International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 9 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2025 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Emerging Technologies in Architecture

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Modern architecture is characterized by freedom of ideas mainly due Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
to the development and implementation of new technologies for Sadiku "Emerging Technologies in
architects. In our digital age, countless architectural innovation Architecture" Published in International
Journal of Trend in
technologies are emerging and changing the way we design.
Scientific Research
Emerging technologies enable architects to implement ideas with and Development
greater precision and efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
create more sustainable and functional buildings. Emerging 6470, Volume-9 |
technologies are not just enhancing efficiency and precision; they are Issue-1, February
reshaping the very way we conceive, design, and construct the built 2025, pp.213-223, IJTSRD73840
environment. These exciting technologies drive the future of URL:
architecture and engineering. The primary objective of this paper is to www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd73840.pdf
comprehensively investigate the challenges and potentials of the
adoption of emerging technologies in modern architecture. Copyright © 2025 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
KEYWORDS: technology, emerging technologies, architecture Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Technology has become a powerful enabler. It has about technology implementations can help research
long reshaped the possibilities of architecture. When and practice. The rapid evolution of digital
we talk about technology, we often think of robots, technologies has brought forth an era of constant
supercomputers, data centers or smartphones. But change and innovation.
technology also refers to the invention of the first Now, new digital design tools are transforming how
chipped stone tools. Technology is nothing more than buildings are made. New digital tools have
the application of knowledge to achieve goals in a
empowered architects and designers, stretching the
specific and reproducible way, for practical purposes. boundaries of physics and imagination while
Technology is altering not just the architecture providing the required complex calculations and
industry but the role of an architect. In the digital visualizations. The structural ideas that underpinned
world, builders have seen technology as a means to skyscrapers, mosques, cathedrals, and temples
optimize practices and identify, build, and manage evolved using increasingly sophisticated computers
their projects. Without new technologies, designers
and digital modeling tools,
would not be able to accommodate the more
complicated demands of the industry. Technology in The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC)
architecture is depicted in Figure 1 [1]. industry is at the forefront of a technological
revolution that will redefine how we design, build,
Digitalization in the architecture, engineering, and and experience the built environment. As technology
construction (AEC) sector is slow due to significant continues to rapidly advance, architects need to stay
challenges in technology adoption. Although ahead of the curve and incorporate cutting-edge tools
transforming the AEC sector with digital technologies into their design processes. Technological integration
(such as building information modelling (BIM), has revolutionized the field of architecture, enabling
artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, big data, architects to create more sustainable, efficient, and
blockchain, virtual reality (VR)), new knowledge innovative buildings that meet the needs of modern

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society. It has transformed the field of architecture, biology. They may require collaboration across
enabling architects to create more sustainable, different fields and industries to develop their
efficient, and innovative buildings. Figure 2 shows a potential fully.
building under construction [2], while Figure 3
Emerging technologies are worth investigating. They
displays some construction workers [3].
are responsible for developing new products or
WHAT ARE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES? devices. As emerging technologies continue to
Technology may be regarded as a collection of evolve, engineering is poised for a transformative
systems designed to perform some function. It can future. Emerging technologies have driven innovation
help alleviate some of the challenges facing business and progress in today's rapidly evolving digital
today. Emerging technology is a term generally used landscape. The collective impact of emerging
to describe new technology. The term often refers to technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine
technologies currently developing or expected to be learning, big data, and the Internet of things is
available within the next five to ten years. Any undeniably transformative. Some emerging
imminent, but not fully realized, technological technologies are shown in Figure 4 [6].
innovations will have some impact on the status quo.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN
Emerging technologies are shaping our societies. ARCITECTURE
They continue to affect the way we live, work, and The AEC sector is known for its traditional methods
interact with one another. Emerging technology (ET) and slow adoption of technological advancements and
lacks a consensus on what classifies them as innovations. In spite of this, architecture has always
“emergent.” It is a relative term because one may see progressed as advances in technology and creativity
a technology as emerging and others may not see it push each other forward. Architectural history cycles
the same way. It is a term that is often used to through technological breakthroughs and explosions
describe a new technology. A technology is still of creativity, with new tools and building techniques
emerging if it is not yet a “must-have” [4]. An leading to a flowering of new forms. Emerging
emerging technology is the one that holds the promise technologies are reshaping how businesses operate,
of creating a new economic engine and is trans- innovate, and compete. Popular emerging
industrial. ET is used in different areas such as media, technologies in architecture includes the following [7-
healthcare, business, science, education, or defense. 9]:
The characteristics of emerging technologies include 1. Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM is a
the following [5]: cornerstone in AEC. It is a digital method for
 Novelty: Emerging technologies are typically new creating and managing detailed 3D models of
or novel, meaning they have yet to be widely buildings, including data about their parts and
adopted or used. They often represent a systems, for construction, design, and
significant departure from existing technologies maintenance purposes. It advances the digital
or processes. transformation of the AEC industry by enabling
 Potential for Disruption: Emerging technologies data-driven, end-to-end asset lifecycle
have the potential to disrupt existing markets, management. BIM software has become an
industries, or ways of doing things. They may essential tool for architects, allowing them to
also displace existing businesses or industries. create detailed digital models of buildings and
structures. It lets architects capture real-world
 Uncertainty: Because emerging technologies are locations and landscapes and create 3D digital
still in the early stages of development, there is plans. It thus allows the work of several roles like
often a high uncertainty surrounding their future engineers, architects, estimators, clients, and
potential and impact. It can be challenging to many others in a single shared process. BIM
predict how they will evolve. software improves project planning, scheduling,
 Rapid Change: Emerging technologies often and material management, improving productivity
evolve rapidly, with new developments and and cost savings. Revit, ArchiCad, and Allpaln
innovations emerging frequently. It can make are some of the most renowned BIM-compatible
keeping up with the latest trends and softwares. Engineers, designers, and architects
advancements challenging. can use a BIM program to ensure their specific
plans are in alignment before any cutting or
 Interdisciplinary: Emerging technologies often welding takes place. Figure 5 shows different
involve multiple disciplines or fields of study, components of BIM [8].
such as computer science, engineering, and

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2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI automates tasks a staple in modern construction, will continue to
such as researching design and code databases, evolve as indispensable tools for surveying and
design optimization, site selection, and monitoring construction sites. Equipped with
construction management to save time. AI has advanced sensors, drones will provide real-time
started replacing much of the manual work and data on project progress, site conditions and
increasing optimization by efficiently considering potential safety hazards. The main help of drones
all respects from weather and site conditions to is fixing an object on all sides and at different
experiencing virtual walkways. AI enhances the heights to develop ideal 3D models. But here are
design process by analyzing factors like structural more advantages of using them.
integrity, energy efficiency, material durability,
5. Big Data: Big data is definitely the big thing. It
and cost parameters. What is the most sustainable,
refers to the large volume of data that is being
material-light way to design this roof? What is the
collected and processed by businesses and
best apartment interior layout, based on thousands
organizations. It has created waves in architecture
of previous designs? What is the right price or bid
in various ways. The vast volume of data that is
for construction materials? That is the current
collected and analyzed by design models can
reality for architects and engineers, thanks to
inform future building designs, aiding smart city
advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and
initiatives that can improve the efficiency and
machine learning, which can take oversize data
sustainability of entire neighborhoods. With the
sets and, with the right prompt, find efficient
greater availability of data and the Internet of
design solutions. These powerful logic models
things, architects are able to access more data that
can take the seed of an idea and create a garden of
helps them in designing unique and more efficient
possibilities. Engineers and architects leverage
buildings. Big data could be used to create “smart
synthetic or generative AI to generate multiple
buildings” that are able to collect and analyze data
design iterations that fit the client’s specifications
about their inhabitants.
and design vocabulary.
6. Generative Design: This is an emerging trend in
3. Robotics: A robot is a machine or device
architecture that uses artificial intelligence (AI)
programmed to perform tasks autonomously or
and machine learning algorithms to generate
semi-autonomously, often imitating human
multiple design options based on a set of
actions or functions. Robotics improves the
parameters. Generative design mimics how
productivity and efficiency of projects by
organisms function in nature. It is based on
automating tasks such as fabrication, assembly,
algorithms that produce a number of design
and construction. Advanced designs rests on
variations. With generative design, the work of
precision construction down to the millimeter. A
design actually functions like evolution but is
new generation of construction robots promises
much more rapid. Generative design can help
that level of accuracy and sophistication, often
architects reduce material usage, improve
using laser scanners and GPS systems. Robots
structural performance, and create unique
can perform standard design tasks, such as
aesthetic forms. By entering constraints and goals
making models, much faster than humans. It is no
into a script, architects can tap generative design
sooner that more robots and humans will work
to rapidly iterate solutions, quickly sorting
together to build a project with greater efficiency.
through possible paths to find the right one.
Architectural robots perform dangerous or
Dubai's Office of the Future was constructed in
hazardous tasks such as working at heights or
just 17 days, using 3D printing. Canadian startup
confined spaces. They address the shortage of
Maket AI provides a generative AI-powered
skilled labor force and improve construction site
platform to create schematic designs for building
safety. Autonomous ground-based robots,
floor plans. It takes environmental and other
including four-legged robots, are now capable of
space constraints in natural language and
successfully navigating complex and typically
generates various design variations. Figure 7
cluttered construction sites. Figure 6 shows a
shows a typical design [2].
typical robot [8].
7. 3D Printing: It is no longer a secret that 3D
4. Drones: Drones and UAV technologies are
printing (or additive manufacturing) has gained
closely intertwined with robots and robotics, both
particular popularity among designers and
experiencing a significant increase in interest
architects. Creating a traditional model is time-
lately as part of efforts to automate construction
consuming, labor-intensive, and unreasonably
sites, capture geometries, detect damages. Drones,
expensive. 3D printing is the accumulation of

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layers of a certain material –which can be This improves communication, reduces errors,
concrete, plastic, metal, earth, and more. Additive and increases efficiency. Changing the
manufacturing or 3D printing empowers architecture of data storage changes the way
architects to create unique structures that are architects can access data. Remote data storage
difficult to achieve with traditional construction via cloud computing means that designs, digital
methods. 3D printing is a process that creates twins, collaborative platforms, and simulations
three-dimensional objects by adding material can all be hosted and shared with numerous
layer by layer, based on a digital model. Using 3D design teams for rapid development and iteration.
printing technology for architecture allows
10. Immersive Technologies: Immersive experiences
designers to invent and apply completely new and
allow designers, clients, and stakeholders to
effective aesthetic forms. 3D printing technology
visualize and experience architectural designs.
makes it possible to reduce work completion time
Architects leverage immersive technologies such
and improve quality. 3D printing and bonding has
as AR, VR, MR, and XR. Although classic 3D
led to a new generation of machines that can print
models are good at visualization, they provide a
everything from models to entire buildings. The
different effect than virtual and augmented
upsides to these massive printers are myriad, from
reality. Designers can use virtual reality to
lower material costs and less waste to
simulate walk-throughs in the real world. VR in
dramatically faster and safer builds. 3D printing
architecture allows one to consider how a
has not only enabled the building of prototype
particular solution will look with the project’s
models of actual structures, but now this
other components. It allows architects to better
technology can build whole of a structure by
explain their ideas and concepts to their clients in
itself. 3D printing is used to produce materials for
a real-life-like experience. Augmented reality
constructing buildings, furniture, and interior
adds to the real-life experience by overlaying 2D
details. Startups develop 3D printers that support
over 3D. AR layers digital images on real-world
a wide range of materials, including concrete,
visuals, helping architects, engineers, and
plastic, and recyclable materials tailored for the
construction workers “see” plans applied directly
architectural sector. Figure 8 shows a building
to a construction site. It can also be used to
construction using 3D printing [10].
conduct inspections or train workers on new
8. Internet of Things: The Internet of things (IoT) is building tools. Unlike virtual reality (VR), AR
a term that refers to the connection of physical technology does not require connecting headsets,
objects to the internet. This can be done in a glasses, or other equipment. All you need is a
variety of ways, such as through sensors, RFID device camera and an app with AR functionality.
tags, or QR codes. The purpose of the IoT is to Mixed Reality on the other hand allows the
enable objects to communicate with each other interaction between physical spaces and virtual
and with people. A growing body of sensors, spaces giving rise to concepts like vertical cities
controls, and measurement tools has reshaped due to rapid urbanization. Extended reality
building operations; this suite of smart building (XR)—the umbrella term for both concepts, as
devices is variously categorized as the Internet of well as mixed reality (MR)—allows ease of
things (IoT). IoT is an advanced technology for collaboration and communication despite physical
architects that links, monitors, and regulates data distance. Figure 9 shows a typical use of VR [11].
about the projecting object. Its main task is to
11. Blockchain: Blockchain is a technology that has
competently transfer physical objects into digital
the potential to revolutionize the way we build. It
ones, constantly monitoring and collecting
is a distributed database that allows for secure,
information about these objects using sensors for
transparent, and tamper-proof transactions.
data exchange.
Blockchain technology’s decentralized and
9. Cloud Computing: The cloud is an online service tamper-proof nature will bring a new level of trust
that allows you to use all systems remotely. Cloud and efficiency to the AEC sector. With
technology refers to the use of remote servers blockchain, architects would be able to track
accessed through the Internet to store, manage, every stage of the construction process, from
and process data and applications. Today, cloud design to completion. Blockchain can provide
computing is a popular new technology in end-to-end visibility into supply chains, ensuring
architecture. Solutions hosted on remote cloud that products are sourced, manufactured, and
servers enable architects, designers, and delivered transparently.
contractors to collaborate on projects in real time.

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12. Architectural Apps: Architectural apps like Revit,  Sustainable Design: Sustainable and climate-
Grasshopper, and Rhino are being adapted by positive architecture remains the top priority of
various firms worldwide and there is no stopping the industry. Sustainable urban planning and
in more advanced versions of the existing ones or building design is one area where new
the launching of newer ones with services that are methodologies and materials could drastically
tremendously needed and are time-saving and reduce the carbon footprints of new projects.
organized. Technology has made it easier for architects to
13. Advanced Materials: Brick, stone, timber, and design sustainable buildings that minimize
steel were the main building materials utilized environmental impact. Sustainability is a driving
until the turn of the twentieth century. Engineered force behind technological innovations in the
materials that utilize fewer resources offer better AEC industry. The fundamental principles behind
workability over conventional materials are sustainable buildings include reducing resource
desirable by the AEC industry. These sustainable consumption (energy and water efficiency),
materials feature high durability, thermal maximizing the use of renewable or recyclable
insulation, recyclability, and endurance to resources, protecting the natural environment, and
withstand high loads and extreme weather. They creating a healthy environment for users.
reduce the environmental impacts of construction  Renewable Architecture: The demand for green
without compromising structural performance. architecture and high energy costs drive the
BENEFITS integration of renewable energy sources in
The primary job of any design or architectural building design and construction. Architects and
company is to make high-quality architectural interior designers utilize renewables-based
models. In an era defined by rapid technological architecture to improve indoor air quality and
advancement, the architecture and engineering fields natural ventilation through green roofs, biophilic
are undergoing transformative changes. Cloud design elements, etc.
computing and generative design enable faster  Circular Architecture: The architecture industry
prototyping. Robotics and 3D printing can rapidly is adopting the circular economy to design and
assemble structures. Smart monitors and big data construct workflows that improve resource
analysis can measure building performance and efficiency. Innovative circular supply chain
inform the next big design innovation. These digital platforms enable green construction material
aids allow human designers to generate and test new sourcing and increase supply chain transparency.
ideas. Technologies such as artificial intelligence These platforms improve regulatory compliance
(AI), virtual reality (VR), 3D printing, and cloud and incentivize greener initiatives.
computing improve project quality, coordination, and
 Energy-Efficient Architecture: Energy efficiency
implementation. Other benefits include the following
solutions in buildings and structures eliminate
[9]:
heat and energy loss as well as reduce energy and
 Visualization: Visuals have come a long way maintenance costs. This significantly curtails
from the days of hand-drawn sketches. The maintenance costs while also retaining comfort
transition to digital platforms changed how for occupants. Architecture software for energy-
architects create, communicate, and collaborate. efficient solutions promotes passive design
Advances in visualization tools have made it strategies and provides building energy
easier to view and communicate projects with simulations to improve natural lighting and
compelling depth and richness. Architects can building ventilation.
quickly assess the impact of natural and artificial
 Smart Buildings: A smart building is a structure
light, materials, and environmental factors on
equipped with technology and sensors that enable
their proposals so that they can make more
automated control of various systems, such as
informed design decisions.
lighting, and heating. It is equipped with sensors
 Automation: At the intersection of design, and IoT devices that continuously collect data on
engineering, and science, architectural technology energy consumption, occupancy patterns, and
seeks to automate and augment the design process structural health. The Internet of things (IoT) has
to quicken construction, support management, enabled architects to design smart buildings that
and ensure high-performance of materials, are connected, intelligent, and responsive to
systems, and structures. Artificial intelligence has occupants’ needs. Smart buildings use sensors,
the ability to automate tedious tasks, streamline algorithms, and automation systems to optimize
operations, and enhance customer service. energy consumption, air quality, and security.

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Technologies facilitating green building design, education and training. Professional organizations
energy optimization, and material recycling will like the American Institute of Architects (AIA)
take center stage as the industry embraces its role offer courses in BIM, VR, and sustainable design.
in creating environmentally conscious structures. They provide accessible and affordable ways for
 Smart Homes: These are revolutionizing the way architects to learn new skills and stay up-to-date
we live now with energy-efficient systems and with the latest technologies. Academia bears a
AI-assisted living. As populations grow and great responsibility to remain at the forefront of
resources become more unavailable, the efficient the developments and educating tomorrow's AEC
use of limited resources becomes a necessity. practitioners and researchers.

 Smart City: A smart city is an urban area that uses  Aging Workforce: The workforce in the
technology and data-driven solutions to improve construction sector is aging, an increase in project
infrastructure, services, and quality of life for its demand and complexity are growing, and
residents, while promoting sustainability and employee productivity is falling. Even as
efficient resource management. Smart cities are a reluctance and uncertainty plague the industry, a
key factor in the consumption of resources. Urban digital push is intensifying.
development based on sustainability with a CONCLUSION
greater focus on renewable energy, transportation The architecture industry rapidly adopts new
solutions, smart home energy management, and technologies to make smart buildings. New
public service access are the advances that need to architecture technologies help design the buildings of
be realized in city technology. A typical smart tomorrow, today. They empower architects to spend
city is shown in Figure 10 [2]. more time exploring, creating, and pushing the
CHALLENGES boundaries of design.
The construction industry has notoriously been slow They are going to reshape the future state of
to adapt to the wave of digitization spreading across application architecture and will help build faster,
various fields. The AEC sector is currently facing more secure, scalable, highly available, and
significant challenges and opportunities due to innovative products for different business domains.
technological advancements. Despite the increasing The power of these tools has only begun to be
interest in emerging technologies, their harnessed.
implementation often necessitates acquiring specific
Whether it is more affordable housing or ultra-
skill sets. Research indicates a noticeable gap
modern vertical cities, architects are turning to new
between industry and academia in the adoption and
technologies to help them design the structures of the
adaptation of emerging technologies. Although
future. Today’s developing technologies will no
emerging technologies offer immense potential for
doubt reshape architecture and design, freeing up
product-based companies, their successful integration
mental capacity to solve more complex challenges
requires careful planning and strategic alignment with
and create truly human-centered solutions. Emerging
enterprise architecture. Other challenges of emerging
technologies increasingly influence architects’ work,
technologies in architecture include the following:
acting as catalysts for creativity, productivity, and
 Collaboration: Collaboration is key in
communication. The integration of AI, AR, VR, BIM,
architectural design, and technology has made it
robotics, blockchain, and global collaboration
easier for architects to work together and share
platforms will usher in an era where creativity meets
information. Cloud-based platforms enable team
efficiency. Exploring these emerging technologies
members to access and edit files from anywhere,
provides valuable insights into the future direction of
promoting seamless communication and
digital technologies in the AEC sector. More
coordination. As AEC projects become
information about emerging technologies in
increasingly global, collaboration platforms
architecture can be found in the books [12-15] and a
tailored to the industry will significantly advance.
related journal: Automation in Construction.
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Figure 1 Technology in architecture [1].

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Figure 2 A building under construction [2].

Figure 3 Some construction workers [3]

Figure 4 Some emerging technologies [6].

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Figure 5 Different components of BIM [8].

Figure 6 A typical robot [8].

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Figure 7 A typical design [2].

Figure 8 A building construction using 3D printing [10].

Figure 9 A typical use of VR [11].

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Figure 10 A typical smart city [2].

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