I N T R O D U C T I O N TO

EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY
 EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
❖ Emerging technologies are new or rapidly evolving
technologies that have the potential to change the
way we live, work, and interact with each other.

❖ Emerging technologies represent the forefront

(leading) of innovation, characterized by their early
stage of development and their potential to have a
profound impact on various aspects of society.

❖ Innovation refers to the process of creating and

implementing new ideas, methods, products, or
services that bring about significant improvements,
advancements, or changes. It involves the
application of creativity, knowledge, and resources
to develop novel solutions to problems, meet
evolving needs, or seize new opportunities.

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CONT’D …
❖ One of the key features of emerging technologies is their transformative nature. They have the ability to
reshape the way we communicate, access healthcare, travel, entertain ourselves, and interact with the
world around us. For example, advancements in communication technologies have revolutionized the
way we connect with others, breaking down barriers of distance and enabling instant global
communication through platforms like social media, video conferencing, and messaging apps.
❖ In the field of healthcare, emerging technologies hold immense promise for improving patient care and
outcomes. Innovations such as AI-powered diagnostic systems, telemedicine, wearable devices, and
personalized medicine are transforming healthcare delivery by enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and
accessibility of medical services.
❖ Transportation is another area greatly influenced by emerging technologies. Electric vehicles,
autonomous driving, and shared mobility platforms are changing the way we move from one place to
another, reducing environmental impact and enhancing safety and convenience.
❖ Here are some examples of emerging technologies that have gained considerable attention in recent
years:
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI involves the development of intelligent machines that can simulate human
cognitive processes. It encompasses areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, computer
vision, and robotics. AI has applications in diverse fields, including autonomous vehicles, personalized
medicine, virtual assistants, and fraud detection systems. 3
CONT’D …
2. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT refers to a network of physical objects embedded with sensors,
software, and connectivity that enables them to collect and exchange data. These objects can range from
everyday devices like smartphones and wearable gadgets to industrial machinery and smart homes. The IoT
has the potential to enhance efficiency, automate processes, and improve decision-making in sectors such as
healthcare, agriculture, transportation, and urban planning.
3. Blockchain: Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that enables secure and transparent transactions
without the need for intermediaries. It ensures the integrity and immutability of data, making it highly
suitable for applications like cryptocurrency, supply chain management, digital identity verification, and
decentralized finance (DeFi). Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize industries by improving
transparency, security, and efficiency.
4. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies create immersive digital
experiences by overlaying virtual elements onto the real world (AR) or by simulating entirely virtual
environments (VR). These technologies have applications in gaming, training simulations, education,
architecture, and entertainment, offering users a new level of engagement and interaction.
5. Cloud computing: refers to the delivery of computing resources, including storage, processing power, and
software applications, over the internet. Instead of relying on local servers or personal computers to handle
data and perform tasks, cloud computing enables users to access and utilize these resources remotely through
a network of servers hosted by a third-party provider. 4
CONT’D …
6. Two well-liked JavaScript frameworks for creating web apps are Angular and React. They are both used
for front-end development and allow for the design of dynamic user interfaces.
❖ Assignment - they differ greatly in terms of their architecture, functionality, and community support,
therefore, write a two page.
7. A collaborative and iterative approach to software delivery and infrastructure management is created by the
DevOps technique, which mixes software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops). By enabling
cooperation, automation, continuous integration, continuous delivery, and continuous deployment, it strives
to dissolve organizational silos between development and operations teams.
8. I-Apps, or intelligent apps, are software programs that use machine learning (ML) and artificial
intelligence (AI) technology to offer personalized experiences, better functionality, and intelligent decision-
making capabilities. To comprehend user behavior, automate processes, and provide information or services
that are pertinent to the context, these apps make use of data analysis, pattern recognition, and predictive
algorithms.
9. Big Data is the term used to describe extraordinarily massive and complicated datasets that are difficult to
manage, handle, or analyze using conventional data processing methods. The phrase "big data" refers to a
dataset's volume, velocity, variety, and veracity in addition to its overall size. These data sets come from a
variety of sources, including social media, sensors, mobile devices, and online transactions.
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 ❖ The Industrial Revolution can be broadly categorized into different versions or phases, each characterized
by distinct technological advancements and societal changes. These versions build upon one another,
reflecting the continuous progression of industrialization. Here are the main versions of the Industrial
Revolution:

1. The First Industrial Revolution took place from the late 18th through the middle of the 19th century, and
this time frame is frequently used to describe it.
❖ Significant technological advancements in the manufacture of iron and steel, steam power, and textiles
INTRODUCTION TO served as the catalyst for its start in Britain.

INDUSTRIAL
❖ The spinning Jenny, Powerloom, Steam Engine, and the development of Canals and Early Railways were
important inventions.

REVOLUTION ❖ In this stage, factory-based production replaced manual labor and small-scale businesses, leading to
higher productivity, urbanization, and economic expansion.

2. Late 19th to early 20th century: Second Industrial Revolution

❖ Improvements in heavy manufacturing, electricity, and the growth of the railway and telegraph networks
were key features of the Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred between the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
❖ The Bessemer technique for producing steel, the internal combustion engine, the telephone, and the
creation and distribution of electricity are notable inventions and developments from this time period.
❖ The Second Industrial Revolution brought about more mechanization, industrial growth, and the
emergence of enormous corporations. 6
 3. The Third Industrial Revolution (late 20th century to the present)
❖ is the term used to describe the period from the late 20th century to the present. It is often referred
to as the Digital Revolution or the Information Age.
❖ It is distinguished by the widespread use of internet, automation, and digital technology.
❖ The personal computer, internet access, mobile devices, e-commerce, cloud computing, and big
data analytics are notable advancements.
❖ The Third Industrial Revolution has transformed corporate operations, information access, and
INTRODUCTION TO communication, creating new industries and altering a number of industries, including banking,

INDUSTRIAL entertainment, and communication.

REVOLUTION

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 THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

❖ Steam Engine: Invented by James Watt, the steam engine was a crucial invention that powered machinery, locomotives,
and steamships. It facilitated the mechanization of factories, transportation, and the expansion of industries.
❖ Spinning Jenny: Developed by James Hargreaves, the Spinning Jenny was a multi-spindle spinning frame that
revolutionized the textile industry by enabling the simultaneous spinning of multiple threads, leading to increased textile
production.
❖ Power Loom: Invented by Edmund Cartwright, the power loom automated the weaving process and greatly increased
textile production, contributing to the growth of the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution.
❖ Bessemer Process: Patented by Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass production of steel by
converting iron into steel through the removal of impurities. This innovation had a profound impact on industries such as
construction, transportation, and manufacturing.

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 THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

❖ Telegraph: The invention of the telegraph, with Samuel Morse's development of Morse code, revolutionized long-distance
communication. It enabled rapid transmission of messages over long distances and laid the foundation for future
advancements in communication technology.
❖ Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone introduced a new era of voice communication, facilitating
instant and direct communication between people over long distances.
❖ Electric Power Generation and Distribution: Innovations by Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison in electric power
generation and distribution paved the way for widespread electrification. The development of power grids and electric
lighting transformed industries, homes, and cities.
❖ Internal Combustion Engine: The internal combustion engine, invented by Nikolaus Otto and improved by Karl Benz and
Gottlieb Daimler, revolutionized transportation. It powered automobiles, motorcycles, and later, airplanes, enabling faster
and more efficient means of travel.
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 THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS OF
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS

THIRD INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

❖ Personal Computer: The development of the personal computer, pioneered by companies like Apple and Microsoft,
brought computing power to individuals and revolutionized how people work, communicate, and access information.
❖ Internet: The invention of the internet and the subsequent development of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee
transformed global communication and information sharing. It laid the foundation for the digital revolution and the
widespread connectivity we experience today.
❖ Mobile Devices: The introduction of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, revolutionized personal computing
and communication. They provided portable access to information, communication tools, and a vast array of applications
and services.
❖ Digitalization and Automation: The advancements in digital technologies, automation, and robotics have transformed
industries across sectors, enhancing efficiency, productivity, and innovation. Technologies like cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, and robotics have revolutionized manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and many other industries.
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HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
 INTRODUCTION
❖ Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) refers to the study, design, and evaluation of interactive systems and
technologies that facilitate effective communication and interaction between humans and computers. It
involves understanding how humans perceive, understand, and interact with technology and designing
interfaces that are intuitive, user-friendly, and meet users' needs.

❖ The importance of HCI in technology design is significant for several reasons:

1. User-Centered Approach: HCI emphasizes a user-centered design approach, where the needs,
capabilities, and preferences of the end-users are given primary consideration throughout the design process.
By focusing on the users' goals, tasks, and expectations, HCI ensures that technology is designed to be
useful, usable, and satisfying for the intended users.

2. Enhanced User Experience: HCI aims to create positive user experiences by designing interfaces that are
aesthetically pleasing, efficient, and easy to use. By considering factors such as usability, learnability, and
satisfaction, HCI helps improve user engagement, productivity, and overall satisfaction with the technology.

3. Increased Productivity and Efficiency: Well-designed interfaces can streamline workflows, reduce
errors, and improve efficiency. HCI principles, such as task analysis and interface optimization, help in
creating interfaces that support users in completing tasks more quickly and accurately, leading to increased
productivity and effectiveness.

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4. Error Reduction and Safety: HCI design techniques focus on preventing and minimizing errors by
providing clear feedback, intuitive controls, and error prevention mechanisms. Effective HCI reduces the
likelihood of user errors, enhances system safety, and mitigates potential risks associated with technology
use.

5. Accessibility and Inclusivity: HCI promotes inclusive design, ensuring that technology is accessible to
users with diverse abilities and needs. By considering factors such as readability, alternative input methods,
and assistive technologies, HCI helps make technology accessible to a broader range of users, including
those with disabilities.

6. Adoption and User Acceptance: HCI plays a crucial role in the adoption and acceptance of new
technologies. By addressing usability issues and aligning technology with users' mental models and
expectations, HCI facilitates smoother technology adoption and reduces resistance to change.

7. Competitive Advantage: Well-designed user interfaces can differentiate products and services in a
competitive market. HCI helps organizations gain a competitive edge by delivering technology solutions that
are more intuitive, enjoyable, and user-friendly than their competitors, leading to increased customer
satisfaction and loyalty.

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 HISTORY OF HCI
The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has evolved over several decades, driven by
a d v a n c e m e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g y, c h a n g i n g u s e r n e e d s , a n d a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e h u m a n
factors involved in interaction with computers.

1960S-1970S: E A R LY 1980S: COGNITIVE 1 9 9 0 S : G R A P H I C A L U S E R I N T E R FA C E S

(GUIS) AND USABILITY
BEGINNINGS SCIENCE INFLUENCE

- The origins of HCI can be traced back to - The 1980s marked a shift towards a more - The widespread adoption of graphical user
the 1960s when computers were primarily scientific approach to HCI influenced by interfaces (GUIs) in the 1990s revolutionized
used by experts and researchers. Interaction cognitive science. Researchers focused on
user interaction. The introduction of the
understanding human cognition and
was limited to punch cards and command- Macintosh by Apple and Microsoft Windows
applying that knowledge to design
line interfaces. made computing more accessible and intuitive.
interfaces.
- In the 1970s, the development of text-
- The GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, - The concept of usability gained prominence,
based interfaces and the introduction of the
and Selection rules) model by Card, Moran, emphasizing the importance of designing
computer mouse by Douglas Engelbart
and Newell provided a framework for interfaces that are easy to learn, efficient to use,
opened up new possibilities for interaction. analyzing user interaction and predicting and provide a satisfying user experience.
task performance.
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 CONT’D …
The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has evolved over several decades, driven by
a d v a n c e m e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g y, c h a n g i n g u s e r n e e d s , a n d a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e h u m a n f a c t o r s
involved in interaction with computers.

2000S: UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING AND 2 0 1 0 S - P R E S E N T: M U LT I M O D A L I N T E R FA C E S

MOBILE DEVICES AND BEYOND

- The 2000s witnessed the emergence of ubiquitous computing, - The advancement of technology in the 2010s led to the
where computing is seamlessly integrated into everyday objects proliferation of multimodal interfaces, combining touch, gesture,
and environments. This brought about new interaction voice, and other input modalities.
paradigms and challenges.
- HCI expanded beyond traditional devices to include virtual
- Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, gained reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), wearable devices, and
popularity, necessitating the design of interfaces optimized for Internet of Things (IoT) technologies.
smaller screens and touch interaction.
- The focus shifted towards designing inclusive and accessible
- User experience (UX) gained prominence, encompassing the interfaces, addressing the needs of diverse user groups, and
broader aspects of user perception, emotions, and overall considering ethical implications of HCI.
satisfaction with technology. 15
 KEY PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF HCI
❖ The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is guided by several key principles and goals that aim to
inform the design and evaluation of interactive systems. These principles and goals help ensure that
technology is user-centered, usable, and provides a satisfying user experience.
❖ Here are some of the key principles and goals of HCI:
1. User-Centered Design: HCI emphasizes the importance of designing technology around the needs,
goals, and capabilities of the users. It involves understanding users' tasks, requirements, and preferences
through user research and involving users in the design process.
2. Usability: Usability refers to the extent to which a system is easy to learn, efficient to use, and provides
a satisfying user experience. HCI focuses on designing interfaces that are intuitive, clear, and minimize
cognitive load, making it easy for users to accomplish their goals.
3. Learnability: Learnability refers to how quickly and easily users can learn to use a system or interface.
HCI aims to design interfaces that are easy to learn, reducing the time and effort required for users to
become proficient in using the technology.
4. Flexibility: HCI recognizes that users have different preferences, needs, and levels of expertise.
Designing interfaces that are flexible and customizable allows users to adapt the system to their specific
requirements, improving user satisfaction and productivity.

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 CONT’D …
5. Accessibility: Accessibility in HCI refers to designing technology that can be used by individuals with
disabilities or impairments. It involves considering factors such as providing alternative input methods,
accommodating visual or hearing impairments, and adhering to accessibility standards to ensure that
technology is inclusive and accessible to all users.
6. Consistency: Consistency is the principle of ensuring that interfaces follow consistent design patterns and
behaviors. By maintaining consistency in elements like layout, terminology, and interactions, HCI aims to
make interfaces more predictable and easier to use, reducing user confusion and errors.
7. Feedback and Affordances: HCI emphasizes the importance of providing clear feedback and visual cues
to users about the system's state and the outcomes of their actions. Affordances, which are the perceived
capabilities or functions of an object or interface, should be designed in a way that communicates their
purpose and how users can interact with them.
8. Error Prevention and Recovery: HCI seeks to minimize errors by providing error prevention
mechanisms, clear error messages, and enabling easy error recovery. Designing interfaces with well-defined
error states and offering users the means to correct mistakes can improve user confidence and reduce
frustration.

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 CONT’D …
9. Aesthetics and Emotional Design: HCI recognizes the role of aesthetics and emotional design in creating
engaging and enjoyable user experiences. Designing interfaces that are visually pleasing, evoke positive
emotions, and align with users' expectations and preferences can enhance user satisfaction and engagement.

10. Ethical Considerations: HCI acknowledges the ethical implications of technology design and usage. It
involves considering privacy, security, transparency, and the ethical impact of technologies on individuals
and society. Ethical considerations are essential to ensure that technology is developed and deployed
responsibly and in the best interests of users.

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 KEY DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
HCI
❖ Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various disciplines to
study, design, and evaluate interactive systems. The interdisciplinary nature of HCI reflects the
recognition that understanding and improving the interaction between humans and technology requires

insights from multiple areas of knowledge .

1. Computer Science: Computer science forms the foundation of HCI, providing the technical knowledge
and skills necessary to develop software, hardware, and interfaces. It encompasses areas such as
programming, algorithms, data structures, and software engineering.

2. Psychology: Psychology plays a crucial role in HCI by studying human behavior, cognition, perception,
and decision-making processes. Psychological principles and research methods are applied to understand
user needs, preferences, and behavior when interacting with technology.

3. Design: Design disciplines, such as graphic design, industrial design, and interaction design, contribute to
HCI by providing principles and methodologies for creating visually appealing, intuitive, and usable
interfaces. Design focuses on aesthetics, layout, information architecture, and user experience.

4. Cognitive Science: Cognitive science investigates how humans perceive, think, and process information.
It helps HCI researchers understand mental models, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-
making, which are essential in designing interfaces that align with users' cognitive capabilities. 19
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5. Human Factors Engineering: Human factors engineering (also known as ergonomics) applies knowledge
from psychology, physiology, and biomechanics to design interfaces and systems that optimize human
performance, safety, and well-being. It considers physical ergonomics, anthropometry, and user comfort.
6. Sociology and Anthropology: Sociology and anthropology contribute to HCI by examining the social and
cultural aspects of technology use. They study how technology affects society, social interaction, and user
behavior in different cultural contexts, helping to design interfaces that are sensitive to social norms and
practices.
7. Information Science: Information science focuses on the organization, retrieval, and management of
information. It contributes to HCI by addressing issues related to information architecture, search interfaces,
information visualization, and knowledge representation.
8. Communication Studies: Communication studies provide insights into how people communicate,
exchange information, and interpret messages. It helps HCI researchers design interfaces and interactions
that facilitate effective communication and information exchange between users and technology.

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 CONT’D …
9. Anthropometrics and Ergonomics: Anthropometrics involves studying human body dimensions and
physical characteristics, while ergonomics focuses on optimizing the fit between humans and technology.
These disciplines contribute to HCI by providing guidelines for designing interfaces that accommodate
diverse user populations and promote physical comfort.
10. Ethical and Legal Studies: HCI also considers ethical and legal aspects, including privacy, security,
intellectual property, and ethical considerations in technology design and use. Ethical and legal studies help
ensure that technology is developed and deployed in a responsible and ethical manner.

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 INTERACTIONS IN HCI CAN TAKE VARIOUS
FORMS
❖ In the context of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), interaction refers to the dynamic exchange of
information and actions between a human user and a computer system. It encompasses the ways in which
users input commands, provide information, and receive feedback or output from the computer system.
Interaction is at the core of HCI as it enables users to engage with technology and accomplish tasks.

1. Input: Users provide input to the computer system through various input devices, such as keyboards,

mice, touchscreens, voice recognition, or gestures. Input allows users to communicate their intentions,
commands, or data to the computer system.

2. Output: The computer system responds to user input by generating output, which can be presented
to the user through different output modalities. This includes visual output on displays, auditory
feedback through speakers, haptic feedback through vibrations or force feedback devices, or any other
form of sensory output.

3. Feedback: Feedback is an essential aspect of interaction in HCI. It provides users with information
about the state of the system, the consequences of their actions, and guides their subsequent
interactions. Feedback can be visual, auditory, or haptic, and helps users understand the system's
response to their input .
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4. Control and Manipulation: HCI involves user control and manipulation of digital objects or
interfaces. Users interact with graphical elements, menus, buttons, sliders, or other interface
elements to navigate, manipulate, and control the system and its functionalities.

5. Dialogues and Conversations: In some cases, interaction in HCI involves dialogue or

conversation-like exchanges between users and computer systems. This can be through natural
language interfaces, chatbots, or voice assistants, where users engage in conversations with the
system to accomplish tasks or retrieve information.

6. Multimodal Interaction: HCI recognizes that interaction can occur through multiple
modalities simultaneously. Users may engage in a combination of touch, voice, gesture, or other
input modalities, and receive output through various sensory channels. Multimodal interaction
aims to enhance the richness and flexibility of user interaction.

7. Contextual Interaction: Interaction in HCI is not limited to a single isolated action but often
takes place within a broader context. Contextual factors, such as the user's environment,
location, time, and social setting, can influence the nature and constraints of interaction.
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 USERS INTERACT WITH COMPUTERS
❖ Users interact with computers through various input and output mechanisms

1. Keyboard: Users can input text, commands, and data by typing on a physical or virtual
keyboard. Keyboards are commonly used for tasks such as writing documents, sending emails,
and entering text into forms or search fields.

2. Mouse: The mouse is a pointing device that allows users to move a cursor on the screen and
interact with graphical elements. By clicking, dragging, and scrolling with the mouse, users can
select, activate, and manipulate objects and interface elements.

3. Touchscreen: Touchscreens enable direct interaction with graphical elements by touching the
screen. Users can tap, swipe, pinch, or perform other gestures to navigate, select, and manipulate
objects on the screen. Touchscreens are commonly found in smartphones, tablets, and many
modern laptops.

4. Voice Input: With voice recognition technology, users can interact with computers using
spoken commands and queries. Voice assistants, such as Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant, allow
users to perform tasks, retrieve information, and control devices through voice commands. 24
 CONT’D …
5. Gesture Recognition: Gesture recognition systems enable users to interact with
computers through hand or body movements. Cameras or sensors detect and interpret
gestures, allowing users to control interfaces, play games, or navigate virtual environments
without physical contact.

6. Stylus or Digital Pen: Styluses or digital pens provide a more precise input method for
touchscreen devices. They allow users to write, draw, or annotate directly on the screen,
simulating the experience of using pen and paper.

7. Game Controllers: Game controllers, such as joysticks, gamepads, or motion controllers,

enable users to interact with computer games and virtual reality environments. They provide
specialized input mechanisms tailored to gaming experiences.

8. Biometric Input: Biometric technologies, such as fingerprint scanners or facial

recognition, allow users to interact with computers by verifying their unique physiological
characteristics. These methods are commonly used for authentication and security purposes.
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 CONT’D …
9. Sensors and Wearable Devices: Users can interact with computers through sensors and
wearable devices that capture and transmit data. Examples include fitness trackers,
smartwatches, and virtual reality headsets that track movement, heart rate, or other physiological
parameters.

10. Brain-Computer Interfaces: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enable users to interact with
computers using brainwave signals. By detecting and interpreting brain activity, BCIs can be
used for tasks such as controlling prosthetic devices (are used to replace missing arms or hands,
hip, thigh, knee, ankle, foot, missing eyes, and hearing loss. They can be as simple as a cosmetic
cover or as complex as a fully functional device with electronic controls.) , typing, or navigating
virtual environments.
❑ Prosthetics are artificial devices that are created to replace or improve the function of a
missing or damaged bodily component. People who have experienced limb loss or limb
difference owing to a variety of factors, such as injury, disease, or congenital abnormalities,
frequently use these devices. For those who have lost limbs, prosthetic devices work to
improve mobility, independence, and quality of life.
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THANK YOU!!

8/06/20XX PITCH DECK 27