International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research

Vol.13 Issue 02, February 2025

ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: editorijmie@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

Security and Reliability of Mainframes in Financial Institutions

First Author:Janakiram Thumati

Security is paramount in financial institutions where

personal and financial data processing and transactions are at
risk of hacking. In order to limit unauthorized access and
protect data, mainframes apply multiple security measures
such as encryption, access authorization, logging, and
intrusion detection. Security solutions based on mainframe
capabilities can help
financial institutions meet compliance requirements.
Mainframes use a multilayered security system to protect
confidential information and important operations in the
banking sector. This study examines the security and
reliability of mainframes in financial institutions. Utilizing
data from IBM XForce Exchange and the Verizon Data
Breach Investigations Report (DBIR), the researcher
Keywords: analyzed current threats, evaluated the effectiveness of
financial institutions; mitigation strategies, and assessed the reliability of
mainframe; cybersecurity; mainframe systems. The findings provide insights into best
cybersecurity vulnerabilities; practices and areas for improvement, contributing to
information technology. enhanced security and reliability in financial operations.

Author correspondence:
First Author, Janakiram Thumati
Doctorate
Affiliation
Email: janiyadav@gmail.com

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1. Introduction

Since its inception in the early 1900s, Information Technology (IT) has become one of the most
valuable and indispensable assets to modern business [1]. Organizations need to have an efficient
IT infrastructure to support business-related tasks, systems, and processes [18]. In addition to the
typical desktop personal computers that most employees have at their workplace, there is much in
the backend infrastructure that hosts valuable information related to the organization, employees,
customers, and other stakeholders. Such crucial systems should be continuously available with
minimum interruptions to serve the business, given that the majority of key applications are highly
dependent on them [1]. In instances when key IT systems fail to perform as designed, the financial
well-being of an organization

may be at risk. For instance, a study published by CA Technologies of companies in the US and
Europe projected that IT downtime results in over $26 billion a year of lost revenue [10].
An Emerson Network Power study also found that IT-related downtime costs organizations $5,600
per minute, regardless of the industry [1]. In 2013, Amazon's website was unavailable for nearly 30
minutes, and this led to a loss of at least $66,000 per minute in revenue statistics relating to the
potential failure of IT systems in organizations underscore the need to guarantee the reliability and
stability of IT systems such as mainframe.
Since its release in 1964 by IBM, the mainframe has been used in organizations for decades and
continues to be of great importance to business processes [20]. Although there have been
improvements in operating systems and other IT infrastructure, many businesses still prefer to use
mainframe servers, given their history of reliability and success with those mainframes. Mainframes
tend to serve large corporations that are still operating legacy applications initially developed in the
1960s and 1970s [12]. For instance, Walmart has been using mainframes since 1975 to gather data
about customer transactions that are considered to help improve efficiency. Visa also uses
mainframe platforms in its business structure and can process nearly 90 billion transactions annually
[10].
Mainframes have been the foundation of IT infrastructure in key financial institutions for years,
providing unparalleled processing power, reliability, and security. In an era where cyber threats are
becoming progressively sophisticated and data breaches are regular, the security and reliability of
mainframe systems are of utmost importance. Financial institutions that handle vast amounts of
sensitive financial data depend on the robust architecture of mainframes to ensure the integrity and
confidentiality of their operations [20]. This study aims to explore the current state of mainframe
security and reliability within financial institutions, identifying key challenges and evaluating the
effectiveness of existing measures. By analyzing data from various financial entities, this study
sought to provide insights into the best practices and potential areas for improvement in securing
these critical systems.
Across the existing literature, several studies have underscored the multifaceted nature of the
security threats within mainframe computers. In particular, a recent report by IBM in 2022 indicated
that while mainframes are inherently secure, they are not immune to cyberattacks. Such
vulnerabilities were noted by several other studies that identified common cyberattacks in
mainframes, such as inadequate configuration and outdated security protocols. Additional findings
also indicate that the other group of vulnerabilities in the mainframe emanates from insider threats,
malware, and external hacking attempts as significant risks to mainframe security [17].
Several researchers have emphasized the various security threats facing mainframes. According to
a report by IBM (2020), mainframes, while inherently secure, are not immune to cyber-attacks, with
vulnerabilities often arising from inadequate configuration and outdated security protocols (IBM,
2022). A study by Smith et al. (2021) identified insider threats, malware, and external hacking

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attempts as significant risks to mainframe security. The widespread use of mainframes in

organizations cannot be underestimated. According to a recent report by Garnter (2022), the IBM
mainframe operating systems remain to be one of the most valuable platforms for business
enterprises worldwide, hosting nearly 90% of businesses' most critical missions and applications.
In typical cases, businesses are less likely to adopt the same steps or procedures to mitigate
configuration errors and identify them on the mainframe as they do in other operating systems. With
this in mind, it is expected that high-risk vulnerabilities are significantly higher. While inherent
risks are common in mainframe operating systems, most enterprises have a limited formal approach
to the identification and remediation of such risks. Vulnerabilities, in turn, make mainframe
operating systems a major target for cyberattacks with far-reaching financial and company
reputation implications.
Security is paramount in financial institutions where personal and financial data processing and
transactions are at risk of hacking. In order to limit unauthorized access and protect data,
mainframes apply multiple security measures such as encryption, access authorization, logging, and
intrusion detection [2]. Security solutions based on mainframe capabilities can help financial
institutions meet compliance requirements. Mainframes use a multi-layered security system to
protect confidential information and important operations in the banking sector [3]. Such control
measures include the use of role-based access control measures as well as highly defined permission
control measures. Data encryption is widely applied to secure data, thereby safeguarding
confidentiality and integrity [1]. Other enhanced authentication techniques, like multi-factor and
biometrics, also offer an extra layer of protection as they confirm the user's identity [1]. Thus far,
the evidence reviewed has demonstrated that mainframes tend to have separate hardware security
modules for processing secure keys and other cryptography-related tasks in financial institutions.
Mainframes consist of proprietary operating systems that have security built into the fundamental
structure of the platform. The operating systems are designed in a manner that can reduce the risks
of being compromised and create a robust security status [21]. The operating systems use security
mechanisms, including mandatory access control, which enables precise regulation of resource
access and data manipulation. The operating systems in mainframes contain thread-security features
[9]. Similarly, the mainframe computing platforms have extensive auditing and logging features to
provide the essentials of monitoring and compliance. Each activity of a user log-in, data access, or
modification to the system is recorded, giving an account of events, thereby establishing effective
security features [4]. The audit trail has a significant role in security investigation purposes,
compliance, regulatory guidelines, and controls.
Mainframes are known to be reliable and highly available computing platforms. Mainframes
enhance availability by meeting demands with high availability and limited disruption [8]. As a
result of redundancy and failover characteristics of mainframes, financial institutions can continue
providing service in the event of a breakdown or disasters of hardware [16]. Mainframes also use
features like parallelism and workload to provide efficient system performance and resource
consumption. Mainframe parallel processing makes it possible for most mainframes to divide large
tasks into smaller sub-tasks where several processors can perform tasks at the same time, hence
making mainframes effective in handling large amounts of data [14]. Complex workload
management automatically allocates resources based on priority and necessity to ensure that crucial
financial transactions are allocated adequate resources. Mainframes maintain their popularity due
to their flexibility, compatibility with virtualization, and integration with progressive technologies.
They are reliable and dependable technology that financial institutions rely on even in complex
situations [14].
Mainframes have advanced capability of error detection and correction to minimize data corruption
and system failure. Mainframes use reliable methods like error-correcting code and parity checks
to help detect and correct any errors that may occur during data transmission and storage [15].
Mainframes also have an array of features in hardware redundancy and fault tolerance to enable

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financial institutions' systems to operate even in case of hardware failures [22]. Similarly,
mainframe vendors are equally involved in longterm reliability through timely service and upgrades
[5]. The updates restore possible risks, correct logical flaws in the programs, and include
optimizations and additional options.
Mainframes are highly scalable and can accommodate growing transaction volumes and data
processing needs in financial institutions. Financial institutions can scale up processing power,
memory, or storage as needed to facilitate corporate growth and expansion [7]. Mainframes also
support virtualization, which means that resources are used optimally, and many tasks can be run
on a single mainframe. Mainframes offer enhanced virtualization features that can help allocate
resources optimally and manage diverse workloads within a single system [11]. By using multiple
virtual environments, banks can have several applications and different workloads on the same
physical infrastructure, which helps to save money on hardware acquisition. The virtualization
ability adds to the scalability and flexibility of mainframe systems to address changing business
requirements effectively [13]. Thus, mainframes' outstanding scalability enables financial
institutions to address increasing numbers of transactions and data processing requirements most
efficiently and cost-effectively possible.
The security and reliability of the mainframe remain a key asset to business enterprises. The
mainframe is one of the most important information technology infrastructures, accounting for at
least 71% of organizations' assets [14]. With this role, the mainframe is typically used to guarantee
efficient and effective execution of business activities, such as sending key data required by modern
technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence for decision-making processes [17].
Cyber-attacks against mainframes have increased as their importance in business becomes
invaluable. The common areas of cyberattack include lost or stolen credentials, which are inherently
composed of a user's identity attributes (first name, last name, ID, email, username, password, and
in some cases, social security number) and have been the single most common security attack for
hackers to access an organization's critical data, web application, and infrastructure (e.g., servers
and databases) [8]. HelpNet Security states that mainframe security is a top priority for 85% of IT
professionals, yet few are adequately protecting their systems [15].
Despite the extensive research on mainframe security and reliability, there are still gaps that need
to be addressed [23]. Specifically, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on the effectiveness of
new security technologies and the long-term impact of cloud integration on mainframe reliability
[19]. This study aims to fill these gaps by providing updated data and insights into these areas.
2. Research Method

A quantitative methodology was adopted to conduct this study. Quantitative methods are used when
the researcher purposed to collect and analyze numerical data [12]. Analyzing numerical data is a
key strength of quantitative studies as they improve the generalizability, validity, and reliability of
the study findings. Therefore, a quantitative study was justified because the purpose of this study
was to collect and analyze quantitative data related to the security and reliability of mainframes in
financial institutions [6]. A qualitative methodology was applied to provide an in-depth analysis of
security incidents in mainframe systems. A quantitative descriptive study design was adopted to
guide data collection and analysis. A descriptive research design was selected because the focus of
the study was to gather quantifiable data to statistically analyze a population sample [6]. In turn,
the statistical data collected and analyzed can show patterns, connections, and trends over time [12].
The research was designed to collect and analyze data from multiple financial institutions regarding
security incidents and the reliability of mainframes.
Secondary data was used in this study. Data were retrieved from industry reports, financial
institution case studies, and security incidents. The databases used were IBM XForce Exchange and
Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR). IBM X-Force

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Exchange was used to extract Key metrics such as number of incidents, types of threats (e.g.,
malware, insider threats, external hacking), and the severity of these threats. The databases provide
detailed information relating to security incidents and mainframe reliability metrics.
Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical methods to identify trends and patterns in
mainframe security and reliability. An Excel file was used to group the incidence and calculate the
mean, frequency, and other statistical measures. Using the data retrieved from IBM X-Force
Exchange and DBIR, the common security threats to mainframes in financial institutions were
identified. The analysis of this data was through the frequency, severity, and impact of various
threats. DBIR provided insights into data breaches and security incidents across various industries,
including finance. Major metrics were incident frequency, attack vectors, threat actors, and data
compromise. Another key area related to the analysis of mainframe reliability metrics. Analysis of
reliability metrics focused on uptime, failure rates, and recovery times. Finally, a comparison of the
reliability metrics across different financial institutions was conducted to identify best practices and
areas for improvement.

3. Results and Analysis

3.1 Results

The analysis of data collected from IBM X-Force Exchange and Verizon Data Breach
Investigations Report (DBIR) provides a comprehensive view of the security threats, mitigation
strategies, and reliability of mainframes in financial institutions. This section details the key
findings from the data analysis, addressing the research questions posed in this study. The data
revealed a significant number of security incidents affecting mainframes in financial institutions.
Across the five financial institutions analyzed, a total of 338 security incidents were reported. These
incidents were categorized as follows:
Malware Incidents: 204 incidents (60.4%), Insider Threats: 36 incidents (10.7%), and

External Attacks: 98 incidents (29.0%). Malware incidents were the most prevalent, accounting for
over 60% of the total incidents. Insider threats and external attacks also posed substantial risks,
highlighting the diverse range of threats faced by mainframes in the financial sector. A summary is
presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Distribution Of Threat Types In Financial Institutions

Note: Y-axis (Number of Incidents by; X-axis (Threat Type)

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International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research
Vol.13 Issue 01, January 2025
ISSN: 2347-6532 Impact Factor: 8.076
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: editorijmie@gmail.com
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed
at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

An analysis was conducted to determine the uptime percentages, failure rates, and recovery times.
Based on the findings, the average uptime percentage is 99.97%, demonstrating the high reliability of
mainframe systems for the financial institutions studied. On the other hand, institutions experienced 3
failures on average, indicating robust system performance but also room for improvement. The average
recovery time following an incident was 3 hours, suggesting that while systems are generally reliable,
the recovery process can still be optimized. A summary is shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Uptime percentage and failure rates Across different institutions

International journal of Management, IT and Engineering

Data from the Verizon DBIR was used to provide insights into the frequency and impact of data
breaches. The analysis revealed that the five banking institutions reported a total of 25 data breaches.
Consequently, the breaches caused a variation in downtime, with an average of 10.8 hours per
institution. The financial impact of the breaches was $2,500,000, with considerable variations across
the banking institutions. The results also indicated that financial loss per hour of downtime was not
constant, suggesting different levels of resilience of breach mitigation strategies, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Summary of the Analysis

Instituti Malwa Insid Exter Uptime Failu Recov Data Downti Financ Total Impact
on re er nal Percent re ery Breach me ial loss Securit Score
Incide Thre Attac age Rate Time es Due to Due to y
nts ats ks (hours) Breach Breach Incide
(hours) ($) nts
Bank A 45 10 20 99.99 1 1 5 10 50000 75 50000
0
Bank B 32 5 15 99.98 2 2 3 8 30000 52 37500
0
Bank C 50 8 25 99.95 5 5 7 15 70000 83 46666.6
0 67
Bank D 47 6 18 99.97 3 3 6 12 60000 71 50000
0
Bank E 30 7 20 99.96 4 4 4 9 40000 57 44444.4
0 44

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3.2 Analysis
The findings provided crucial insights relating to the security and reliability of mainframes in financial
institutions. Based on the findings, although existing security measures could be considered effective,
there are still certain areas where improvements are needed to guarantee the reliability of mainframes
and their stability from cyber threats.
The findings indicated a high rate of malware in mainframe systems. Technically, the increased risk
of malware incidents underlines the need to implement continuous monitoring security protocol in
mainframes, including conducting regular updates to the system. Based on the findings, there is a need
for stakeholders in financial institutions to remain cautious and proactive when designing and
implementing malware mitigation strategies for mainframe systems. The findings also underscored the
cost and common causes of malware and threats. As per the findings, it was established that insider
threats, although less often, could potentially pose a considerable cybersecurity risk attributed to the
potential access or knowledge owned by the firm insiders, including employees [18]. The findings also
underlined the growing risk of external attacks on mainframe systems. Consequently, it is important
to note that external attacks may continue to be a key threat, necessitating wideranging security
measures to protect against sophisticated cybercriminal tactics targeting the mainframe [15].
The study findings indicated a high uptime in mainframe systems. Given the findings, the high average
uptime percentage (99.97%, Table 3) and relatively low failure rate (3) demonstrate that existing
mitigation strategies could be dependable in guaranteeing the reliability of mainframe systems within
financial institutions. Findings suggest that conducting regular security audits, timely software updates,
and advanced authentication may improve the reliability of mainframe systems by reducing the risk
impact of cyberattacks. However, the average recovery time of 3 hours, as per the findings, underscores
the idea that this is an area that requires further and regular improvement [15]. As explained and
supported by cite, reducing recovery times by leaders in organizations is key to minimizing the impact
of incidents and maintaining uninterrupted operations of the mainframe systems [7]. In view of the
current study findings, the following recommendations are suggested to promote the security and
reliability of mainframes in financial institutions. There is a need to increase monitoring of the
mainframe systems, including retaining an incidence response. The process could include leaders
implementing highly advanced and sophisticated real-time system monitoring tools for early detection
and response to security threats that could undermine the reliability of the mainframe systems [12].
One of the key sources of risks to the mainframe identified in this study was insiders. In this regard, it
is suggested that the organization leaders implement strategies that could strengthen the insiders' threat
management knowledge. The approach could include regular cyber threat training and risk awareness
programs about the potential risks and mitigation approaches for each risk identified. There is also a
need to limit insiders' access to sensitive information. This study has several limitations, including the
reliance on data from a limited number of financial institutions and the potential variability in reporting
standards between institutions. The study solely used secondary data, which could have been subject
to longitudinal effects. Future research should aim to include a wider range of institutions and explore
the long-term impact of emerging security technologies on mainframe reliability.
4. Conclusion

The security and reliability of mainframes in financial institutions are critical to maintaining the
integrity and confidentiality of financial operations. While existing measures may be effective, there
is always an opportunity for system improvement, given the increasing complexity of cyber risks. By
enhancing monitoring, strengthening insider threat management, investing in advanced technologies,
optimizing recovery protocols, and conducting regular audits, financial institutions can further bolster
the security and reliability of their mainframe systems. These improvements will help ensure that
mainframes continue to serve as a robust backbone for financial operations in an increasingly digital
world.

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