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MATHEMATICS LEONARDO PISANO BOGOLLO

-​ Nickname “Fibonacci” (Son of Bonacci)
-​ Study of Numbers and Arithmetic: Involves
operations with numbers. Relationship between Fibonacci Sequence and
-​ Set of Tools/Skills: Applied to questions of quantity the Golden Ratio
and measurement. GOLDEN RATIO (φ)
-​ Science: Involves logical reasoning, drawing -​ Special number approximately equal to 1.618.
conclusions from assumptions, and strategic thinking. -​ Appears in geometry, art, and architecture.
-​ Art: Studies patterns for prediction or as a specialized -​ Divine Proportion by Leonardo da Vinci and Luca
language for form, size, and quantity. Pacioli in the 1500s
Kinds of Patterns -​ also known as "section aurea" (Golden Section).
LOGIC Patterns -​ Ratio of two numbers a & b: a/b
-​ Observed first; involve classification before counting. -​ Ratio of their sum a+b to the larger number a: a+b/a
NUMBER Patterns -​ If these two ratios are equal, that number is φ
-​ Sequences formed by specific rules. Mathematical Language and Symbols
GEOMETRIC Patterns Language
-​ Series of shapes or regularities visible in nature. -​ Systematic way of communicating
WORD Patterns Mathematical Language
-​ Language-based patterns involving forms and syntax. -​ Used to communicate mathematical ideas
Types of Pattern in Nature Mathematics
1.​ SYMMETRY -​ System of communication about objects (numbers,
-​ Exact correspondence of form on opposite variables, sets, operations, functions, equations)
sides of a line, plane, or around a center. Characteristics of Mathematical Language
a.​ REFLECTION SYMMETRY 1.​ PRECISE: Exact and accurate; can make distinctions
-​ MIRROR SYMMETRY -​ Mathematical symbols allows us to know
-​ LINE SYMMETRY when/how to use them
-​ Divided by a line into mirror image 2.​ CONCISE: Brevity; avoids unnecessary words
halves (bilateral symmetry). 3.​ POWERFUL: Express complex ideas and convey
b.​ ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY messages with clarity.
-​ RADIAL SYMMETRY
Expressions vs. Sentences
-​ Similar parts are arranged around a
●​ Mathematical EXPRESSIONS
central axis, looking the same after
-​ Consist of terms separated by plus or minus
rotation.
signs.
c.​ TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY
-​ They may include parentheses or other
-​ Object's size and shape remain
grouping symbols.
unchanged when moved to a
★​ Algebraic Expression: contains numbers,
different location without reflection
variable
or rotation.
★​ Variable: “literal coefficient” represents
2.​ FRACTALS
unknown; use of letters
-​ Never-ending patterns that are self-similar
★​ Numerical coefficient: number with variable
across scales; infinitely complex.
★​ Constant: single number
3.​ SPIRALS
-​ Curved patterns formed by circular shapes
revolving around a central point.
4.​ SPOTS & STRIPES
-​ Patterns found in the external appearances
of animals.
5.​ NUMBER PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES
-​ FIBONACCI SEQUENCE, developed by
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, where each
number is the sum of the two preceding
numbers (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…).

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 ●​ Mathematical SENTENCE -​ W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }
-​ Combination of 2 mathematical expressions c.​ INTEGERS
using a COMPARISON OPERATOR -​ Z = {... , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
-​ Use of numbers, variables, comparison 2.​ Set Builder Notation
operators (=, ≠, >, <) -​ Describing the elements
-​ Must have a VERB to have complete thought -​ State all the properties that all the elements
-​ Can be either TRUE or FALSE must satisfy
Translating Verbal Phrases/Statements to
Mathematical Expressions/Sentences
●​ Identify keywords that indicate the operation
●​ Write the numbers/variables in the correct order
*SUM of: Addition​​ *DIFFERENCE of: Subtraction
*PRODUCT of: Multiplication​ *QUOTIENT of: Division
Ex.
​ The set of all x’s that are members of Real numbers,
such that x is greater than or equal to 3.

Conventions in the Mathematical Language C = {1, 2, 3, 4, ... , 100}

CONVENTION: set of facts, rules or notations -​ C = {x ∈ N|x > 101}
D = {−6, −5, −4, ... , 4, 5, 6}
-​ D = {x ∈ Z| − 6 ≤ x ≤ 6}
CARDINALITY OF SET: the number of elements in the set.
-​ cardinality of a finite set A is denoted by the notation
n(A)
○​ If A = {30, 60, 90}, then n(A) = 3
The Language of Set
○​ If B = {1, 3, 5, 7, ... 19}, then n(B) = 10
SET: collection of distinct objects (ELEMENTS)
Types of Set
-​ Describing the contents, listing the elements of the
set, enclosed in BRACES A.​ FINITE SET
-​ Set with no element: EMPTY SET/NULL SET Ø or { } -​ Countable elements
○​ A set of months in a year
M = {January, February, March, April, May,
June, July, August, September, October,
November,December}
○​ S = {x|x ∈ Z and x2 − 81 = 0}
S = {−9, 9}
B.​ INFINITE SET
-​ Uncountable/Unlimited elements
-​ Denoted by ellipsis “...”
SET NOTATION: system of marks, signs, figures or characters; ○​ The set of numbers greater than 10.
present information P = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ... }
-​ May be specified using SET-ROSTER NOTATION by ○​ The set of numbers between 3 and 5.
writing all the elements between braces N = {3.0001, 3.075,4.25, ... }
-​ “...” ELLIPSIS; read as and so forth C.​ EQUAL SET
1.​ Set Roster Notation -​ Set A is equal to Set B, denoted by A = B, if
-​ Listing each element of the set inside a pair and only if A and B have exactly the same
of braces elements.
a.​ NATURAL/COUNTING NUMBERS ○​ Let P = {d,e, f} and M = {e, f, d}. We say that
-​ N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …} P = M.
b.​ WHOLE NUMBERS

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 D.​ EQUIVALENT SETS
-​ Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by
A ~ B, if and only if A and B have the same
number of elements.
○​ Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {a, b, c, d,e}
n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 5
Truth Value
Since n(A) = n(B), thus A~B. -​ Simple statement: Either T or F
E.​ SUBSET -​ Compound statement: Determined by the truth values
-​ If A and B are sets, then A is of its simple statements and the connectives
-​ called a subset of B and only if every Truth Table
element of A is also an element of B. -​ Displays the truth values of a compound statement for
-​ It is denoted by A ⊆ B. all possible combinations of truth values of its simple
statements.
○​ Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1 ,2, 3, 6, 7, 8}.
Ex.
We say that A ⊆ B.
Given Simple Statements:
F.​ PROPER SUBSETS p: Today is Friday.​ q: It is raining.
-​ Contains fewer elements of its parent set r: I am going to a movie.​ s: I am not going to the basketball
○​ The proper subsets of A = {q, y, z} are game.
A = {{q},{y},{z},{q, y},{q, z},{y, z},{ }}. Compound Statements:
Relation a. Today is Friday, and it is raining.
-​ Rule that relates values from the domain to the range →p∧q
b. It is not raining, and I am going to a movie.
-​ Set of ordered pairs: x,y
→ ~q ∧ r
Function
c. I am going to the basketball game, or I am going to a movie.
-​ Each element in the domain corresponds to only one → ~s ∨ r
value in the range d. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
-​ No two ordered pairs have the same x value but →q→s
different y-values Existential quantifiers
-​ f(x) = y -​ Include words like "some," "there exists," and "at least
-​ f, g, h one," indicating the existence of something.
Universal quantifiers
Vertical Line Test
-​ Include words like "none," "no," "all," and "every,"
-​ A graph represents a function if every vertical line which assert or deny that a condition applies to every
drawn intersects the graph at most at one point. element in a set.
Ex.
a. Some airports are open
Negation: No airports are open.
b. All movies are worth the price of admission
Negation: Some movies are not worth the price of
admission.
c. No odd numbers are divisible by 2
Operations on Functions Negation: Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.

●​ Addition: f(x) + g(x) Problem Solving and Reasoning

●​ Subtraction: f(x) − g(x) Mathematical Reasoning
-​ Ability to analyze problems and construct logical
●​ Multiplication: f(x) ∙ g(x)
arguments for solving.
●​ Division: f(x) / g(x)
●​ Composition: f(g(x)) or g(f(x)) Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
INDUCTIVE Reasoning: General conclusions from specific
The Language of Logic examples
Logic Statements and Quantifiers -​ Ex. “Every crow I have ever seen is black. Therefore,
all crows are black”
Statement
DEDUCTIVE Reasoning: Specific conclusions based on
-​ Declarative sentence that is either true or false, but
general principles
not both.
-​ Ex. “ All men are mortal; I am a man; therefore, I am
Simple Statement
mortal.”
-​ Conveys a single idea.
Compound Statement
-​ Conveys two or more ideas, connected by words like
"and," "or," "if...then," or "if and only if."

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Intuition, Proof, and Certainty Problem Solving Strategies
1.​ Translate words to symbols
Mathematical Intuition: Coming across a problem and using
logical instinct to pull out an answer without asking question
-​ Ex. If 5 persons meet at a reunion and each person
shakes hands exactly once with each others, what is
the total number of handshakes
5 5𝑥4
𝐶2 = 2
= 10
Proof: Logical argument that tries to show that a statement is
true 2.​ Working backwards
-​ Must be well though and thoroughly tested
Certainty: state of being definite or having no doubts about
something
2 ways to present proof
●​ Outline Form
If 5x + 3 = 33, then x = 6
5𝑥 + 3 = 33
5𝑥 + 3 − 3 = 33 − 3
5𝑥 30
5
= 5
3.​ Looking for a pattern
𝑥 = 6
Therefore, x = 6
●​ Paragraph Form
-​ Proposition: If P then Q
Assume P, (1), (2), (3). Therefore, Q.
George Polya
-​ Father of Problem Solving in Mathematics Education
-​ Contribute to probability theory, number theory, the
4.​ Make an organized list
theory of functions, and the calculus of variations
-​ Author of How to Solve it, Mathematics and Plausible
Reasoning, and Mathematical Discovery
Polya’s 4 Step in Problem Solving
1.​ Understanding the Problem: Identify the unknown,
given data, and conditions.
2.​ Devising a Plan: Find connections between the data
and the unknown.
3.​ Carrying Out the Plan: Ensure each step is correct
5.​ Make a table
and prove its validity.
4.​ Looking Back: Review and check the solution.

6.​ Draw a diagram

7.​ Guess and check

8.​ Act it out

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Finals
MMW KLD/ BSN-105/ BALTAZAR, T.M.S.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

STATISTICS: Using data values from a sample. - Center of the distribution

PARAMETER: Using data from a specific population MODE: Most frequently occurring score in the distribution

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: Shows the number of times

the observation occurs in the data.

MEDIAN: Middlemost value in a distribution; below/above is

exactly 50% of cases are found.
𝑓
PROPORTION: Frequency / # of sample ( 𝑛 )
+size of a part to the whole.

PERCENTAGE:
𝑓
× 100 MEAN (x̄): Exact mathematical center of a distribution
𝑛
+Mean sample: x̄ ; Mean population: μ
+proportion or fraction of a whole

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MMW KLD/ BSN-105/ BALTAZAR, T.M.S.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
VARIABILITY or DISPERSION: Extent in which the score in
a distribution differ from e/o.
RANGE: Difference b/w highest & lowest value in given
distribution.

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VARIANCE (σ ): Average of the squared differences from
the mean

STANDARD DEVIATION (σ): Square root of the variance

+High SD = values are spread out from the average (mean). Data points are
far from mean, more variability
+ Low SD = values are close to the average. Data points are close to mean,
less variability