Basics of Digital Image Processing
Tushar B. Kute,
http://tusharkute.com
Digital Image Processing
• Digital Image Processing means processing
digital image by means of a digital computer.
• We can also say that it is a use of computer
algorithms, in order to get enhanced image
either to extract some useful information.
Steps
• 1. Importing the image via image acquisition
tools;
• 2. Analysing and manipulating the image;
• 3. Output in which result can be altered image
or a report which is based on analysing that
image.
What is Image?
• An image is defined as a two-dimensional
function,F(x,y), where x and y are spatial
coordinates, and the amplitude of F at any pair of
coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity of that
image at that point.
• When x,y, and amplitude values of F are finite, we
call it a digital image.
• In other words, an image can be defined by a two-
dimensional array specifically arranged in rows and
columns.
What is Image?
• Digital Image is composed of a finite number of
elements, each of which elements have a particular
value at a particular location.
• These elements are referred to as picture
elements,image elements,and pixels.
• A Pixel is most widely used to denote the elements
of a Digital Image.
Types of Image?
• BINARY IMAGE– The binary image as its name
suggests, contain only two pixel elements i.e 0 &
1,where 0 refers to black and 1 refers to white. This
image is also known as Monochrome.
• BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE– The image which
consist of only black and white color is called
BLACK AND WHITE IMAGE.
Types of Image?
• 8 bit COLOR FORMAT– It is the most famous image
format.It has 256 different shades of colors in it and
commonly known as Grayscale Image. In this format, 0
stands for Black, and 255 stands for white, and 127
stands for gray.
• 16 bit COLOR FORMAT– It is a color image format. It has
65,536 different colors in it.It is also known as High Color
Format. In this format the distribution of color is not as
same as Grayscale image.
– A 16 bit format is actually divided into three further
formats which are Red, Green and Blue. That famous
RGB format.
Image as a matrix
• As we know, images are represented in rows and
columns we have the following syntax in which
images are represented:
• The right side of this equation is digital image by
definition. Every element of this matrix is called
image element , picture element , or pixel.
Image Processing Phases
• 1.ACQUISITION– It could be as simple as being
given an image which is in digital form. The main
work involves:
– a) Scaling
– b) Color conversion(RGB to Gray or vice-versa)
• 2.IMAGE ENHANCEMENT– It is amongst the
simplest and most appealing in areas of Image
Processing it is also used to extract some hidden
details from an image and is subjective.
Image Processing Phases
• 3.IMAGE RESTORATION– It also deals with
appealing of an image but it is
objective(Restoration is based on mathematical or
probabilistic model or image degradation).
• 4.COLOR IMAGE PROCESSING– It deals with
pseudocolor and full color image processing color
models are applicable to digital image processing.
• 5.WAVELETS AND MULTI-RESOLUTION
PROCESSING– It is foundation of representing
images in various degrees.
Image Processing Phases
• 6.IMAGE COMPRESSION-It involves in developing
some functions to perform this operation. It mainly
deals with image size or resolution.
• 7.MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING-It deals with
tools for extracting image components that are
useful in the representation & description of shape.
• 8.SEGMENTATION PROCEDURE-It includes
partitioning an image into its constituent parts or
objects. Autonomous segmentation is the most
difficult task in Image Processing.
Image Processing Phases
• 9.REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION-It follows
output of segmentation stage, choosing a
representation is only the part of solution for
transforming raw data into processed data.
• 10.OBJECT DETECTION AND RECOGNITION-It is
a process that assigns a label to an object based
on its descriptor.
Elements of Visual Perception
• The field of digital image processing is built on the
foundation of mathematical and probabilistic
formulation, but human intuition and analysis play
the main role to make the selection between
various techniques, and the choice or selection is
basically made on subjective, visual judgements.
• In human visual perception, the eyes act as the
sensor or camera, neurons act as the connecting
cable and the brain acts as the processor.
Elements of Visual Perception
• The basic elements of visual perceptions are:
– Structure of Eye
– Image Formation in the Eye
– Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
Structure of eye
Structure of eye
• The human eye is a slightly asymmetrical sphere
with an average diameter of the length of 20mm to
25mm.
• It has a volume of about 6.5cc. The eye is just like a
camera. The external object is seen as the camera
take the picture of any object.
• Light enters the eye through a small hole called the
pupil, a black looking aperture having the quality of
contraction of eye when exposed to bright light and
is focused on the retina which is like a camera film.
Structure of eye
• The lens, iris, and cornea are nourished by clear fluid,
know as anterior chamber.
• The fluid flows from ciliary body to the pupil and is
absorbed through the channels in the angle of the
anterior chamber.
• The delicate balance of aqueous production and
absorption controls pressure within the eye.
• Cones in eye number between 6 to 7 million which are
highly sensitive to colors. Human visualizes the colored
image in daylight due to these cones. The cone vision is
also called as photopic or bright-light vision.
Structure of eye
• Rods in the eye are much larger between 75 to
150 million and are distributed over the retinal
surface.
• Rods are not involved in the color vision and are
sensitive to low levels of illumination.
Image Formation in the Eye
• When the lens of the eye focus an image of the
outside world onto a light-sensitive membrane
in the back of the eye, called retina the image is
formed.
• The lens of the eye focuses light on the
photoreceptive cells of the retina which detects
the photons of light and responds by producing
neural impulses.
Image Formation in the Eye
• The distance between the lens and the retina is
about 17mm and the focal length is
approximately 14mm to 17mm.
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
• Digital images are displayed as a discrete set of
intensities.
• The eyes ability to discriminate black and white
at different intensity levels is an important
consideration in presenting image processing
result.
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
• The range of light intensity levels to which the
human visual system can adapt is of the order of
1010 from the scotopic threshold to the glare
limit. In a photopic vision, the range is about
106.
Thank you
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