1.
a) Analyze the negative effects of conflict (14 marks)
1. Loss of Lives and Injury
o Conflict, especially armed conflict, often leads to the death of soldiers and
civilians. Many people are injured and killed, sometimes permanently injured,
which affects their ability to work and live normal lives.
2. Displacement of People
o Conflicts force people to leave their homes in search of safety. This leads to
refugee crises, with people living in camps or foreign countries under harsh
conditions.
3. Economic Decline
o War disrupts industries, agriculture, and businesses. The government spends
more on war than on development, and foreign investors avoid unstable
regions.
4. Destruction of Infrastructure
o Roads, schools, hospitals, and other public services may be destroyed during
conflict, making it hard for communities to function and recover.
5. Psychological Trauma
o People exposed to violence and loss often suffer from post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues.
6. Breakdown of Social Structures
o Families are separated or broken, and communities may be divided by ethnic
or political lines, leading to mistrust and long-term divisions.
7. Hindered Education
o Schools may be closed or destroyed, and teachers may flee. Children may miss
out on years of learning, and in some cases, be forced into child labor or as
child soldiers.
8. Increased Poverty
o Conflict disrupts jobs and access to food and shelter. Families lose their
income, and poverty deepens, making it harder to rebuild.
9. Political Instability
o Governments may collapse or become authoritarian. Corruption and
lawlessness rise, and it becomes difficult to establish peace and order.
10. Environmental Degradation
War damages the environment, such as through deforestation, polluted water sources,
and destroyed farmland, which affects long-term survival.
11. Spread of Diseases
Refugee camps and war-torn areas often lack clean water, food, and medical care.
This creates the perfect environment for diseases to spread.
12. Cultural Loss
Historical monuments, museums, and traditional practices may be lost or destroyed,
leading to the loss of national identity and history.
13. Loss of Trust in Leadership
When governments fail to protect people or are seen as corrupt, citizens lose faith in
them. This can lead to protests, rebellion, or further conflict.
14. Rise of Extremism
Prolonged conflict can make people desperate or angry, making it easier for extremist
groups to recruit and spread violence further.
b) Explain how a culture of peace can be created (6 marks)
1. Education for Peace
o Teaching children and youth about tolerance, respect, cooperation, and human
rights can help prevent violence and build peaceful communities.
2. Dialogue and Mediation
o Encouraging people to talk and resolve their differences peacefully through
discussion or neutral mediators can prevent conflicts from escalating.
3. Promotion of Human Rights
o When people's basic rights and freedoms are respected, they feel valued and
protected, reducing feelings of injustice and anger.
4. Reducing Inequality
o Addressing issues like poverty, discrimination, and unfair treatment helps
remove the root causes of conflict and builds harmony among citizens.
5. Community Participation
o Involving different groups—youth, women, minorities—in decisions about
their community helps everyone feel included and prevents exclusion-related
tension.
6. Media for Peace
o Media can spread positive messages about unity, cooperation, and peace. It
can also help correct misinformation that may lead to conflict.
