform: IoT system access information to healthcare professionals on
their monitor device for all patients with all details.

IoT challenges in Healthcare

 Data security & privacy

 Integration: multiple devices & protocols
 Data overload & accuracy
 Cost

Real time case study: healthcare

IoT in Healthcare: Applications and Use Cases

The growth of IoT into nearly every business arena from medical devices and healthcare
applications to industrial IoT (IIoT) is amazing to behold. Our series highlighting the
range of use cases for the Internet of Things illustrates how IoT products and services are
being deployed around the globe, by industry. This article focuses on the range of IoT use
cases in healthcare today, supporting patients, doctors, medical staff and first responders
in achieving better outcomes.

IoT in Healthcare - Promoting Hygienic Hospitals and Clinics

There are many healthcare applications related to hygiene, and this became more
imperative than ever as the COVID-19 pandemic took center stage around the world.
Examples of low-touch and no-touch health and medical applications include:

 Contact tracing
 Pathogen detection
 Thermal detection (elevated temperature)
 No-touch sanitation dispensers
 Automated hand hygiene
 Hygiene monitoring
 Workspace and floor sanitation
 Air quality sensors
 Biometrics scanners
 Vital signs monitoring
 Remote patient communications
 Instrument sterilization
 Medication dispensing

Floorbotics
FloorBotics, a robotic software and hardware development company, develops innovative
solutions in response to the market demand for cost-effective alternatives to labor-
intensive and non-sterile cleaning methodologies.

Clean Hands Safe Hands

The Clean Hands Safe Hands product design uses wireless communication, via Bluetooth,
in sanitizing stations. The stations are sensor-activated and provide staff with sanitation
reminders. The sensors uniquely identify each employee and record hand hygiene events
throughout the health system. As staff members enter or exit rooms, they have a specific
amount of time to sanitize before the sensor records the event.

BOS Technology
BOS Technology found they were in the right place at the right time to provide
monitoring solutions for critical environments like hospitals and clinics, but also in areas
where individuals congregate, such as schools/colleges, tourism destinations and other
sectors. Facilities managers can monitor data from BOS Technology sensors in critical
areas, including temperature, humidity, tVOC (volatile organic compounds), ACPH (air
changes per hour) and differential pressure.

IoT Wearables: Health Monitoring, Injury Reduction and

Contact Tracing
Kinetic Wearables

Healthcare today is not just about treatment. And its not just about care in hospitals and
clinics. There is a growing belief in the adage that "prevention is the best medicine."
Business leaders are increasingly promoting healthy habits to improve worker health and
safety. These practices, in turn, can save companies enormous amounts annually in lost
productivity and worker compensation due to injuries.

LASARRUS Wearables for Physical Therapy

Patient monitoring is one of the most rapidly growing IoT use cases in healthcare. For the
founders of LASARRUS, a company that designed a patient monitoring device to support
patients in physical therapy, better insights and improved outcomes for stroke victims
were driving factors in development of their flagship WearME product.
IoT in Patient Care and Pain Medication Management

IoT applications in healthcare today solve a range of critical needs. Monitoring and
managing medications, ensuring that patients dose correctly and on schedule are ongoing
challenges in clinics, hospitals and care facilities.

An additional challenge is the ability of busy care staff to quickly respond to every patient
need.

Avancen developed an IoT solution for healthcare that accurately and quickly dispenses
pain medication in a PRN delivery method. PRN, which stands for the Latin "pro re nata,"
means "as needed," or as circumstances require. The product is called Medication On
Demand (MOD®), and is the first patient-controlled analgesic (PCA) device that
empowers patients to administer their own PRN oral pain medication.

Medical IoT: 3D Imaging Technology

IoT technology in healthcare is taking a mjor leap forward faster application processors
that can render and deliver medical imaging faster and at higher resolutions. One use case
many of us may not be aware of is the need for accurate wound measurement. This is a
concern with fresh wounds, in terms of assessing severity, as well as wounds that are
progressing through the healing process.
Pharmaceutical Temperature Monitoring and Compliance
As the world learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining strict temperatures for
pharmaceutical drugs and vaccines is imperative. SmartSense by Digi® temperature
monitoring solutions for healthcare support this critical need. SmartSense is a division of
Digi International that provides complete IoT monitoring solutions for supply chain and
logistics, retail food service, grocery store and health and medical applications.
IoT Use Cases in Emergency Response and Critical
Communications

First responders play a critical role in the care cycle — responding to injury incidents and
routing ambulances through city streets to get patients to hospital services — which
require fast, reliable communications and GPS navigation.
IoT in Telemedicine, Remote Surgery, Robotics

We've only just begin to see the massive growth in IoT use cases in healthcare. With
faster processors, the increase in data transfer speed and reduced latency of 5G networks,
the speed of innovation in medical technology, and better security, this industry is poised
to take off.

ACTIVITY MONITORING CASE STUDY

These sensors help in activity monitoring of human
 Wearable sensors
 Medical
 Child-care
 Elderly-care
 Entertainment
 Security
 It plays an important role for providing better quality of life and safe guarding
humans.
 Provides information accurately in reliable manner.
 Provides continuos monitoring support.

Continuous monitoring may results in daily observation of human behaviour and

repetitive patterns in their activity.
Easy integration.
Long term monitoring.
Utilization of sensors like :
Accelerometer
Gyroscope
GPS
Data Analysis tools :
Statistical : sensor Data
Machine learning based :Sensor Data
Deep learning based :
Sensor data
Images
Videos

Activity Monitoring will be having two types

In-place
 On the device
 Power intensive
 No network connection required
Network Based
 Larger and processing intensive methods can be applied
 Group based analytics possible
 Lower power consumption
 Average to good network connection