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Math2471 calculus 3 lecture notes

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 Math 2471: Calculus III

The notes will be updated from time to time. Although I tried hard to make the text error-free,
there are certainly still a number of errors and mistakes of different types. If you find any errors,
please let me know. Thanks.

Weijiu Liu
Department of Mathematics
University of Central Arkansas
201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR 72035, USA
2
Contents

1 Chapter 11 Vectors and the Geometry of Space 3

1.1 Lecture 1: Line Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Lecture 2: Plane Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Lecture 3: Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Problem Set 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Chapter 12 Vector-valued Functions 19

2.1 Lecture 4: Vector-valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Lecture 5: Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Lecture 6: Arc Length and Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 Problem Set 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3 Chapter 13 Functions of Several Variables 45

3.1 Lecture 7: Functions of Several Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Lecture 8: Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3 Lecture 9: Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Problem Set 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 Lecture 10: Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.6 Lecture 11: Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7 Problem Set 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.8 Lecture 12: Directional Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.9 Lecture 13: Gradient Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.10 Lecture 14: Applications of the Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.11 Problem Set 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.12 Lecture 15: Tangent Planes and Normal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.13 Lecture 16: Linear approximations and differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.14 Lecture 17: Relative Maximum and Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.15 Problem Set 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.16 Lecture 18: Applications of extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.17 Lecture 19: Lagrange multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.18 Problems Set 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

4 Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals 127

4.1 Lecture 20: Double Integrals over Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2 Lecture 21: Double Integrals over General Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3 Problems Set 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.4 Lecture 22: Double Integrals In Polar Coordinates Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.5 Lecture 23: Double Integrals In Polar Coordinates - part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.6 Lecture 24: Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.7 Problems Set 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.8 Lecture 25: Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.9 Lecture 26: Triple Integrals - part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.10 Problems Set 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

i
ii CONTENTS

4.11 Lecture 27: Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

4.12 Lecture 28: Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.13 Lecture 29: Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates - part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.14 Problem Set 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

5 Chapter 15 Vector Calculus 199

5.1 Lecture 30: Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.2 Lecture 31: Curl and Divergence of a Vector Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.3 Problem Set 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.4 Lecture 32: Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.5 Lecture 33: Line Integrals in Differential Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.6 Lecture 34: Line Integrals of Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.7 Problem Set 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.8 Lecture 35: Independence of Line Integral on Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.9 Lecture 36: Green’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
5.10 Problem Set 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
5.11 Lecture 37: Parametric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.12 Lecture 38: Surface Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
5.13 Lecture 39: Flux Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5.14 Problem Set 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
5.15 Lecture 40: The Divergence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.16 Problem Set 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
CONTENTS 1

Comparison between Calculus 1 and Calculus 3

Topic Calculus 1 Calculus 3

Functions y = f (x) z = f (x, y), u = f (x, y, z)
Limit lim f (x) lim f (x, y), lim f (x, y, z)
x→a (x,y)→(a,b) (x,y,z)→(a,b,c)
dy
Derivative = f 0 (x) Partial Derivative: ∂∂ xz , ∂∂ yz
Rdxb RR
Integral a f (x)dx Double integral: f (x, y)dA,
R
RRR
Triple integral: f (x, y, z)dV ,
R E
Line integral: f (x, y, z)ds,
C RR
Surface integral: f (x, y, z)dS,
S
Green Theorem: 
R RR ∂ Q ∂ P 
Pdx + Qdy = ∂ x − ∂ y dA,
C R
Divergence
RR
Theorem:
RRR
F · ndS = div FdV
S E

Topic Calculus 1 Calculus 3

Applications of
Differentiation Tangent line to a curve Tangent plane to a surface
Linear approximations Linear approximations
maximum and minimum maximum and minimum
Optimization Optimization
Applications of
Integration Finding area and volume Finding area and volume

So Calculus 3 is an extension of Calculus 1!

2 CONTENTS
Chapter 1

Chapter 11 Vectors and the Geometry of

Space

1.1 Lecture 1: Line Equations

• Read Section 11.5 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 11.5, problems 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 29, from the textbook.

• Outline

1. Parametric line equation

2. Symmetric line equation

• Problem. Suppose a line passes through the point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and is parallel to a given vector v = ha, b, ci.
Find the equation of the line.

P(x, y, z)
v

P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 )

• Two nonzero vectors a and b are parallel if and only if a = tb.

−→
Pick up a point P(x, y, z) on the line. Then two vectors v and P0 P are parallel. So
−→
P0 P = tv

and
hx − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 i = hat, bt, cti

• Parametric line equation:

x = x0 + at, y = y0 + bt, z = z0 + ct

• Symmetric line equation

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = .
a b c

3
4 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

• Vector form of line equation. Let r = hx, y, zi and r0 = hx0 , y0 , z0 i. Then

r = r0 + tv
The vector v = ha, b, ci is called the direction vector of line.
• Example. Find the equation of the line through the point (1, 2, -3) and parallel to the vector v = 2i + 3j − k.
Solution. We have
a = 2, b = 3, c = −1,
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, z0 = −3
So the parametric line equations are
x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 + 3t, z = −3 − t.

• Example. Find the equation of the line through two points (1, 2, −3) and (4, −5, 6). Then find the intersection
point of the line with xy-plane.
Solution. We have
a = 4 − 1 = 3, b = −5 − 2 = −7, c = 6 − (−3) = 9,
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, z0 = −3
So the parametric line equations are
x = 1 + 3t, y = 2 − 7t, z = −3 + 9t.

When the line intersects with xy-plane, we have z = 0. So

z = −3 + 9t = 0
and then t = 1/3. Plugging it into x and y equations, we obtain
1
x = 1 + 3(1/3) = 2, y = 2 − 7(1/3) = −
3
So the intersection point of the line with xy-plane is (2, −1/3, 0).
• Example, Find the direction vector of each line
x−1 y
= = z − 2.
−5 5

v = h−5, 5, 1i

x = 1 − 2t, y = 3, z = −1 + t.

v = h−2, 0, 1i
• Example. Find the equation of the line through the point (-1, 0,0) and parallel to the line
x−1 y
= = z − 2.
−5 5
Solution. We have
a = −5, b = 5, c = 1,
x0 = −1, y0 = 0, z0 = 0
So the parametric line equations are
x = −1 − 5t, y = 5t, z = t.
1.1. LECTURE 1: LINE EQUATIONS 5

a×b
v

• Review of Cross product.

For two vectors

a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
b = hb1 , b2 , b3 i = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k,

the cross (vector) product of a and b is defined by

i j k
a×b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
a2 a3 a a3 a a2
= i− 1 j+ 1 k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2

• Example. Find the equation of the line through the point(3, 1,1) and perpendicular to both h1, 3, 1i and h0, 2, −1i.
Solution. We first have
x0 = 3, y0 = 1, z0 = 1
Since the cross product of h1, 3, 1i and h0, 2, −1i is perpendicular to them, the directional vector of the line is
given by their cross product:

v = h1, 3, 1i × h0, 2, −1i

i j k
= 1 3 1
0 2 −1
3 1 1 1 1 3
= i− j+ k
2 −1 0 −1 0 2
= −5i + j + 2k

So the parametric line equations are

x = 3 − 5t, y = 1 + t, z = 1 + 2t.

• Test for parallel lines. Two lines are parallel if and only if their direction vectors are parallel.
• Example. Show that two lines
L1 : x = −6t, y = 1 + 9t, z = −3t
L2 : x = 1 + 2s, y = 4 − 3s, z = s
are parallel.
Solution. The direction vector of L1 is
v1 = h−6, 9, −3i
The direction vector of L2 is
v2 = h2, −3, 1i
Because v1 = −3v2 , they are parallel.
6 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

• Exercise 1. Find the equation of the line through the point (4, 0 -3) and parallel to the vector v = 2i − 4j.
Answer key:
x = 4 + 2t, y = −4t, z = −3.

• Exercise 2. Find the equation of the line through the point(-1, 0,0) and parallel to the line

x+1 y
= = z − 2.
−2 3

Answer key:
x = −1 − 2t, y = 3t, z = t.

1.2 Lecture 2: Plane Equations

• Read Section 11.5 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 11.5, problems 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 49, 51, 53, 55, 61, 65, 69, 79, 83 from the textbook.

• Outline

1. Plane equation
2. Parallel and Orthogonal Planes
3. Examples

• Problem. Suppose a plane passes through the point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and is perpendicular to a given vector n =
ha, b, ci. Find the equation of the plane.

P(x, y, z)
P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 )

• Perpendicular vector test. a and b are perpendicular if and only if a · b = 0.

−→
Pick up a point P(x, y, z) on the plane. Then two vectors n and P0 P are perpendicular. So
−→
n · P0 P = 0

and
ha, b, ci · hx − x0 , y − y0 , z − z0 i = 0

• Plane equation:

a(x − x0 ) + b(y − y0 ) + c(z − z0 ) = 0

n = ha, b, ci is called the normal vector of plane.

• General plane equation:

ax + by + cz + d = 0.
It is called a linear equation.
1.2. LECTURE 2: PLANE EQUATIONS 7

• Example. Find an equation of the plane passing through P0 (2, −1, 3) with a normal vector n = h−1, 3, 2i.
Solution. We have
a = −1, b = 3, c = 2,
x0 = 2, y0 = −1, z0 = 3
So the equation of the plane is
−(x − 2) + 3(y + 1) + 2(z − 3) = 0.
• Review of Cross product.

a×b

For two vectors

a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
b = hb1 , b2 , b3 i = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k,
the cross (vector) product of a and b is defined by
i j k
a×b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
a2 a3 a a3 a a2
= i− 1 j+ 1 k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2

• Example. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points P1 (1, −2, 1), P2 (2, −1, 0) and P3 (3, −2, 2).

−−→ −−→
n = P1 P2 × P1 P3

P3 (3, −2, 2)

P2 (2, −1, 0)
P1 (1, −2, 1)

Solution. We first have

x0 = 1, y0 = −2, z0 = 1
−−→ −−→
Since the cross product of P1 P2 and P1 P3 is perpendicular to them, the normal vector of the plane is given by
their cross product. Because
−−→
P1 P2 = h2 − 1, −1 + 2, 0 − 1i = h1, 1, −1i,
−−→
P1 P3 = h3 − 1, −2 + 2, 2 − 1i = h2, 0, 1i

we have
i j k
−−→ −−→
n = P1 P2 × P1 P3 = 1 1 −1
2 0 1
1 −1 1 −1 1 1
= i− j+ k = i − 3j − 2k
0 1 2 1 2 0
8 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

So the plane equation is

(x − 1) − 3(y + 2) − 2(z − 1) = 0.
• Example. For the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6,

1. Find its normal vector.

Solution. n = h1, 2, 3i.
2. Find the point of intersection of the line x = 1 + 3t, y = 1 − 2t, z = 2 − 3t with the plane.

Line

P(x, y, z)

Solution. Since the intersection point is on the plane, the coordinate of the point must satisfy the plane
equation. So we plug the line equations into the plane equation to obtain
1 + 3t + 2(1 − 2t) + 3(2 − 3t) = 6

Solving the equation for t gives

3
t=
10
Plugging the solution into the line equations, we obtain
19 2 11
x = 1 + 3(3/10) = , y = 1 − 2(3/10) = , z = 2 − 3(3/10) =
10 5 10
So the intersection point is (19/10, 2/5, 11/10).
• Parallel Planes. Two distinct planes are parallel if their respective normal vectors are parallel.

n2

Plane 2
n1

Plane 1

• Orthogonal Planes. Two distinct planes are orthogonal if their respective normal vectors are orthogonal.
• Example. Determine whether the following two planes are parallel:
x + 2y + 3z = 12, 2x + 4y + 6z = 9

Since n2 = h2, 4, 6i = 2h1, 2, 3i = 2n1 , these two normal vectors are parallel and so the two planes are parallel.
1.2. LECTURE 2: PLANE EQUATIONS 9

n1

n2
Plane 2

Plane 1

• Example. Determine whether the following two planes are orthorgonal:

x + 2y + z = 12, x + 2y − 5z = 9

Since n1 · n2 = h1, 2, 1i · h1, 2, −5i = 0, these two normal vectors are orthorgonal and so the two planes are
orthorgonal.

• Example. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point (3 , -2, 1) and parallel to the plane
x + 3y − 4z = 2.

P0 (3, −2, 1)

Plane x + 3y − 4z = 2

Solution. We first have

x0 = 3, y0 = −2, z0 = 1
Since the two planes are parallel, we can use the normal vector of the plane x + 3y − 4z = 2 as the normal vector of the
plane that passes through the point (3 , -2, 1). So

n = h1, 3, −4i

. Then the plane equation is

(x − 3) + 3(y + 2) − 4(z − 1) = 0.

• Example. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point (3, 0, −1) and perpendicular to the line
x = 1 + t, y = 2t, z = 4 − 5t.
Solution. We first have
x0 = 3, y0 = 0, z0 = −1
10 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

Line

P0 (3, 0, −1)

Since the plane is perpendicular to the line, we can use the directional vector of the line as the normal vector of
the plane. So
n = h1, 2, −5i
. Then the plane equation is
(x − 3) + 2y − 5(z + 1) = 0.

• Example. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + z = 4 and x − 2y + 3z = 2.

x − 2y + 3z = 2

x + 2y + z = 4

Solution. We use the two plane equations to form a system

x + 2y + z = 4
x − 2y + 3z = 2

We then solve the system for x and y. Solving the first equation for x and then plugging into the second equation, we
obtain
4 − 2y − z − 2y + 3z = 2
Solving the equation for y, we obtain
1 1
y= + z
2 2
Plugging the solution into one of the equations in the system, we obtain

x = 3 − 2z

Then the parametric equations of the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + z = 4 and x − 2y + 3z = 2 are

1 1
x = 3 − 2t, y= + t, z = t.
2 2
• Angle between two planes. For two planes that intersect, we define the angle between them to be the angle
between their normal vectors (0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2) as shown in the figure:
1.3. LECTURE 3: CYLINDERS AND QUADRIC SURFACES 11

n1
n2
θ
θ

The angles θ can be calculated by

n1 · n2
cos θ =
kn1 kkn2 k

So if two planes are perpendicular, then θ = π/2 and if they are parallel, then we can say the angle does not
exist.

• Sketch a plane To sketch the plane

x + 2y + 3z = 6
we find the three intersection points with the x, y, z-axes:

(6, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0), (0, 0, 2)

Then plot these three points on the axes and connect them with line segments as shown in the figure.

z
(0, 0, 2)

(0, 3, 0)
y

(6, 0, 0)
x

• Self-test 1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point (0 , -2, 4) and is perpendicular to the
vector n = 2i − 4j + 3k
Answer key:
2x − 4(y + 2) + 3(z − 4) = 0

• Self-test 2: Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (−1, 1, 1), (0, −1, 2) and (3, −1, −2).
Answer key:
8(x + 1) + 7(y − 1) + 6(z − 1) = 0

1.3 Lecture 3: Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces

• Read Section 11.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 11.6, problems 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of cylinders
2. Definition of quadric surfaces
3. Sketch surfaces
12 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

z
l

• Cylinder. Given a curve C in a plane P and a line l not in P, a cylinder is the surface consisting of all lines
parallel to l that pass through C.

• Example. Sketch the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1

• Example. Sketch the cylinder z = sin y

• Quadric Surfaces are described by the general quadratic equation:

Ax2 + By2 +Cz2 + Dxy + Exz + Fyz + Gx + Hy + Iz + J = 0

2 2
• Sketch the ellipsoid: x2 + y9 + z4 = 1

• Sketch the elliptic paraboloid: z = 4x2 + y2

x2 2
• Sketch the hyperboloid of one sheet: 4 + y2 − z4 = 1

• Sketch the hyperbolic paraboloid: z = x2 − y2

• Elliptic cone: z2 = 4x2 + y2

• Exercise: Sketch the paraboloid: z = 4 − x2 − y2

1.4. PROBLEM SET 1 13

z
y2 2
Trace on x = 0 : 9 + z4 = 1

2 y
Trace on z = 0 : x2 + y9 = 1

x
2
Trace on y = 0 : x2 + z4 = 1

1.4 Problem Set 1

Group 1:

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (0, 2, −3) with a normal vector n = h1, −1, −2i.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (1, 0, 3), (0, 4, 2) and (1, 1, 1).

3. Find an equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, −2, 3) and contains the line l : r = ht, −t, 2ti

4. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes −x + 2y + z = 1 and x + y + z = 0.

2
5. Sketch the surface: 4x2 + y2 + z4 = 1.

Group 2:

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, 0, −3) with a normal vector n = h3, −1, 4i.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (−1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 2) and (3, −1, 1).

3. Find an equation of the line passing through P0 (2, 1, 3) and normal to the plane P : 2x − 4y + z = 10.
14 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

z
Trace on z = 1 : 4x2 + y2 = 1

Trace on y = 0 : z = 4x2
y
Trace on x = 0 : z = y2
x

x2
Trace on z = 2z : 4 + y2 = 2

2
Trace on y = 0 : x2 − z4 = 1 y
x2
Trace on z = 0 : 4 + y2 = 1

x2
Trace on z = −2 : 4 + y2 = 2

4. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y − z = 1 and x + y + z = 1.

5. Sketch the surface: x = y2 + z2 .

Group 3:

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (2, 3, 0) with a normal vector n = h1, 2, −4i.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (2, −1, 4), (1, 0, 2) and (−3, 1, 1).

3. Find an equation of the plane passing through (0, −2, 4) that is orthogonal to the planes 2x + 5y − 3z = 0 and
−x + 5y + 2z = 8.

4. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes 2x − y + 3z = 1 and −x + 3y + z = 4.

2
5. Sketch the surface: x2 + y4 = z2 .

Group 4:

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, 4, −3) with a normal vector n = h−1, 4, −6i.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (5, −1, 4), (1, −3, 2) and (−3, 2, 1).

3. Find an equation of the plane passing through (0, −2, 4) that is parallel to the vectors h1, 0, 1i and h3, −2, 0i.
1.4. PROBLEM SET 1 15

Surface of z= x2−y2

20

10

0
z

−10

−20
5
5
0
0
y −5 −5
x

4. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes x − y + 2z = 1 and x + y + z = −1.

5. Sketch the surface: z = x2 − y2 .

Answer Key
Although I tried hard to make sure that the answers are correct, there may be still a number of
errors and mistakes. If you find any errors, please let me know.
Group 1:
1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (0, 2, −3) with a normal vector
n = h1, −1, −2i.
x − (y − 2) − 2(z + 3) = 0.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (1, 0, 3), (0, 4, 2) and (1, 1, 1).

7(x − 1) + 2y + (z − 3) = 0.

3. Find an equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, −2, 3) and contains the line
l : r = ht, −t, 2ti
−(x − 1) + (y + 2) + (z − 3) = 0

1. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes −x + 2y + z = 1 and x + y + z = 0.

1 1
x = − (1 + t), y = (1 − 2t), z = t.
3 3
2
2. Sketch the surface: 4x2 + y2 + z4 = 1.
16 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

Trace on z = 1 : 4x2 + y2 = 1

y
Trace on x = 0 : z = ±y

x
Trace on z = −1 : 4x2 + y2 = 1

Skecth of the surface: 4x2+y2+z2/4 = 1

0
z

−1

−2
1
0.5
0
0
y −1 −0.5
x

Group 2:
1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, 0, −3) with a normal vector
n = h3, −1, 4i.

3(x − 1) − y + 4(z + 3) = 0.

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (−1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 2) and (3, −1, 1).

2(x + 1) + 4(y − 1) + 2(z − 1) = 0.

3. Find an equation of the line passing through P0 (2, 1, 3) and normal to the plane P : 2x − 4y +
z = 10.

x = 2 + 2t, y = 1 − 4t, z = 3 + t.

1. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y − z = 1 and x + y + z = 1.

x = 1 − 3t, y = 2t, z = t.

2. Sketch the surface: x = y2 + z2 .

Group 3:
1.4. PROBLEM SET 1 17

2 2
Skecth of the surface: x = y +z

z
−1

−2
2
4
0
2
y −2 0
x

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (2, 3, 0) with a normal vector
n = h1, 2, −4i.
x − 2 + 2(y − 3) − 4z = 0

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (2, −1, 4), (1, 0, 2) and (−3, 1, 1).

x − 2 + 7(y + 1) + 3(z − 4) = 0

3. Find an equation of the plane passing through (0, −2, 4) that is orthogonal to the planes 2x +
5y − 3z = 0 and −x + 5y + 2z = 8.

25x − (y + 2) + 15(z − 4) = 0

1. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes 2x − y + 3z = 1 and −x + 3y + z = 4.

17 1
x=− − 2t, y= − t, z = t.
5 5
2
2. Sketch the surface: x2 + y4 = z2 .

Skecth of the surface: x2 + y2/4 = z2

0.5

0
z

−0.5

−1
2
1
0
0
y −2 −1
x

Group 4:
18 CHAPTER 1. CHAPTER 11 VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE

1. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the point P0 (1, 4, −3) with a normal vector
n = h−1, 4, −6i.
−(x − 1) + 4(y − 4) − 6(z + 3) = 0

2. Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points (5, −1, 4), (1, −3, 2) and (−3, 2, 1).

4(x − 5) + 4(y + 1) − 12(z − 4) = 0

3. Find an equation of the plane passing through (0, −2, 4) that is parallel to the vectors h1, 0, 1i
and h3, −2, 0i.

2x + 3(y + 2) − 2(z − 4) = 0.

1. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes x − y + 2z = 1 and x + y + z = −1.

3 1
x = − t, y = −1 + t, z = t.
2 2
2. Sketch the surface: z = x2 − y2 .
Skecth of the surface: z = x2 − y2

0.5

0
z

−0.5

−1
2
2
0
0
y −2 −2
x
Chapter 2

Chapter 12 Vector-valued Functions

2.1 Lecture 4: Vector-valued Functions

• Read Section 12.1 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 12.1, problems 1, 2, 2, 5, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 2731, 33, 35, 47, 51, 53,
65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of vector-valued functions
2. Graph vector-valued functions
3. Find vector equations for a curve
4. Limit
• Vector-valued functions:
r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k = h f (t), g(t), h(t)i.
f , g, h are called component functions of r. It is equivalent to the parametric equations
x = f (t), y = g(t), z = h(t)

The orientation of the curve is defined to be in the direction of increasing values of t.

z

r(t2 )

r(t1 )

r(t0 )

19
20 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

• Example. Line:
r(t) = (1 + 2t)i + (2 − 3t)j + 5tk.
It is equivalent to the parametric equations:
x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 − 3t, z = 5t
So it is a line.

4
z

2
2

0 0
0
1
2 y
x 3 −2

• Example. Unit circle:

r(t) = costi + sintj.
It is equivalent to the parametric equations:
x = cost, y = sint
or the x, y equation:
x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
So it is the unit circle oriented counterclockwise.
2

0
y

−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

• Example. Helix:

r(t) = costi + sintj + tk.

2.1. LECTURE 4: VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS 21

It is equivalent to the parametric equations:

x = cost, y = sint, z=t
Since
x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
the curve turns around on the unit cylinder and moves up as z = t increases.

10
z

5
2

0 0
−2
−1
0 y
1
x 2 −2

• Example. Curve:
r(t) = ht,t sint,t costi
This is complex and we have to use a calculator to plot it:

20

0
z

10
0 0
5
10 −10 y
15
x

• Example. Find the domain of the vector-valued function

p
r(t) = 4 − t 2 i + t 2 j − 6tk
Solution The domain is the set of all possible values of t for which three component functions
defined. The functions t 2 and −6t are well defined for any real numbers and the
are well √
function 4 − t 2 is well defined if
4 − t2 ≥ 0
or
−2 ≤ t ≤ 2
22 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

So the domain is
[−2, 2]
• Example. For the vector-valued function
r(t) = sin 2ti + 2 cos 2tj − 2tk
evaluate r(0), r(π/2) and r(π + ∆t) − r(π).
Solution
r(0) = sin 2(0)i + 2 cos 2(0)j − 2(0)k = 2j
r(π/2) = sin 2(π/2)i + 2 cos 2(π/2)j − 2(π/2)k
= −2j − πk
r(π + ∆t) − r(π) = sin 2(π + ∆t)i + 2 cos 2(π + ∆t)j − 2(π + ∆t)k
− (sin 2(π))i + 2 cos 2(π))j − 2(π))k)
= sin 2∆ti + 2 cos 2∆tj − 2(π + ∆t)k − (2j − 2πk)
= sin 2∆ti + 2[cos 2∆t − 1]j − ∆tk

• Example. Find a vector equation for the line segment that joins the point P(−1, −2, 1) and
the point Q(1, 3, 4).
r1
z
r(t) Q(1, 3, 4)
r0
P(−1, −2, 1)

Solution Since the vector equation and parametric equations are equivalent and the parametric
equations are easier, we first find the parametric equations. The directional vector is
−→
PQ = h1 − (−1), 3 − (−2), 4 − 1i = h2, 5, 3i
So the parametric equations are:
x = −1 + 2t, y = −2 + 5t, z = 1 + 3t, 0≤t ≤1

Re-write the parametric equations in the vector form:

r(t) = h−1 + 2t, −2 + 5t, 1 + 3ti, 0≤t ≤1
• Limit:
lim r(t) = lim f (t)i + lim g(t)j + lim h(t)k
t→a t→a t→a t→a
= hlim f (t), lim g(t), lim h(t)i.
t→a t→a t→a
2.2. LECTURE 5: DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 23

• Continuity. r(t) is continuous at a if

lim r(t) = r(a).
t→a

• Example. Let
1 1
r(t) = sinti + j+ k.
t −2 t −1
Find lim r(t) and determine the discontinuous points.
t→π
We have
1 1
lim r(t) = lim sinti + lim j + lim k
t→π t→π t→π t − 2 t→π t − 1
1 1
= sin πi + j+ k
π −2 π −1
1 1
= j+ k
π −2 π −1
The vector function is discontinuous at t = 1 and 2.
• Exercise 1. Sketch the curves:
r(t) = t 2 i + tj + 3k
r(t) = h1 + t, 3t, −ti
• Exercise 2. Find a vector equation for the line segment that joins the point P(1, 0, 1) and the
point Q(2, 3, 1).
Answer key. r(t) = h1 + t, 3t, 1i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
• Exercise 3. Let
et − 1
r(t) = h , ln(1 + t), cos(2t)i.
t
Find its domain and lim r(t) and determine the discontinuous points.
t→0
Answer key. Domain: t > −1 and t 6= 0; lim r(t) = h1, 0, 1i; Continuous in its domain.
t→0

2.2 Lecture 5: Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

• Read Section 12.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 12.2, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 35, 39, 41, 43, 47,
49, 53, 55 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Derivatives
2. Integrals
• Derivative of a function f :
f (t + h) − f (t)
f 0 (t) = lim .
h→0 h
24 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

• Derivative of a vector function r(t):

r(t + h) − r(t) ∆r(t)
r0 (t) = lim = lim .
h→0 h h→0 h

r(t) r0 (t)
r(t + h)
∆r(t)

• Geometric meaning of r0 (t): Tangent vector to the curve. The unit tangent vector is
r0 (t)
T(t) =
|r0 (t)|

• Theorem:
r0 (t) = f 0 (t)i + g0 (t)j + h0 (t)k = h f 0 (t), g0 (t), h0 (t)i.

• Example. Let
r(t) = costi + sintj + tk.
1. Find r0 (t).
r0 (t) = − sinti + costj + k.
2. Sketch the tangent vector r0 (π/2)

r0 (π/2) = − sin(π/2)i + cos(π/2)j + k = −i + k.

5
z

0 0
−2
−1
0 y
1
x 2 −2
2.2. LECTURE 5: DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS 25

3 Find the equations for the tangent line to the curve at t = π/2.
The tangent point is given by
r(π/2) = cos(π/2)i + sin(π/2)j + (π/2)k = j + (π/2)k.
So the equations for the tangent line to the curve at t = π/2 are
π
x = −t, y = 1, z = + t
2
• Derivative rules:
d 0 0
1. dt [u(t) + v(t)] = u (t) + v (t)
d 0
2. dt [cu(t)] = cu (t)
d 0 0
3. dt [ f (t)u(t)] = f (t)u(t) + f (t)u (t)
d 0 0
4. dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u (t) · v(t) + u(t) · v (t)
d 0 0
5. dt [u(t) × v(t)] = u (t) × v(t) + u(t) × v (t)
d 0 0
6. dt [u( f (t))] = f (t)u ( f (t))
• Theorem. kr(t)k = constant if and only if r(t) and r0 (t) are orthogonal.
• Example. Consider the unit circle:
r(t) = costi + sintj
We have p
kr(t)k = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
The derivative is
r0 (t) = − sinti + costj
Since
r(t) · r0 (t) = − cost sint + sint cost = 0
they are orthogonal.
• R(t) is an antiderivative of r(t) if
R0 (t) = r(t).
• Indefinite Integral: Z
r(t)dt = R(t) + C.
Z Z Z Z
r(t)dt = f (t)dti + g(t)dtj + h(t)dtk.

• Definite integral:
Z b Z b Z b Z b
r(t)dt = f (t)dti + g(t)dtj + h(t)dtk.
a a a a
Z b
r(t)dt = R(b) − R(a) = R(t)|ba .
a
26 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

• Example. Let
r(t) = sinti + costj + 2tk.
R π/2
Evaluate 0 r(t)dt.
We have
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
r(t)dt = sintdti + costdtj + 2tdtk
0 0 0 0
= − cost|0 i + sint|0 j + t 2 |0 k
π/2 π/2 π/2

π2
= i+j+ k
4

• Example. Find r(t) if r0 (t) = 2ti + et j + 3t 2 k and r(0) = i + 2j + 3k.

We have
Z
r(t) = (2ti + et j + 3t 2 k)dt
Z Z Z
= 2tdti + t
e dtj + 3t 2 dtk
= t 2 i + et j + t 3 k + C

Using the initial condition, we obtain

e0 j + C = r(0) = i + 2j + 3k

So
C = i + j + 3k
and then
r(t) = t 2 i + et j + t 3 dtk + C = (t 2 + 1)i + (et + 1)j + (t 3 + 3)k

• Exercise 1. Let
r(t) = costi + 2 sintj.
1. Find r0 (t).
2. Sketch the tangent vector r0 (π/4)
3. Find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at t = π/4.
Answer key. r0 (t) = − sinti + 2 costj. The parametric equations for the tangent line are
√ √
2 2 √ √
x= − t, y = 2 + 2t
2 2

• Exercise 2. Find r(t) if r0 (t) = 2ti + 3t 2 j + sin(πt)k and r(1) = i + j.

Answer key.
1 + cos(πt)
r(t) = t 2 i + t 3 j − k
π
2.3. LECTURE 6: ARC LENGTH AND CURVATURE 27

2.3 Lecture 6: Arc Length and Curvature

• Read Section 12.5 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 12.5, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 35, 39, 41, 43, 47, from
the textbook.

• Outline

1. Arc length
2. Unit tangent vector
3. Curvature

• Arc length. For the curve with the vector equation

r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k,

the arc length is

Z bq Z b
s= [ f 0 (t)]2 + [g0 (t)]2 + [h0 (t)]2 dt = kr0 (t)kdt.
a a

• Arc length function:

Z tq Z t
s = s(t) = [ f 0 (u)]2 + [g0 (u)]2 + [h0 (u)]2 du = kr0 (u)kdu.
a a

• Fundamental calculus theorem:

Z x
d
f (t)dt = f (x)
dx a

• So

ds
= kr0 (t)k
dt

• Example. Find the arc length of the curve given by

r(t) = i + t 2 j + t 3 k

from t = 0 to t = 2.

Since
x0 = 0, y0 = 2t, z0 = 3t 2
28 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

z
4
0
2
0.9 1 y
1.1
x 1.2 0

the arc length is

Z 2q
s = [x0 (t)]2 + [y0 (t)]2 + [z0 (t)]2 dt
0
Z 2q
= [0]2 + [2t]2 + [3t 2 ]2 dt
0
Z 2 p
= t 4 + 9t 2 dt (u = 4 + 9t 2 )
0
1 40 √
Z
= udu
18 4
1 3/2 40
= u |4
27
8 √
= (10 10 − 1)
27
• Example. Find the arc length of the helix

r(t) = costi + sintj + tk

from t = 0 to t = 2π.

Since
x0 = − sint, y0 = cost, z0 = 1
the arc length is
Z 2π q
s = [x0 (t)]2 + [y0 (t)]2 + [z0 (t)]2 dt
0
Z 2π q
= [− sint]2 + [cost]2 + [1]2 dt
0
√ Z 2π
= 2 dt
√ 0
= 2 2π
2.3. LECTURE 6: ARC LENGTH AND CURVATURE 29

z
1
0 0.5
−1 0
−0.5 0
0.5 −0.5 y
1 −1
x

• Parametrization of a curve with arc length.

t = t(s).

r(s) = f (t(s))i + g(t(s))j + h(t(s))k.

• Example. Reparametrize the helix

r(t) = costi + sintj + tk

with the arc length.

We first find the arc length function of t. Since

x0 = − sint, y0 = cost, z0 = 1

the arc length is

Z tq
s(t) = [x0 (u)]2 + [y0 (u)]2 + [z0 (u)]2 du
0
Z tq
= [− sin u]2 + [cos u]2 + [1]2 du
0
√ Zt √
= 2 du = 2t
0

So
s
t=√
2
Plugging this equation into the helix vector equation, we obtain the vector equation with the arc
length as the parameter:
   
s s s
r(s) = cos √ i + sin √ j + √ k
2 2 2
30 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

• Unit tangent vector:

r0 (t)
T(t) = .
kr0 (t)k
• The derivative of the arc length function
ds
= kr0 (t)k
dt
• Curvature. Curvature of a curve given by r(t) is a measure of how quickly the curve changes
direction or how sharply the curve bends.

T3

T3
T1
T2 T1 T2

It is defined by
dT
dT dt kT0 (t)k kr0 (t) × r00 (t)k
K= = = = .
ds ds
dt
kr0 (t)k kr0 (t)k3

• Examples. Find the curvature of a line:

r(t) = (a1 + b1t)i + (a2 + b2t)j + (a2 + b2t)k

Since
r00 (t) = 0
we have K = 0. So the line does not bend at all.
• Examples. Find the curvature of a circle:
r(t) = R costi + R sintj

We have
r0 (t) = −R sinti + R costj
and
r00 (t) = −R costi − R sintj
Then
i j k
r0 (t) × r00 (t) = −R sint R cost 0
−R cost −R sint 0
R cost 0 −R sint 0
= i− j
−R sint 0 −R cost 0
−R sint R cost
+ k
−R cost −R sint
= R2 k
2.3. LECTURE 6: ARC LENGTH AND CURVATURE 31

So the curvature is
kr0 (t) × r00 (t)k kR2 kk R2 1
K= = = = .
kr0 (t)k3 k − R sinti + R costjk3 R3 R
So the smaller a circle, the more sharply it bends.
• Example: Find the curvature of the helix
r(t) = costi + sintj + tk.

We have
r0 (t) = − sinti + costj + k
and
r00 (t) = − costi − sintj
Then
i j k
0 00
r (t) × r (t) = − sint cost 1
− cost − sint 0
cost 1 − sint 1
= i− j
− sint 0 − cost 0
− sint cost
+ k
− cost − sint
= sinti − costj + k
So the curvature is
√
kr0 (t) × r00 (t)k k sinti − costj + kk 2 1
K= 0 3
= 3
= √ = .
kr (t)k k − sinti + costj + kk ( 2) 3 2

• Curvature in rectangular coordinates: y = f (x)

| f 00 (x)|
K=
[1 + ( f 0 (x))2 ]3/2
• Find the curvature of y = sin x.
1

0.5

−0.5

−1

−2 0 2

We have
y0 = cos x, y00 = − sin x
So
| f 00 (x)| | − sin x|
K(x) = = ≤1
[1 + ( f 0 (x))2 ]3/2 [1 + (cos x)2 ]3/2
32 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

When x = 0, we have K(0) = 0. So the since wave is straight at the origin. When x = π/2,
we have K(π/2) = 1. So the curvature reaches its maximum at x = π/2 and then the since
wave bends most sharply at the wave maximum point.
• Exercise 1. Find the arc length of the curve given by
r(t) = ti + t 2 j
from t = 0 to t = 1.
Answer key: √ √
s = ln( 5 + 2)/4 + 5/2.

2.4 Problem Set 2

Group 1:
1. Find the limit
t2 − t √ 3
   
sin πt −t t + t 1
lim i + t + 8j + k , lim te , 3 ,t sin
t→1 t − 1 lnt t→∞ 2t − 1 t

2. Sketch the plane curve

r(t) = (1 + cost)i + (2 + sint)j
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = π/2.
3. Evaluate the integrals
Z 1  Z  
4 2t 1
2t 1
i+ j dt, e , ,√ dt
0 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 − t 1 − t2

4. Find the unit tangent vector T(t) of the curve r(t) = ht 3 + 3t,t 2 + 1, 3t + 4i, t = 1 and then
find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at the point with t = 1.
5. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = −ti + 4tj + 3tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Group 2:
1. Find the limit  
2 1
lim (ti + costj + sintk) , lim 3t, 2 ,
t→π t→2 t −1 t
2. Sketch the plane curve
r(t) = (1 + t)i + t 3 j
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 1.
3. Evaluate the integrals
Z   Z 2
1
i + j − 2tk dt, t, et ,tet dt
t 0
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 33

4. Find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the parametric curve
2
x = et , y = tet , z = tet
at the point (1, 0, 0).
5. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = i + t 2 j + t 3 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

Group 3:
1. Find the limit if it exists
√ lnt
   
2 1 − cost 1
lim t i + 3tj + k , lim t, 2 ,
t→0 t t→1 t −1 t −1

2. Sketch the plane curve

r(t) = 2 costi + 2 sintj + tk
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 3π/2.
3. Evaluate the integrals
Z
3
√
Z π/2
4t i + 6tj − 4 tk dt, h5 cost, 6 sint, 1i dt
0

t
4. Find the point on the√ curve r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sint, e i, 0 ≤ t ≤ π, where the tangent line is
parallel to the plane 3x + y = 1.
5. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = h4t, − cost, sinti , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3π/2.

Group 4:
1. Find the limit if it exists
   
t sint −t −t 1 1/t
lim e i + j+e k , lim e , ,t
t→0 t t→∞ t

2. Sketch the plane curve

r(t) = ti + t 2 j + 2k
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 2.
3. Evaluate the integrals
Z Z 1
t


e i + j + t costk dt, h8t,t, −1i dt
0

4. Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the cylinders x2 +
y2 = 25 and y2 + z2 = 20 at the point (3, 4, 2).
34 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

5. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:

r(t) = cost + t sint, sint − t cost,t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

Group 1:

1. Find the limit

t2 − t √ 3
   
sin πt −t t + t 1
lim i + t + 8j + k , lim te , 3 ,t sin
t→1 t − 1 lnt t→∞ 2t − 1 t

t2 − t √
 
sin πt
lim i + t + 8j + k
t→1 t − 1 lnt
t2 − t √ sin πt
= lim i + lim t + 8j + lim k
t→1 t − 1 t→1 t→1 lnt
π cos πt
= lim ti + 3j + lim k
t→1 t→1 1/t
= i + 3j − πk.

 3 
−t t + t 1
lim te , 3 ,t sin
t→∞ 2t − 1 t
 3
t +t 1

−t
= lim te , lim 3 , lim t sin
t→∞ t→∞ 2t − 1 t→∞ t
* +
t 3t 2 + 1 sin 1t
= lim t , lim , lim
t→∞ e t→∞ 6t 2 t→∞ 1/t
 
1 1
= lim t , , 1
t→∞ e 2
 
1
= 0, , 1
2
1. Sketch the plane curve
r(t) = (1 + cost)i + (2 + sint)j
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = π/2.

r0 (t) = − sinti + costj

r0 (π/2) = −i

1. Evaluate the integrals

Z 1  Z  
4 2t 2t 1 1
i+ j dt, e , ,√ dt
0 1 + t2 1 + t2 1 − t 1 − t2
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 35

Curve: r(t) = <1+cos t, 2+sin t>

3.5

2.5

y
1.5

0.5
−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x

Z 1  Z 1 Z 1
4 2t 4 2t
2
i+ 2
j dt = 2
dti + 2
dtj
0 1+t 1+t 0 1+t 0 1+t
1
= 4 arctant|10 i + ln(1 + t 2 ) 0 j
= πi + ln 2j.

Z   Z 
1 1 1 1
Z Z
2t 2t
e , ,√ dt = e dt, √ dt,dt
1 − t 1 − t2 11−t
− t 2
 
1 2t
= e , − ln |1 − t|, arcsint + C.
2

1. Find the unit tangent vector T(t) of the curve r(t) = ht 3 + 3t,t 2 + 1, 3t + 4i, t = 1 and then
find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at the point with t = 1.

Curve: r(t) = <t3+3t, t2+1, 3t+4>

10
8
6
z

4
2

4
10
2 5
0
y x

r0 (t) = h3t 2 + 3, 2t, 3i

r0 (t) 1
T(t) = 0
=p h3t 2 + 3, 2t, 3i
kr (t)k (3t 2 + 3)2 + 4t 2 + 9
36 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

1
T(1) = √ h6, 2, 3i
94
r(1) = h4, 2, 7i
So the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at the point with t = 1 are

x = 4 + 6t, y = 2 + 2t, z = 7 + 3t.

1. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:

r(t) = −ti + 4tj + 3tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Curve: r(t) = <− t, 4t, 3t>

2
z

4
0.5
2 0
−0.5
0 −1
y −1.5
x

r0 (t) = −i + 4j + 3k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Z 1
0
Z 1q √
s= kr (t)kdt = (−1)2 + 42 + 32 dt = 26.
0 0

Group 2:

1. Find the limit  

2 1
lim (ti + costj + sintk) , lim 3t, 2 ,
t→π t→2 t −1 t

lim (ti + costj + sintk) = lim ti + lim costj + lim sintk

t→π t→π t→π t→π
= πi − j.

   
2 1 2 1
lim 3t, 2
, = lim 3t, lim 2 , lim
t→2 t −1 t t→2 t→2 t − 1 t→2 t
 
2 1
= 6, , .
3 2
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 37

3
Curve: r(t) = <1+t,t >
8

y
2

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x

1. Sketch the plane curve

r(t) = (1 + t)i + t 3 j
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 1.

r0 (t) = i + 3t 2 j
r0 (1) = i + 3j
1. Evaluate the integrals
Z   Z 2
1
i + j − 2tk dt, t, et ,tet dt
t 0

Z  
1 1
Z Z Z
i + j − 2tk dt = dti + dtj − 2tdtk
t t
= ln |t|i + tj − t 2 k + C

Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 
t t t t
t, e ,te dt = tdt, e dt, te dt
0 0 0 0
= 2, e2 − 1, e + 1 . 2

1. Find the parametric equations for the tangent line to the parametric curve
2
x = et , y = tet , z = tet
at the point (1, 0, 0).
The vector form of the parametric curve is
2
r(t) = het ,tet ,tet i
Then 2
r0 (t) = het , (1 + t)et , (1 + 2t 2 )et i
38 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

2
Curve: r(t) = <et, tet, tet >

z
−2

3
2 3
1 2
0 1
0
y x

The point (1, 0, 0) corresponds to the value of t = 0.

r0 (0) = h1, 1, 1i
So the parametric equations for the tangent line to the curve at the point with t = 0 are
x = 1 + t, y = t, z = t.
1. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = i + t 2 j + t 3 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

Curve: r(t) = <1, t2, t3>

4
z

4
1.5
2
1
0
y 0.5
x

r0 (t) = 2tj + 3t 2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
So
Z 2
s = kr0 (t)kdt
0
Z 2p
= 4t 2 + 9t 4 dt
0
Z 2 p
= t 4 + 9t 2 dt
0
8  3/2 
= 10 − 1 .
27
Group 3:
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 39

1. Find the limit if it exists

√ lnt
   
2 1 − cost 1
lim t i + 3tj + k , lim t, 2 ,
t→0 t t→1 t −1 t −1

 
2 1 − cost 1 − cost
lim t i + 3tj + k = lim t 2 i + lim 3tj + lim k
t→0 t t→0 t→0 t→0 t
= lim sintk
t→0
= 0.

Because
1
lim
t→1 t − 1
does not exist, the limit
√ lnt
 
1
lim t, 2 ,
t→1 t −1 t −1
does not exist.
1. Sketch the plane curve
r(t) = 2 costi + 2 sintj + tk
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 3π/2.
Curve: r(t) = <2cos t, 2sin t, t>

10
z

0
2
2
0
0
−2 −2
y x

r0 (t) = −2 sinti + 2 costj + k

r0 (3π/2) = 2i + k
1. Evaluate the integrals
Z √
Z π/2
4t 3 i + 6tj − 4 tk dt, h5 cost, 6 sint, 1i dt
0
Z
3
√
Z
3
Z Z √
4t i + 6tj − 4 tk dt = 4t dti + 6tdtj − 4 tdtk
8
= t 4 i + 3t 2 j − t 3/2 k + C.
3
40 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2 

h5 cost, 6 sint, 1i dt = 5 costdt, 6 sintdt, dt
0 0 0 0
= h5, 6, π/2i .
t
1. Find the point on the√ curve r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sint, e i, 0 ≤ t ≤ π, where the tangent line is
parallel to the plane 3x + y = 1.

r0 (t) = h−2 sint, 2 cost, et i

The normal vector of the plane is √
n = h 3, 1, 0i
If the tangent line is parallel to the plane, then
r0 (t) · n = 0
Then √
−2 3 sint + 2 cost = 0
√
cott = 3
So t = π/6. Then the point is √
( 3, 1, eπ/6 )

Curve: r(t) = <2cos t, 2sin t, et>

20
15
z

10
5
0 −2
2 0
0
−2 2
y
x

1. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = h4t, − cost, sinti , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3π/2.

r0 (t) = h4, sint, costi .

So
Z 3π/2
s = kr0 (t)kdt
0
Z 3π/2 p
= 16 + sin2 t + cos2 tdt
0
√
3π 17
= .
2
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 41

Curve: r(t) = <4t, −cos t, sin t>

z
−1

15 −1
10
5 0
0 1
x y

Group 4:

1. Find the limit if it exists

   
t sint −t −t 1 1/t
lim e i + j+e k , lim e , ,t
t→0 t t→∞ t

 
sint −t sint
t
lim e i + j+e k = lim et i + lim j + lim e−t k
t→0 t t→0 t→0 t t→0
= i + j + k.

   
1 −t 1−t
lim e , ,t 1/t = lim e , lim , lim t 1/t
t→∞ t t→∞ t→∞ t t→∞
D E
lnt 1/t
= 0, 0, lim e
t→∞
* lnt +
lim
= 0, 0, et→∞ t

* 1+
lim
= 0, 0, et→∞ t

= h0, 0, 1i .

1. Sketch the plane curve

r(t) = ti + t 2 j + 2k
Find and sketch the derivative r0 (t) at t = 2.

r0 (t) = i + 2tj
r0 (2) = i + 4j
42 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

2
Curve: r(t) = <t, t , 2>

2.5

z
1.5
15
10 4
2
5 0
−2
0 −4
y x

1. Evaluate the integrals

Z Z 1
t


e i + j + t costk dt, h8t,t, −1i dt
0

Z Z Z Z
t t


e i + j + t costk dt = e dti + dtj + t costdtk
= et i + tj + (t sint + cost)k + C

Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 
h8t,t, −1i dt = 8tdt, tdt, − dt
0 0 0 0
= h4, 1/2, −1i .

1. Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the cylinders x2 +
y2 = 25 and y2 + z2 = 20 at the point (3, 4, 2).
2 1/2
Curve: r(t) = <5cos t, 5sin t, (20−25sin t) >

4
z

4
2 5
0
−2 4
−4 3
y x

The parametric equations of the curve of intersection are

p
x = 5 cost, y = 5 sint, z = 20 − 25 sin2 t
2.4. PROBLEM SET 2 43

Then the vector equation is

p
r(t) = 5 costi + 5 sintj + 20 − 25 sin2 tk
and
25 sint cost
r0 (t) = −5 sinti + 5 costj − p k
20 − 25 sin2 t
The value of t corresponding to the point (3, 4, 2) is arccos(3/5). So
r0 (arccos(3/5)) = −5 sin arccos(3/5)i + 5 cos arccos(3/5)j
25 sin arccos(3/5) cos arccos(3/5)
− q k
2
20 − 25 sin arccos(3/5)
= −4i + 3j − 6k.
So the vector equation for the tangent line is
r(t) = (3 − 4t)i + (4 + 3t)j + (2 − 6t)k
1. Sketch the curve and then find its length over the given interval:
r(t) = cost + t sint, sint − t cost,t 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2.

Curve: r(t) = <cos t +t sin t, sin t−t cos t, t2>

2
z

1.5
1 2
0.5 1.5
0 1
y −0.5 0.5
x

r0 (t) = ht cost,t sint, 2ti .

So
Z π/2
s = kr0 (t)kdt
0
Z π/2 p
= t 2 cos2 t + t 2 sin2 t + 4t 2 dt
0
Z π/2 √
= t 5dt
0
√
π2 5
= .
8
44 CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 12 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS
Chapter 3

Chapter 13 Functions of Several Variables

3.1 Lecture 7: Functions of Several Variables

• Read Section 13.1 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.1, problems 9, 13, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 39, 51, 53, 55 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of function
2. Graph of functions
3. Level curves of functions
• Area of a rectangle:
A = xy.
• Volume of a cube:
V = xyz.
• Body surface area. The surface area of a human (in square meters) is approximated by
S = 0.202W 0.425 H 0.725 ,
where W is the weight of the person in kilograms and H is the height in meters.
• A Function of one variable is a rule that assigns to each number from one set exactly one
number from another set.
• A function can be defined by a diagram:
Y
X
6
4 3
6 8
9 7
-3 -40
0 4

Write as y = f (x). x is called an independent variable and y is called a dependent variable.

45
46 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• A function can be defined by a table. The number N (in millions) of US cellular phone
subscribers is shown in the table:
Year(t) 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Number(N) 44 69 109 141 182
This table defines a function.
• A function is defined by an equation in most cases:
y = f (x) = 2x + 1, y = x2 + 3

• Domain of a function: the set of all possible values of the independent variable x.
• Agreement on domain: The domain of a function defined by an equation is the largest set of
all real numbers for which the equation is well defined.
• Example of domain. Find the domain of
x √
y= , y= 2x − 4.
x−1
All real numbers except 1; x ≥ 2.
• A Function of two variable is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair of real numbers (x, y)
in a set D a unique real number from another set, denoted by f (x, y). We write z = f (x, y).
x, y are called independent variables and z is called the dependent variable.
• Domain of a function: the set of all possible ordered pairs of real numbers of the independent
variables x, y.
• Agreement on domain: The domain of a function defined by an equation is the largest set of
all ordered pairs of real numbers for which the equation is well defined.
• For each of the following functions, evaluate f (0, 1) and find and sketch the domain:
√
f (x, y) = xy

p
f (0, 1) = (0)(1) = 0
The domain is
xy ≥ 0
or
x, y ≥ 0, or x, y ≤ 0

p p
f (x, y) = 2 − x + 2y − y2 − 1.
p p
f (0, 1) = 2 − 0 + 2(1) − 12 − 1 = 2
The domain is
2 − x + 2y ≥ 0, and y2 − 1 ≥ 0
3.1. LECTURE 7: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 47

or
2 − x + 2y ≥ 0, and y ≥ 1 or y ≤ −1
The line 2 − x + 2y = 0 divides the plane into two half planes. To decide which half satisfies the
inequality 2 − x + 2y ≥ 0, we can pick up any test point, like (0, 0), and plug it into the inequality
2 − 0 + 2(0) ≥ 0
In this case, the point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality and so the half where the point (0, 0) is located
satisfies the inequality. If the point does not satisfy the inequality, then the half where the point
(0, 0) is not located satisfies the inequality.
y

2 − x + 2y = 0

y=1 x
y = −1

• Contour Curve is the intersection of the surface z = f (x, y) with the plane z = c.
• Sketch the contour curves of the surface z = 9 − x2 − y2 .
We sketch the contour curves by taking z = 8, 5, 0, −7:
• Level Curves are the projections of the contour curves on to xy-plane. The level curves of a
function f of two variables are the curves with equations f (x, y) = c, where c is a constant.
• Sketch level curves of the function z = 9 − x2 − y2 .
We sketch the level curves by taking z = 8, 5, 0, −7:
• Application of level curves: Topographic map.
• Functions of three or more variables:
f (x, y, z) = 2x + 4y + 5z + 7,

p
f (x, y, z,t) = e−2t 1 − x2 − y2 − z2
48 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

−20
z 5
−40
−4 0
−2 0 2 y
4 −5
x

0 8 5 0 −7
y

−2

−4

−4 −2 0 2 4
x

• Self-test: Find and sketch the domain of the function:

p
y − x2
f (x, y) = .
x+y−1

Answer key. y ≥ x2 and x + y 6= 1.

3.2 Lecture 8: Limits

• Read Section 13.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.2, problems 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 35, 51, 53, 55, 57,
59 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of limits
2. Non-existence of limits
3. Examples
3.2. LECTURE 8: LIMITS 49

• Left ( right)-hand limit of f (x): We write

lim f (x) = L ( lim f (x) = L)
x→a− x→a+
or
f (x) → L as x → a− ( f (x) → L as x → a+ )
and say the left( right)-hand limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the left ( right) of a, is equal
to L if we can make the values of f (x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently close
to a and less ( greater) than a.
• Limit of f (x): We write
lim f (x) = L
x→a
or
f (x) → L as x → a
and say the limit of f (x), as x approaches a, is equal to L if we can make the values of f (x)
arbitrarily close to L by taking x to be sufficiently close to a but not equal to a.
• Direct substitution:
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a

• Example. Evaluate the limits:

√
3 x−5
lim 2x + 1, lim .
x→2 x→−1 x2 + 4

• Limit of f (x, y)
z

L z = f (x, y)

(a, b, L)
f (x, y)

(x, y, f (x, y))

x
(a, b)
(x, y)

We write
lim f (x, y) = L, lim f (x, y) = L
(x,y)→(a,b) x→a
y→b
50 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

or
f (x, y) → L as (x, y) → (a, b)
and say the limit of f (x, y), as (x, y) approaches (a, b), is equal to L if we can make the values of
f (x, y) arbitrarily close to L by taking arbitrary (x, y) to be sufficiently close to (a, b) but not equal
to (a, b).

• Direct substitution:
lim f (x, y) = f (a, b).
(x,y)→(a,b)

• Example. Evaluate the limits:

p x−5
lim 2x + y, lim .
(x,y)→(1,2) (x,y)→(0,−1) y2 + 4

p p
lim 2x + y = 2(1) + 2 = 4
(x,y)→(1,2)
x−5 0−5
lim 2
= = −1
(x,y)→(0,−1) y + 4 (−1)2 + 4

• Evaluate the limit:

x2 + x − 2
lim
x→1 x2 − 3x + 2

When plugging 1 in the function, we get

12 + 1 − 2 0
2
=
1 − 3(1) + 2 0
which is undetermined. So we factor both numerator and denominator to obtain
x2 + x − 2 (x − 1)(x + 2)
lim 2
= lim
x→1 x − 3x + 2 x→1 (x − 1)(x − 2)
x+2
= lim
x→1 x − 2
1+2
=
1−2
= −3

• Evaluate the limit:

y2 + 2xy
lim .
(x,y)→(1,−2) y + 2x

As before, when plugging (1, −2) in the function, we get

(−2)2 + 2(1)(−2) 0
=
−2 + 2(1) 0
3.2. LECTURE 8: LIMITS 51

which is undetermined. So we factor both numerator and denominator to obtain

y2 + 2xy y(y + 2x)
lim = lim
(x,y)→(1,−2) y + 2x (x,y)→(1,−2) y + 2x
= lim y
(x,y)→(1,−2)
= −2

• Theorem:
lim f (x) = L if and only if lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L
x→a x→a− x→a+
x
• Show that lim does not exist.
x→0 |x|
Since x x
lim = lim = 1
x→0+ |x| x→0 x
+

and x x
lim = lim = −1
x→0− |x| x→0 −x
−

x
we conclude that lim does not exist.
x→0 |x|

• Non-existence of limits. Consider the following limit:

x2 − y2
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2

We consider two pathes: x-axis and y-axis. On the x-axis, we have y = 0. So the limit along
the x-axis is
x2 − 02
lim =1
(x,0)→(0,0) x2 + 02

On the y-axis, we have x = 0. So the limit along the y-axis is

02 − y2
lim = −1
(0,y)→(0,0) 02 + y2

2
−y 2
So we conclude that lim(x,y)→(0,0) xx2 +y2 does not exist.

• Test for non-existence of limits: If f (x, y) → L1 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path C1 , f (x, y) →
L2 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path C2 , and L1 6= L2 , then lim f (x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(a,b)
If L1 = L2 , there are no conclusions. On the other hand, we have the following theorem.
• Theorem. If lim f (x) = L, then f (x, y) → L as (x, y) → (a, b) along any path C.
(x,y)→(a,b)

• Show that the following limit does not exist

x2 y
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y2
52 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

We first consider two pathes: x-axis and y-axis. On the x-axis, we have y = 0. So the limit
along the x-axis is
x2 (0)
lim =0
(x,0)→(0,0) x4 + 02

On the y-axis, we have x = 0. So the limit along the y-axis is

02 y
lim =0
(0,y)→(0,0) 04 + y2

These two limits are equal. Can we conclude that the limit is equal to 0? No, it is too early to
say that because the limit along other pathes may be different.

For example, consider the path: y = x2 The limit along this path is

1 y = x2

0.8

0.6
y

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x

x2 x2 1
lim 4 2 2
=
(x,x2 )→(0,0) x + (x ) 2
2 2
Since it is different from 0, we conclude that lim(x,y)→(0,0) xx2 −y
+y2
does not exist.

• Limit laws for functions of one variable:

1. lim [k f (x)] = k lim f (x)
x→a x→a
2. lim [ f (x) ± g(x)] = lim f (x) ± lim g(x)
x→a x→a x→a
3. lim [ f (x)g(x)] = lim f (x) lim g(x)
x→a x→a x→a
lim f (x)
f (x) x→a
4. lim =
x→a g(x) lim g(x)
x→a
5. lim c = c
x→a
6. lim xn = an
x→a

• Limit laws for functions of two variables:

1. lim [k f (x, y)] = k lim f (x, y)
(x,y)→(a,b) (x,y)→(a,b)
2. lim [ f (x, y) ± g(x, y)] = lim f (x, y) ± lim g(x, y)
(x,y)→(a,b) (x,y)→(a,b) (x,y)→(a,b)
3.3. LECTURE 9: CONTINUITY 53

3. lim [ f (x, y)g(x, y)] = lim f (x, y) lim g(x, y)

(x,y)→(a,b) (x,y)→(a,b) (x,y)→(a,b)
lim f (x, y)
f (x, y) (x,y)→(a,b)
4. lim =
(x,y)→(a,b) g(x, y) lim g(x, y)
(x,y)→(a,b)
5. lim c=c
(x,y)→(a,b)
6. lim x n = an
(x,y)→(a,b)
7. lim yn = yn
(x,y)→(a,b)

• Exercise: Evaluate the limit:

y2 + 2xy x + 3y
lim , lim
(x,y)→(2,1) y + 3x (x,y)→(−3,1) x2 + 3xy

5
Answer key. 7 and − 13 .
• Self-test. Show that the following limit do not exist
xy
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y2

Hints: Consider two pathes: x = 0 and y = x3 .

3.3 Lecture 9: Continuity

• Read Section 13.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.2, problems 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77 from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of continuity
2. Classes of continuous functions
3. Properties of continuity

• Definition of continuity of functions of one variable: If

lim f (x) = f (a),

x→a

then f is said to be continuous at a. Otherwise, it is said to be discontinuous at a.

• Discontinuity cases.

– Case 1. f (a) is not well defined:

x2 − 1
f (x) = .
x−1
54 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

– Case 2 (removable). lim f (x) 6= f (a):

x→a

x2 −1

x−1 , if x 6= 1,
f (x) =
0, if x = 1,

– Case 3 (jump). lim f (x) does not exit:

x→a

0 if x ≤ 0
f (x) =
1 if x > 0

• Continuous functions: the following types of functions are continuous in their domain:
1. polynomials
2. rational functions
3. root functions
4. trigonometric functions
5. inverse trigonometric functions
6. exponential functions
7. logarithmic functions
• Continuity of composite functions: If g is continuous at a and f is continuous at g(a), then
f ◦ g is continuous at a.

• Definition of continuity of functions of two variables: If

lim f (x, y) = f (a, b),

(x,y)→(a,b)

then f is said to be continuous at (a, b). Otherwise, it is said to be discontinuous at (a, b). It
is said to be continuous on a domain D if it is continuous at every point in D.
• Discontinuity cases.

– Case 1. f (a, b) is not well defined:

xy
f (x, y) = p .
x2 + y2

f is not well defined at (0, 0).

• Case 2 (removable). lim f (x, y) 6= f (a, b):

(x,y)→(a,b)

√ xy
(
, if (x, y) 6= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x2 +y2
1, if (x, y) = (0, 0),

We show that
lim f (x, y) = 0 6= 1 = f (0, 0)
(x,y)→(0,0)
3.3. LECTURE 9: CONTINUITY 55

We note that
0 ≤ (|x| − |y|)2 = x2 − 2|xy| + y2
and then
2|xy| ≤ x2 + y2
x2 + y2
|xy| ≤
2
Using this inequality, we derive that
x2 +y2
xy 1p 2
0≤ p ≤ p 2 = x + y2
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 2
Because both sides of the inequality converge to 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0), we conclude that
lim f (x, y) = 0
(x,y)→(0,0)

If f is re-defined at (0, 0) as f (0, 0) = 0, then f is continuous at (0, 0). This is why the discontinu-
ous point is removable. The following figure further confirm the above analysis.

• Case 3 (jump). lim f (x) does not exit:

(x,y)→(a,b)

x2 − y2
f (x, y) = .
x2 + y2
To show that the limit does not exist, we consider two pathes: x-axis and y-axis. On the x-axis,
we have y = 0. So the limit along the x-axis is
x2 − 02
lim =1
(x,0)→(0,0) x2 + 02

On the y-axis, we have x = 0. So the limit along the y-axis is

02 − y2
lim = −1
(0,y)→(0,0) 02 + y2

−y 2 2
So we conclude that lim(x,y)→(0,0) xx2 +y2 does not exist.
56 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Continuity of composite functions: If g(x, y) is continuous at (a, b) and f (x) is continuous

at g(a, b), then f ◦ g(x, y) = f [g(x, y)] is continuous at (a, b).
For example, g(x, y) = xy + y2 is continuous everywhere, and f (x) = sin(x) is continuous
everywhere, then f ◦ g(x, y) = sin(xy + y2 ) is continuous everywhere.
• Continuous functions: the following types of functions are continuous in their domain:
1. polynomials
2. rational functions
3. root functions
4. trigonometric functions
5. inverse trigonometric functions
6. exponential functions
7. logarithmic functions

• Example. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.

xy 2xy
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) =
x2 y2 + 1 x2 − y2

Since f is well defined everywhere, it is continuous everywhere. Sine g is not well defined
when x2 = y2 or y = ±x, g is continuous when y 6= ±x
• Definition of continuity of functions of three or more variables: If

lim f (x, y, z) = f (a, b, c),

(x,y,z)→(a,b,c)

then f is said to be continuous at (a, b, c). Otherwise, it is said to be discontinuous at

(a, b, c). It is said to be continuous on a domain D if it is continuous at every point in D.
3.4. PROBLEM SET 3 57

• Self-test. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.

p 1 + x2 + y2
f (x, y) = cos 1 + x − y, g(x, y) =
1 − x2 − y2
Answer key. f is continuous on the half plane 1 + x − y ≥ 0. g is continuous on the plane
except the unit circle x+ y2 = 1.

3.4 Problem Set 3

Group 1:
√
x−y2
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y) = x−y .

2. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x2 + y2 .

3. Find the limit:
1 + y2 x2 − 7xy + 12y2
lim , lim
(x,y)→(1,0) x2 + xy (x,y)→(3,1) x − 3y
4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:
xy
f (x, y) = 3x2 − 2xy + 5y2 , f (x, y) = 2 , g(x, y) = sin(xy)
x − y2
Group 2:
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = ln(16 − 4x2 − 4y2 − z2 )
2. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x − y2 .
3. Find the limit:
2x2 − xy − 3y2
lim (xy2 − 3x2 y3 ), lim
(x,y)→(2,−1) (x,y)→(−1,1) x+y
4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:
xy 4x2 y
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) = , h(x, y) = ln(x − y)
x2 y2 + 1 x2 + y2
Group 3:
p
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = 9 − x2 − y2 .
2. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x − y.
3. Find the limit:
cos xy + sin xy y2 − 4
lim , lim
(x,y)→(0,π) 2y (x,y)→(2,2) xy − 2x

4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

x2 + y2 x2 +y2
p
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) = e , h(x, y) = x2 + y2
x(y2 − 1)
58 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Group 4:
√
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = x − 3y + 4.
2 −2y2
2. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = e−x .

3. Find the limit:

√ √
√ y− x+1
lim ln xy, lim
(x,y)→(e2 ,4) (x,y)→(1,2) y − x − 1

4. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

2
f (x, y) = , g(x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 ), h(x, y) = cos(x + 2y)
x(y2 + 1)

Group 1:
√
x−y2
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y) = x−y .

Domain: x ≥ y2 and x 6= y

1. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x2 + y2 .

Level curves of the function: z = x2 + y2

2 4
4 6
6 4
2
2
1
4

0
2

2
4

−1
2
2 4
6 6
4
−2 4
−2 −1 0 1 2
3.4. PROBLEM SET 3 59

1. Find the limit:

1 + y2
lim = 1,
(x,y)→(1,0) x2 + xy

x2 − 7xy + 12y2 (x − 3y)(x − 4y)

lim = lim
(x,y)→(3,1) x − 3y (x,y)→(3,1) x − 3y
= lim (x − 4y) = −1
(x,y)→(3,1)

1. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

f (x, y) = 3x2 − 2xy + 5y2 ,

Domain: R2 . xy
f (x, y) = ,
x2 − y2
Domain: x 6= ±y

g(x, y) = sin(xy)
Domain: R2 .

Group 2:
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = ln(16 − 4x2 − 4y2 − z2 )
Domain: 16 − 4x2 − 4y2 − z2 > 0

1. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x − y2 .

1. Find the limit:

lim (xy2 − 3x2 y3 ) = 14,
(x,y)→(2,−1)

2x2 − xy − 3y2 (x + y)(2x − 3y)

lim = lim
(x,y)→(−1,1) x+y (x,y)→(−1,1) x+y
= lim (2x − 3y) = −5.
(x,y)→(−1,1)
60 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Level curves of the function: z = x − y2

2 −4 −2

−4 −2

0
1 −2

0
−2

0
−2

0
−1 −2
0
−4 −2

−4 −2
−2
−2 −1 0 1 2

1. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

xy
f (x, y) = ,
x2 y2 + 1

Domain: R2 .
4x2 y
g(x, y) = ,
x2 + y2
Domain: R2 − {(0, 0)}.
h(x, y) = ln(x − y)
Domain: x − y > 0:

Group 3:
p
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = 9 − x2 − y2 .
Domain: 9 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0

1. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = x − y.

1. Find the limit:

cos xy + sin xy 1
lim =
(x,y)→(0,π) 2y 2π
3.4. PROBLEM SET 3 61

Level curves of the function: z = x − y

2

−2 0
1

−2 0
0
2

0
−1
2

0
−2
−2 −1 0 1 2

y2 − 4 y+2
lim = lim
(x,y)→(2,2) xy − 2x (x,y)→(2,2) x
= 2.

1. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

x2 + y2
f (x, y) = ,
x(y2 − 1)
Domain: x 6= 0 and y 6= ±1:
62 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2 +y2
g(x, y) = ex ,
Domain: R2 . p
h(x, y) = x2 + y2
Domain: R2 .

Group 4:
√
1. Find and sketch the domain of the function: f (x, y, z) = x − 3y + 4.
Domain: x − 3y + 4 ≥ 0

2 −2y2
1. Graph several level curves of the function: f (x, y) = e−x .

1. Find the limit:

√
lim ln xy = 2e
(x,y)→(e2 ,4)

√ √
y− x+1 1
lim = lim √ √
(x,y)→(1,2) y − x − 1 (x,y)→(1,2) y + x + 1
1
= √ .
2 2
3.5. LECTURE 10: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 63

2 2
−x −2y
Level curves of the function: z = e
2

1
0.2 0.2
0.4
0.6 0.
0.8 4

0 0.8

0.4

0.6
0.2
0.6

2
0.
0.4
0.2
−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2

1. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous:

2
f (x, y) = ,
x(y2 + 1)
Domain: x 6= 0:

g(x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 ),
Domain: R2 − {(0, 0)}.
h(x, y) = cos(x + 2y)
Domain: R2 .

3.5 Lecture 10: Partial Derivatives

• Read Section 13.3 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.3, problems 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 47, 53,
55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 83, 91, 93, 97, 99, 103 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Definition of partial derivatives
2. Geometrical meaning of partial derivative
3. Rate of change
64 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

4. Applications

• Derivative of f (x):
df f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = = lim
dx h→0 h
• Geometrical interpretation of ordinary derivative: f 0 (a) is the slope of the tangent line to
the curve y = f (x) at x = a.
• Rate of change. The derivative f 0 (a) is the rate of change of f with respect to x at x = a.

• Partial derivative of f (x, y) with respect to x, denoted by fx (x, y), is the ordinary derivative
of f obtained by treating x as variable and y as a constant. So, let y = b and g(x) = f (x, b).
Then
g(x + h) − g(x)
fx (x, b) = g0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
f (x + h, b) − f (x, b)
= lim
h→0 h

Slope = fx (a, b)
z
C1
z = f (x, y)

(a, b)
x

• Geometrical interpretation of partial derivative: fx (a, b) is the slope of the tangent line to
the curve C1 at x = a, which is the intersection of the plane y = b with the surface z = f (x, y).
• Rate of change in the x-direction. The partial derivative fx (x, y) is the rate of change of f
with respect to x when y is held constant.

• Partial derivative of f (x, y) with respect to y, denoted by fy (x, y), is the ordinary derivative
of f obtained by treating y as variable and x as a constant. So, let x = a and g(y) = f (a, y).
Then
g(y + h) − g(y)
fy (a, y) = g0 (y) = lim
h→0 h
f (a, y + h) − f (a, y)
= lim
h→0 h

• Geometrical interpretation of partial derivative: fy (a, b) is the slope of the tangent line to
the curve C2 at y = b, which is the intersection of the plane x = a with the surface z = f (x, y).
3.5. LECTURE 10: PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 65

Slope = fx (a, b)
z
C1
z = f (x, y)
Slope = fy (a, b)
C2

(a, b)
x

• Rate of change in the y-direction. The partial derivative fy (x, y) is the rate of change of f
with respect to y when x is held constant.
• Notations for partial derivatives. Let z = f (x, y). We write
∂f ∂ ∂z
fx (x, y) = fx = = f (x, y) = = Dx f = D1 f
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂f ∂ ∂z
fy (x, y) = fy = = f (x, y) = = Dy f = D2 f
∂y ∂y ∂y

• Example. Let f (x, y) = 2x3 + 4xy2 + y4 . find fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fx (1, 2), fy (1, 2).
Treating y as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to x as an ordinary
derivative:
fx (x, y) = 6x2 + 4y2
and
fx (1, 2) = 6(1)2 + 4(2)2 = 22
Treating x as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to y as an ordinary
derivative:
fy (x, y) = 8xy + 4y3
and
fy (1, 2) = 8(1)(2) + 4(2)3 = 48

• Partial derivative of f (x, y, z) with respect to x, denoted by fx (x, y, z), is the ordinary deriva-
tive of f obtained by treating x as variable and y, z as a constant.
• Partial derivative of f (x, y, z) with respect to y, denoted by fy (x, y, z), is the ordinary deriva-
tive of f obtained by treating y as variable and x, z as a constant.
• Partial derivative of f (x, y, z) with respect to z, denoted by fz (x, y, z), is the ordinary deriva-
tive of f obtained by treating z as variable and x, y as a constant.

• Example. Let f (x, y, z) = zexyz . Find fx , fy , fz .

Treating y, z as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to x as an ordinary
derivative:
fx = yz2 exyz
66 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Treating x, z as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to y as an ordinary

derivative:
fy = xz2 exyz
Treating x, y as constant and using the product rule, we compute the partial derivative with
respect to z as an ordinary derivative:

fz = exyz + xyzexyz

• Second partial derivatives: Let z = f (x, y). Then

∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = fxx (x, y) = zxx ,
∂x ∂x ∂ x2
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = fxy (x, y) = zxy ,
∂y ∂x ∂ y∂ x
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = fyy (x, y) = zyy ,
∂y ∂y ∂ y2
∂ 2z
 
∂ ∂z
= = fyx (x, y) = zyx ,
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂ y

• Example. Let f (x, y) = 2x3 +4xy2 +y4 . Find fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fxx (x, y), fxy (x, y), fyx (x, y), fyy (x, y).
Treating y as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to x as an ordinary
derivative:
fx (x, y) = 6x2 + 4y2
Treating x as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to y as an ordinary
derivative:
fy (x, y) = 8xy + 4y3
Treating y as constant, we compute the partial derivative of fx with respect to x as an ordinary
derivative:
fxx (x, y) = 12x
Treating x as constant, we compute the partial derivative of fy with respect to y as an ordinary
derivative:
fyy (x, y) = 8x + 12y2

Treating x as constant, we compute the partial derivative of fx with respect to y as an ordinary

derivative:
fxy (x, y) = 8y
Treating y as constant, we compute the partial derivative of fy with respect to x as an ordinary
derivative:
fyx (x, y) = 8y

• Clairaut’s Theorem. If fxy and fyx are continuous in a domain D, then

fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b)

3.6. LECTURE 11: CHAIN RULE 67

• A counter-example. For the function

(
xy(x2 −y2 )
x2 +y2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

we have fxy (0, 0) = −1 and fyx (0, 0) = 1.

2 2
• The concentration of a chemical at a point (x, y) in a solution is given by C(x, y) = 5e−x −y ,
where x, y are measured in centimeters. Find the rate of change of concentration with respect
to distance at the point (1,2) in the x-direction and the y-direction, respectively.
The rate of change in each direction is given by the partial derivative. Treating y as constant,
we compute the partial derivative with respect to x as an ordinary derivative:
2 −y2
Cx (x, y) = −10xe−x

So the rate of change of concentration with respect to distance at the point (1,2) in the x-
direction is
2 2
Cx (1, 2) = −10e−1 −2 = −10e−5
Treating x as constant, we compute the partial derivative with respect to y as an ordinary
derivative:
2 2
Cy (x, y) = −10ye−x −y
So the rate of change of concentration with respect to distance at the point (1,2) in the y-
direction is
2 2
Cy (1, 2) = −20e−1 −2 = −20e−5

• Self-test. Let f (x, y) = 4x2 y − 9y2 . Find fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fx (2, −1), fy (2, −1).
Answer keys. fx (x, y) = 8xy, fy (x, y) = 4x2 − 18y, fx (2, −1) = −16, fy (2, −1) = 34

3.6 Lecture 11: Chain Rule

• Read Section 13.5 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.5, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37
from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Chain rules
2. Examples
3. Applications

• The chain rule for single variable functions. Let y = f (x) and x = g(t). Then
dy dy dx
=
dt dx dt
68 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• The chain rule 1 for two variable functions. Let z = f (x, y), x = g(t) and y = h(t). Then
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= +
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt

dz
• Example. Let z = 4x2 + 2xy + 3y2 , x = sint, and y = cost. Find dt t=0 .
We first calculate all required derivatives:
∂z dx
= 8x + 2y, = cost
∂x dt
∂z dy
= 2x + 6y, = − sint
∂y dt
Using the chain rule, we find that
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= +
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
= (8x + 2y) cost − (2x + 6y) sint

Since
x(0) = sin 0 = 0, y(0) = cos 0 = 1
we obtain that
dz
= (8x(0) + 2y(0)) cos 0 − (2x(0) + 6y(0)) sin 0 = 2
dt t=0

• The chain rule 2 for two variable functions. Let z = f (x, y), x = g(s,t) and y = h(s,t). Then
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + , = +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂t ∂ x ∂t ∂ y ∂t

∂z ∂z
• Example. Let z = 3x2 y4 , x = st 2 , and y = s2t. Find ∂s and ∂t .
We first calculate all required derivatives:
∂z ∂x ∂x
= 6xy4 , = t 2, = 2st,
∂x ∂s ∂t
∂z ∂y ∂y
= 12x2 y3 , = 2st, = s2 ,
∂y ∂s ∂t
Using the chain rule, we find that
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
= 6xy4t 2 + 24x2 y3 st
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂t ∂ x ∂t ∂ y ∂t
= 12xy4 st + 12x2 y3 s2
3.6. LECTURE 11: CHAIN RULE 69

∂z ∂z
• Example. Let z = f (x, y), x = r cos θ , and y = r sin θ . Find ∂r and ∂θ .
We first calculate all required derivatives:
∂x ∂x
= cos θ , = −r sin θ ,
∂r ∂θ
∂y ∂y
= sin θ , = r cos θ ,
∂r ∂θ
Using the chain rule, we find that
∂z ∂ f ∂x ∂ f ∂y
= +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
∂f ∂f
= cos θ + sin θ
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂ f ∂x ∂ f ∂y
= +
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
∂f ∂f
= − r sin θ + r cos θ
∂x ∂y

• The chain rule for three or more variable functions. Let u = f (x, y, z), x = g(s,t), y =
h(s,t), and z = p(s,t). Then
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + + ,
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + +
∂t ∂ x ∂t ∂ y ∂t ∂ z ∂t
∂u ∂u
• Example. Let u = xy + yz + xz, x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , and z = rθ . Find ∂r and ∂θ when
r = 2 and θ = π/2.
We first calculate all required derivatives:
∂u ∂x ∂x
= y + z, = cos θ , = −r sin θ ,
∂x ∂r ∂θ
∂u ∂y ∂y
= x + z, = sin θ , = r cos θ ,
∂y ∂r ∂θ
∂u ∂z ∂z
= x + y, = θ, = r,
∂z ∂r ∂θ

Using the chain rule, we find that

∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂r
= (y + z) cos θ + (x + z) sin θ + (x + y)θ
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z
= + +
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂z ∂θ
= −(y + z)r sin θ + (x + z)r cos θ + (x + y)r
70 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Since
x(2, π/2) = 0, y(2, π/2) = 2, z(2, π/2) = π,
we obtain that
∂u
= (y(2, π/2) + z(2, π/2)) cos(π/2)
∂r (2,π/2)
+(x(2, π/2) + z(2, π/2)) sin(π/2)
+(x(2, π/2) + y(2, π/2))(π/2)
= 2π
and
∂u
= −(y(2, π/2) + z(2, π/2))2 sin(π/2)
∂θ (2,π/2)
+(x(2, π/2) + z(2, π/2))2 cos(π/2)
+(x(2, π/2) + y(2, π/2))(2)
= −2π
• Suppose that the equation
F(x, y) = 0
defines y implicitly as a function of x, y = f (x), that is, F(x, f (x)) = 0. Using the chain rule,
we find that
d ∂ F dx ∂ F dy
[F(x, f (x))] = + =0
dx ∂ x dx ∂ y dx
dy
Solving the equation for dx , we obtain that
∂F
dy Fx
= − ∂∂Fx = −
dx Fy
∂y

• Example. Find the derivative y0 of

3xy3 − 4x + 10 = 10y2 .

Let
F(x, y) = 3xy3 − 4x − 10y2 + 10
Then
Fx = 3y3 − 4, Fy = 9xy2 − 20y
So
dy Fx 3y3 − 4
=− =− 2
dx Fy 9xy − 20y
• Suppose that the equation
F(x, y, z) = 0
defines z implicitly as a function of x, y, z = f (x, y), that is, F(x, y, f (x, y)) = 0. Then
∂F ∂F
∂z Fx ∂z ∂y Fy
= − ∂∂Fx = − , = − ∂F = −
∂x Fz ∂y Fz
∂z ∂z
3.7. PROBLEM SET 4 71

• Application. A manufacturer has modeled its yearly production P (the value of its entire
production in millions of dollars) by a Cobb-Douglas function

P(L, K) = 1.47L0.65 K 0.35

where L is the number of labor hours (in thousands) and K is the invested capital (in millions
of dollars). Suppose that when L = 30 and K = 8, the labor force is decreasing at a rate of
2000 labor hours per year and capital is increasing at a rate of $500,000 per year. Find the
rate of change of production.

The variables L and K are functions of the time t in years. Since

dL dK
= −2, = 0.5
dt dt
using the chain rule, we find that the rate of change of production is given by
dP ∂ P dL ∂ P dK
= +
dt ∂ L dt ∂ K dt
dL dK
= 1.47(0.68)L−0.35 K 0.35 + 1.47(0.35)L0.65 K −0.65
dt dt
−0.35
= 1.47(0.68)(30) (8) (−2) + 1.47(0.35)(30) (8)−0.65 (0.5)
0.35 0.65

≈ −0.65 millions of dollars per year

∂z ∂z
• Self-test. Let z = sin θ cos φ , θ = st 2 , φ = s2t. Find ∂s and ∂t
Answer key.
∂z
= t 2 cos θ cos φ − 2st sin θ sin φ
∂s
∂z
= 2st cos θ cos φ − s2 sin θ sin φ
∂t

3.7 Problem Set 4

Group 1:
1. Find the first and second partial derivatives of the function f (x, y, z) = ln(2x + 3y + 5z).
2. Let z = cos(x + 4y), x = lnt, y = et . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.
3. Let z = x4 + x2 y, x = s + 2t − u, y = stu2 . Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s, ∂ z/∂t, ∂ z/∂ u
when s = 4,t = 2, u = 1.
4. Let w = xyz, x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , z = rθ . Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ θ .
Group 2:
1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y, z) = 3 sin(2x + 3y + 4z).
2. Let z = x sin y, x = t 2 , y = 4t 3 . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.
3. Let z = xy − x2 y, x = s + t, y = s − t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s and ∂ z/∂t.
72 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
p
4. Let w = x2 + y2 + z2 , x = st, y = rs, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ s,
∂ w/∂t.

Group 3:

1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y) = 2x5 y2 + x2 y.

2. Let z = cos 2x sin 3y, x = t/2, y = t 4 . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.

3. Let z = ex+y , x = st, y = s + t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s and ∂ z/∂t.

4. Let w = ln(x2 + y2 + z2 ), x = cos s, y = sint, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r,
∂ w/∂ s, ∂ w/∂t.

Group 4:

1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y, z) = (2x + 3y + 4z)2 .
p
2. Let u = x2 + y2 + z2 , x = sint, y = cost, z = cost. Use the Chain Rule to find du/dt.

x−z
3. Let w = y+z , x = s + t, y = st, z = s − t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ s and ∂ w/∂t.

4. Let w = sin(x2 + y2 + z2 ), x = st, y = rs, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ s,
∂ w/∂t.

Common problem for all groups: The temperature at a point (x, y) on a flat metal plate is
given by T (x, y) = 60/(1 + x2 + y2 ), where T is measured in ◦C and x, y in meters. Find the rate
of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point (2,1) in the x-direction and the y-
direction, respectively.
Answer Keys
Group 1:

1. Find the first and second partial derivatives of the function f (x, y, z) = ln(2x + 3y + 5z).

2
fx =
2x + 3y + 5z
3
fy =
2x + 3y + 5z
5
fz =
2x + 3y + 5z
4
fxx = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2
9
fyy = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2
3.7. PROBLEM SET 4 73

25
fzz = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2
6
fxy = fyx = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2
10
fxz = fzx = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2
15
fzy = fyz = −
(2x + 3y + 5z)2

1. Let z = cos(x + 4y), x = lnt, y = et . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.

dz 1
= − sin(x + 4y) − 4et sin(x + 4y).
dt t

1. Let z = x4 + x2 y, x = s + 2t − u, y = stu2 . Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s, ∂ z/∂t, ∂ z/∂ u
when s = 4,t = 2, u = 1.

∂z
= (4x3 + 2xy) + x2tu2 ,
∂s
∂z
= 2(4x3 + 2xy) + x2 su2 ,
∂t
∂z
= −(4x3 + 2xy) + 2x2 stu,
∂u
∂z
= 1582,
∂s s=4,t=2,u=1
∂z
= 2940,
∂t s=4,t=2,u=1
∂z
= −700.
∂u s=4,t=2,u=1

1. Let w = xyz, x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , z = rθ . Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ θ .

∂w
= yz cos θ + xz sin θ + xyθ ,
∂r
∂w
= −yzr sin θ + xzr cos θ + xyr.
∂θ

Group 2:
74 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y, z) = 3 sin(2x + 3y + 4z).
fx = 6 cos(2x + 3y + 4z)
fy = 9 cos(2x + 3y + 4z)
fz = 12 cos(2x + 3y + 4z)
fxx = −12 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)
fyy = −27 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)
fzz = −48 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)
fxy = fyx = −18 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)
fxz = fzx = −24 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)
fzy = fyz = −36 sin(2x + 3y + 4z)

1. Let z = x sin y, x = t 2 , y = 4t 3 . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.

dz
= 2t sin y + 12t 2 x cos y.
dt
2. Let z = xy − x2 y, x = s + t, y = s − t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s and ∂ z/∂t.

∂z
= (y − 2xy) + (x − x2 ),
∂s
∂z
= (y − 2xy) − (x − x2 ).
∂t
p
1. Let w = x2 + y2 + z2 , x = st, y = rs, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ s,
∂ w/∂t.

∂w ys + zt
= p ,
∂r x2 + y2 + z2
∂w xt + yr
= p ,
∂s x2 + y2 + z2
∂w xs + zr
= p .
∂t x2 + y2 + z2
Group 3:
1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y) = 2x5 y2 + x2 y.
fx = 10x4 y2 + 2xy
fy = 4x5 y + x2
fxx = 40x3 y2 + 2y
fyy = 4x5
fxy = fyx = 20x4 y + 2x.
3.7. PROBLEM SET 4 75

1. Let z = cos 2x sin 3y, x = t/2, y = t 4 . Use the Chain Rule to find dz/dt.
dz
= − sin 2x sin 3y + 12t 3 cos 2x cos 3y.
dt

2. Let z = ex+y , x = st, y = s + t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ z/∂ s and ∂ z/∂t.

∂z
= tex+y + ex+y ,
∂s
∂z
= sex+y + ex+y .
∂t

1. Let w = ln(x2 + y2 + z2 ), x = cos s, y = sint, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r,
∂ w/∂ s, ∂ w/∂t.

∂w 2zt
= 2 ,
∂r x + y2 + z2
∂w 2x sin s
= − 2 ,
∂s x + y2 + z2
∂w 2y cost + 2zr
= .
∂t x2 + y2 + z2

Group 4:
1. Find the first and second partial derivative of f (x, y, z) = (2x + 3y + 4z)2 .

fx = 4(2x + 3y + 4z)
fy = 6(2x + 3y + 4z)
fz = 8(2x + 3y + 4z)
fxx = 8
fyy = 12
fzz = 16
fxy = fyx = 12
fxz = fzx = 16
fzy = fyz = 24

p
1. Let u = x2 + y2 + z2 , x = sint, y = cost, z = cost. Use the Chain Rule to find du/dt.
dz x cost − y sint − z sint
= p .
dt x2 + y2 + z2

x−z
2. Let w = y+z , x = s + t, y = st, z = s − t. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ s and ∂ w/∂t.
76 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

∂z −z (z − x)t (x + y)t
= + − ,
∂s y + z (y + z)2 (y + z)2
∂z −z (z − x)s (x + y)t
= + + .
∂t y + z (y + z)2 (y + z)2

1. Let w = sin(x2 + y2 + z2 ), x = st, y = rs, z = rt. Use the Chain Rule to find ∂ w/∂ r, ∂ w/∂ s,
∂ w/∂t.

∂w
= (2ys + 2zt) cos(x2 + y2 + z2 ),
∂r
∂w
= (2xt + 2yr) cos(x2 + y2 + z2 ),
∂s
∂w
= (2xs + 2zr) cos(x2 + y2 + z2 ).
∂t
Common problem for all groups: The temperature at a point (x, y) on a flat metal plate is
given by T (x, y) = 60/(1 + x2 + y2 ), where T is measured in ◦C and x, y in meters. Find the rate
of change of temperature with respect to distance at the point (2,1) in the x-direction and the y-
direction, respectively.

∂T −120x
= = −20/3 ◦C/meter,
∂x (2,1) (1 + x2 + y2 )2 (2,1)
∂T −120y (x + y)t
= 2 2 2
+ = −10/3 ◦C/meter.
∂y (2,1) (1 + x + y ) (y + z)2 (2,1)

3.8 Lecture 12: Directional Derivatives

• Read Section 13.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.6, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Definition of directional derivatives
2. Geometrical meaning of directional derivative
3. Rate of change
4. Applications
• The partial derivatives
f (x0 + h, y0 ) − f (x0 , y0 )
fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h
f (x0 , y0 + h) − f (x0 , y0 )
fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h
3.8. LECTURE 12: DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES 77

Slope = fx (x0 , y0 )
z
C1
z = f (x, y)
Slope = fy (x0 , y0 )
C2

(x0 , y0 )
x

represent the rate of change of f in the x- and y-directions, respectively. Geometrically they
represent the slope of the curve in the x- and y-directions.
• The rate of change of z = f (x, y) in the direction of any unit vector u = ha, bi.

Slope = Du (x0 , y0 )
Slope = fx (x0 , y0 )
z
C1
z = f (x, y)
Slope = fy (x0 , y0 )
C2

C y
u = ha, bi
P(x, y)
P0 (x0 , y0 )
x

−→ −→
Since the vector P0 P is on u, there is a h such that P0 P = hu. Then hx − x0 , y − y0 i = hha, bi
and x = x0 + ah, y = y0 + bh. So
∆z f (x, y) − f (x0 , y0 ) f (x0 + ah, y0 + bh) − f (x0 , y0 )
= =
h h h
• Directional derivative of f (x, y) at (x0 , y0 ) in the direction of a unit vector u = ha, bi is
f (x0 + ah, y0 + bh) − f (x0 , y0 )
Du f (x0 , y0 ) = lim
h→0 h
• Theorem. Let u = ha, bi be a unit vector. Then
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b

• Example. Let f (x, y) = x2 + 3xy + y3 and v = h3, 4i. Find Dv f (x, y) and Dv f (1, 2).
We first normalize v:
v 3 4
u= =h , i
kvk 5 5
Then compute the partial derivatives:
fx = 2x + 3y, fy = 3x + 3y2
78 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

So the directional derivative is

3 4
Dv f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b = (2x + 3y) · + (3x + 3y2 )
5 5
and
3 4 84
Dv f (1, 2) = (2(1) + 3(2)) · + (3(1) + 3(2)2 ) =
5 5 5
• Example. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = x3 y4 + x4 y3 at the point (1, 1) in the
direction given by the angle of π/6 with the positive x-axis.
The directional unit vector is:
√
3 1
u = hcos(π/6), sin(π/6)i = h , i
2 2
Then compute the partial derivatives:

fx = 3x2 y4 + 4x3 y3 , fy = 4x3 y3 + 3x4 y2

So the directional derivative is

Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b

√
3 1
= (3x2 y4 + 4x3 y3 ) · + (4x3 y3 + 3x4 y2 )
2 2
and
√
2 4 3
3 3 1
Du f (1, 1) = (3(1) (1) + 4(1) (1) ) · + (4(1)3 (1)3 + 3(1)4 (1)2 )
√ 2 2
7 3+7
=
2

• Directional derivative of f (x, y, z) at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in the direction of a unit vector u = ha, b, ci

is
f (x0 + ah, y0 + bh, z0 + ch) − f (x0 , y0 , z0 )
Du f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = lim
h→0 h
• Theorem. Let u = ha, b, ci be a unit vector. Then

Du f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c

• Example. Let f (x, y, z) = x2 yz − xyz3 and v = 5i + j − 2k. Find Dv f (x, y, z) and Dv f (0, 1, 1).
We first normalize v:
v 5 1 2
u= = √ i+ √ j− √ k
kvk 30 30 30
Then compute the partial derivatives:

fx = 2xyz − yz3 , fy = x2 z − xz3 , fz = x2 y − 3xz2

3.9. LECTURE 13: GRADIENT VECTOR 79

So the directional derivative is

Dv f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c
5 1
= (2xyz − yz3 ) · √ + (x2 z − xz3 ) √
30 30
−2
+(x2 y − 3xz2 ) √
30
and
5 1
Dv f (0, 1, 1) = (2(0)(1)(1) − (1)(1)3 ) · √ + ((0)2 (1) − (0)(1)3 ) √
30 30
−2 5
+((0)2 (1) − 3(0)(1)2 ) √ = − √
30 30

• Self-test. Let f (x, y, z) = xey + yez and v = i + 2j − 2k. Find Dv f (x, y, z) and Dv f (0, 0, 0).
Answer key.
ey + 2(xey + ez ) − 2yez
Dv f (x, y, z) = , Dv f (0, 0, 0) = 1,
3

3.9 Lecture 13: Gradient Vector

• Read Section 13.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.6, problems 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Definition of gradient vector
2. Directional derivative formula with gradient
3. Examples
• Definition of dot product. For two-dimensional vectors a = ha1 , a2 i = a1 i + a2 j and b =
hb1 , b2 i = b1 i + b2 j, the dot (scalar or inner) product of a and b is defined by
a · b = a1 b1 + a2 b2
For three-dimensional vectors a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = hb1 , b2 , b3 i = b1 i +
b2 j + b3 k, the dot product of a and b is defined by
a · b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

• Directional derivative of f . Let u = ha, bi or ha, b, ci be a unit vector. The directional

derivative can be expressed by using the dot product:
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b = h fx , fy i · u

or
Du f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c = h fx , fy , fz i · u
80 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Gradient of f :
∇ f (x, y) = h fx (x, y), fy (x, y)i = fx (x, y)i + fy (x, y)j
∇ f (x, y, z) = h fx (x, y, z), fy (x, y, z), fz (x, y, z)i
= fx (x, y, z)i + fy (x, y, z)j + fz (x, y, z)k

• Alternative form of directional derivative:

Du f (x, y) = ∇ f (x, y) · u, Du f (x, y, z) = ∇ f (x, y, z) · u

• Example. Find ∇ f (1, 2) for f (x, y) = 2x2 − 2xy + y2 .

Compute the partial derivatives:
fx = 4x − 2y, fy = −2x + 2y
Then
∇ f (x, y) = h fx (x, y), fy (x, y)i = h4x − 2y, −2x + 2yi
and
∇ f (1, 2) = h4(1) − 2(2), −2(1) + 2(2)i = h0, 2i
• Example. Find ∇ f (0, 2, −1) for f (x, y, z) = 6 − x2 + 2y2 z + 3z2 .
Compute the partial derivatives:
fx = −2x, fy = 4yz, fz = 2y2 + 6z
Then
∇ f (x, y, z) = h fx , fy , fz i = h−2x, 4yz, 2y2 + 6zi
and
∇ f (0, 2, −1) = h−2(0), 4(2)(−1), 2(2)2 + 6(−1)i = h0, −8, 2i
• Example. Let g(x, y) = ln(5 + x2 + y2 ) and v = h2, 1i. Use the gradient to find the directional
derivatives Dv g(x, y) and Dv g(−1, 2).
We first normalize v:  
v 2 1
u= = √ ,√
kvk 5 5
Then compute the partial derivatives:
2x 2y
gx = , gy =
5 + x2 + y2 5 + x2 + y2
−1 2
gx (−1, 2) = , gy (−1, 2) =
5 5
and then the gradient:
 
2x 2y
∇g(x, y) = hgx , gy i = ,
5 + x + y 5 + x2 + y2
2 2
 
−1 2
∇g(−1, 2) = ,
5 5
3.9. LECTURE 13: GRADIENT VECTOR 81

So the directional derivative is

Dv g(x, y) = ∇g · u
   
2x 2y 2 1
= , · √ ,√
5 + x2 + y2 5 + x2 + y2 5 5
4x + 2y
= √
5(5 + x2 + y2 )
and
Dv g(−1, 2) = ∇g(−1, 2) · u
   
−1 2 2 1
= , · √ ,√
5 5 5 5
= 0
• Example. Let f (x, y, z) = x2 yz − xyz3 and v = 5i + j − 2k. Use the gradient to find the direc-
tional derivatives Dv f (x, y, z) and Dv f (0, 1, 1).
We first normalize v:
v 5 1 2
u= = √ i+ √ j− √ k
kvk 30 30 30
Then compute the partial derivatives:
fx = 2xyz − yz3 , fy = x2 z − xz3 , fz = x2 y − 3xz2
and then the gradient:
∇ f (x, y, z) = h fx , fy , fz i = h2xyz − yz3 , x2 z − xz3 , x2 y − 3xz2 i
∇ f (0, 1, 1) = h−1, 0, 0i
So the directional derivative is
Dv f (x, y, z)
= ∇f ·u
 
3 2 3 2 52 1 2
= h2xyz − yz , x z − xz , x y − 3xz i · √ , √ , − √
30 30 30
5 1
= (2xyz − yz3 ) · √ + (x2 z − xz3 ) √
30 30
−2
+(x2 y − 3xz2 ) √
30
and
Dv f (0, 1, 1) = ∇ f (0, 1, 1) · u
 
5 1 2
= h−1, 0, 0i · √ , √ , − √
30 30 30
5
= −√
30
• Self-test. Let f (x, y) = xy and v = 5i + 3j. Use the gradient to find the directional derivatives
Dv f (2, 1).
Answer key: Dv f (2, 1) = √1134
82 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

3.10 Lecture 14: Applications of the Gradient

• Read Section 13.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.6, problems 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Maximal directional derivative
2. Normal vector of a curve
3. Examples
4. Applications
• Alternative form of directional derivative:
Du f (x, y) = ∇ f (x, y) · u, Du f (x, y, z) = ∇ f (x, y, z) · u

• The magnitude of a vector a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i:

kak2 = a21 + a22 + a23 = a · a

• Find the directional derivatives D∇ f f (x, y, z) of f (x, y, z) in the direction of the gradient ∇ f .
We first normalize the gradient vector
∇f
u=
k∇ f k
Then the directional derivatives of f (x, y, z) in the direction of the gradient ∇ f is given by
∇f ∇f ·∇f k∇ f k2
D∇ f f = ∇ f · u = ∇ f · = = = k∇ f k
k∇ f k k∇ f k k∇ f k
• Question: In which direction the directional derivative Du f = ∇ f · u attains the maximum?
• Theorem:
a · b = |a||b| cos θ .

b u
θ θ
a ∇f

• The Maximal directional derivative. For any unit vector u, we have

Du f = ∇f ·u
= |∇ f ||u| cos θ
= |∇ f | · 1 · cos θ
≤ |∇ f |
= D∇ f f

So the maximal directional derivative is achieved when u = ∇ f :

D∇ f f = |∇ f |
3.10. LECTURE 14: APPLICATIONS OF THE GRADIENT 83

• Example. Consider the paraboloid z = f (x, y) = 4 − x2 − y2 .

1. Find vectors that give the direction in which f has its maximum rate of increase (the
steepest ascent) and its maximum rate of decrease (the steepest descent) at the point
(1, 1).
The direction in which f has its maximum rate of increase, i.e., maximal directional
derivative, at the point (1, 1) is given by its gradient:
∇ f (1, 1) = h fx , fy i|(1,1) = h−2x, −2yi(1,1) = h−2, −2i
The direction in which f has its maximum rate of decrease at the point (1, 1) is given by
−∇ f (1, 1) = h2, 2i

2 Find Dv f at (1, 1) when v = ∇ f (1, 1). We first normalize v:

 
∇ f (1, 1) −2 −2
u= = √ ,√
k∇ f (1, 1)k 8 8
So
√ √
 
−2 −2
Dv f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) · u = h−2, −2i · √ , √ = 8 = 2 2 ≈ 2.828.
8 8
3 Let w = h−3, −4i. Find Dw f at (1, 1).
We first normalize w:  
w −3 −4
u= = ,
kwk 5 5
So
 
−3 −4 14
Dw f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) · u = h−2, −2i · , =
5 5 5
= 2.8 ≤ 2.828 = D∇ f (1,1) f (1, 1).

• Application. The temperature at a point (x, y, z) is given by

2 −3y2 −9z2
T (x, y, z) = 200e−x
where T is measured in ◦ C and x, y, z in meters.
1. Find the rate of change of temperature at the point P(1, 0, 0) in the direction toward the
point (1, 1, 1).
The directional vector is v = h1 − 1, 1 − 0, 1 − 0i = h0, 1, 1i. The normalized unit vector
is  
1 1
u = 0, √ , √ .
2 2
The gradient is
∇T = hTx , Ty , Tz i
D 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
E
= −400xe−x −3y −9z , −1200ye−x −3y −9z , 3600ze−x −3y −9z
84 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

and
∇T (1, 0, 0) = −400e−1 , 0, 0
So the rate of change of temperature at the point P(1, 0, 0) in the direction toward the
point (1, 1, 1) is given by the directional derivative:
 
−1 1 1
Dv T (1, 0, 0) = ∇T (1, 0, 0) · u = −400e , 0, 0 · 0, √ , √ =0
2 2
2 In which direction does the temperature increase fastest at P?
In the gradient direction:
∇T (1, 0, 0) = −400e−1 , 0, 0
1. Find the maximum rate of increase at P.
The maximum rate of increase at P is given by the directional derivative in the gradient
direction:
∇T (1, 0, 0)
D∇T (1,0,0) T (1, 0, 0) = ∇T (1, 0, 0) ·
k∇T (1, 0, 0)k
−400e−1 , 0, 0
= −400e−1 , 0, 0 ·
k h−400e−1 , 0, 0i k
= 400e−1 ◦ C per meter

• Tangent vector to a curve r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i:

T = r0 (t) = hx0 (t), y0 (t)i

• Normal vector to a curve C: f (x, y) = c is the gradient

N = ∇ f = h fx , fy i.

y Normal vector N = ∇ f

Tangent vector T = r0 (t)

C2

Let the vector equation of the curve be r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i. Then
f (x(t), y(t)) = c
Using the chain rule to differentiate both sides of the equation in t, we obtain
d dc
[ f (x(t), y(t))] = =0
dt dt
3.11. PROBLEM SET 5 85

∂ f dx ∂ f dy dc
+ = =0
∂ x dt ∂ y dt dt
or
∇ f · r0 (t) = 0
So ∇ f is perpendicular to the tangent vector r0 (t). Then we say ∇ f is normal to the curve.
• Example. Consider the unit circle C: x2 + y2 = 1.
y

Tangent vector Gradient ∇ f : normal to the circle

P
x

√ √
The gradient at the point P( 2/2, 2/2) is
√ √ √ √
∇ f ( 2/2, 2/2) = h2x, 2yi|(√2/2,√2/2) = h 2, 2i.

The vector equation of the unit circle is

r(t) = hcost, sinti
√ √
The parameter t corresponding to the point P( 2/2, 2/2) is t = π/4. So the tangent vector to
the circle at the point P is
√ √
r0 (π/4) = h− sin(π/4), cos(π/4)i = h− 2/2, 2/2i
Since √ √ √ √ √ √
∇ f ( 2/2, 2/2) · r0 (π/4) = h 2, 2i · h− 2/2, 2/2i = 0
√ √
the gradient ∇ f ( 2/2, 2/2) is perpendicular to the tangent vector r0 (π/4).
• Self-test. Let f (x, y) = xy. Find the maximum rate of change of f at the point (1,1) and the
direction in which it occurs. Then sketch the gradient ∇ f (1, 1) at the point (1, 1) to show that
it is normal to the curve xy = 1.
Answer key. √
D∇ f (1,1) f (1, 1) = 2, ∇ f (1, 1) = h1, 1i

3.11 Problem Set 5

Group 1:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = xey + yez + zex at the point P(0, 0, 0)
in the direction of the vector v = 5i + j − 2k.
86 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2. Let f (x, y, z) = (x + y)/z

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).
(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = 2i + j + 3k.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).
3. Let f (x, y) = 2 + 4x2 + 2y2
(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 1).
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−2, 1i.
Group 2:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y) = ln(4 + x2 + y2 ) at the point P(−1, 2)
in the direction of the vector v = h2, 1i.
2. Let f (x, y, z) = ln(1 + x2 + y2 + z2 )
(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).
(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).
3. Let f (x, y) = 2 − 4x2 − 2y2
(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 1).
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−2, 1i.
Group 3:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = 1 + sin(x + 2y − z) at the point
P(π/6, π/6, −π/6) in the direction of the vector v = h1/3, 2/3, 2/3i.
x−z
2. Let f (x, y, z) = y−z

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point P(3, 2, −1).

(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of the vector v =
h1/3, 2/3, −2/3i.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of the gradient vector
at the point P.
3. Let f (x, y) = 4 − x2 − 4y2
(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(2, 1).
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.
3.11. PROBLEM SET 5 87

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h3, 4i.
Group 4:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = exyz−1 at the point P(0, 1, −1) in the
direction of the vector v = h−2, 2, −1i.
2. Let f (x, y, z) = ln(1 + x2 + y2 + z2 )
(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).
(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).
3. Let f (x, y) = 4x2 + y2
(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 2).
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−3, −4i.
Common problem for all groups: A water wave is described by the function z = 1+sin(x−y),
where z gives the height of the wave and (x, y) are coordinates in the horizontal plane z = 0.
1. Use a calculator to graph the function.
2. The crest and troughs of the waves are aligned in the direction in which the height function
has zero change. Find the direction in which the crests and troughs are aligned.
3. If you were surfing on this wave and wanted the steepest descent from a crest to a trough,
in which direction would you point your surfboard (given in terms of a unit vector in the
xy-plane)?
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = xey + yez + zex at the point P(0, 0, 0)
in the direction of the vector v = 5i + j − 2k.

 
5 1 2
Dv f (0, 0, 0) = ∇ f (0, 0, 0) · √ , √ , − √
30 30 30
 
5 1 2
= h1, 1, 1i · √ , √ , − √
30 30 30
4
= √ .
30

1. Let f (x, y, z) = (x + y)/z

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).
∇ f (1, 1, −1) = h−1, −1, −2i.
88 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = 2i + j + 3k.

 
2 1 3
Dv f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) · √ , √ , √
14 14 14
 
2 1 3
= h−1, −1, −2i · √ , √ , √
14 14 14
9
= −√ .
14

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).

∇ f (1, 1, −1)
D∇ f (1,1,−1) f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) ·
k∇ f (1, 1, −1)k
 
1 1 2
= h−1, −1, −2i · − √ , − √ , − √
6 6 6
√
= 6.

1. Let f (x, y) = 2 + 4x2 + 2y2

(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 1).
 
∇ f (1, 1) 2 1
u= = √ ,√ .
k∇ f (1, 1)k 5 5

(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.

∇ f (1, 1)
D∇ f (1,1) f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) ·
k∇ f (1, 1)k
 
2 1
= h8, 4i · √ , √
5 5
√
= 4 5.

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−2, 1i.

 
2 1
Dv f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) · − √ , √
5 5
 
2 1 12
= h8, 4i · − √ , √ = −√ .
5 5 5

Group 2:
3.11. PROBLEM SET 5 89

1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y) = ln(4 + x2 + y2 ) at the point P(−1, 2)
in the direction of the vector v = h2, 1i.

 
2 1
Dv f (−1, 2) = ∇ f (−1, 2) · √ , √
5 5
 
2 1
= h−2/9, 4/9i · √ , √
5 5
= 0.

1. Let f (x, y, z) = ln(1 + x2 + y2 + z2 )

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).
∇ f (1, 1, −1) = h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i.
(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i.

Dv f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) · h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i

= h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i · h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i
5
= .
6
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).

∇ f (1, 1, −1)
D∇ f (1,1,−1) f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) ·
k∇ f (1, 1, −1)k
 
1 1 1
= h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i · √ , √ , − √
3 3 3
√
= 3/2.
1. Let f (x, y) = 2 − 4x2 − 2y2
(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 1).
 
∇ f (1, 1) 2 1
u= = −√ ,−√ .
k∇ f (1, 1)k 5 5
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.

∇ f (1, 1)
D∇ f (1,1) f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) ·
k∇ f (1, 1)k
 
2 1
= h−8, −4i · − √ , − √
5 5
√
= 4 5.
90 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−2, 1i.
 
2 1
Dv f (1, 1) = ∇ f (1, 1) · − √ , √
5 5
 
2 1 12
= h−8, −4i · − √ , √ =√ .
5 5 5
Group 3:
1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = 1 + sin(x + 2y − z) at the point
P(π/6, π/6, −π/6) in the direction of the vector v = h1/3, 2/3, 2/3i.

Dv f (π/6, π/6, −π/6) = ∇ f (π/6, π/6, −π/6) · h1/3, 2/3, 2/3i

= h−1/2, −1, 1/2i · h1/3, 2/3, 2/3i
1
= −
2
x−z
1. Let f (x, y, z) = y−z

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point P(3, 2, −1).

∇ f (3, 2, −1) = h1/3, −4/9, 1/9i.

(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of the vector v =
h1/3, 2/3, −2/3i.

Dv f (3, 2, −1) = ∇ f (3, 2, −1) · h1/3, 2/3, −2/3i

= h1/3, −4/9, 7/9i · h1/3, 2/3, −2/3i
19
= −
27
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of the gradient vector
at the point P.

∇ f (3, 2, −1)
D∇ f (3,2,−1) f (3, 2, −1) = ∇ f (3, 2, −1) ·
k∇ f (3, 2, −1)k
 
3 4 7
= h1/3, −4/9, 7/9i · √ , − √ , √
74 74 74
√
= 74/9.

1. Let f (x, y) = 4 − x2 − 4y2

(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(2, 1).
 
∇ f (2, 1) 1 2
u= = −√ ,−√ .
k∇ f (2, 1)k 5 5
3.11. PROBLEM SET 5 91

(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.

∇ f (2, 1)
D∇ f (2,1) f (2, 1) = ∇ f (2, 1) ·
k∇ f (2, 1)k
 
1 2
= h−4, −8i · − √ , − √
5 5
√
= 4 5.

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h3, 4i.

 
3 4
Dv f (2, 1) = ∇ f (2, 1) · ,
5 5
 
3 4 44
= h−4, −8i · , =− .
5 5 5

Group 4:

1. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = exyz−1 at the point P(0, 1, −1) in the
direction of the vector v = h−2, 2, −1i.

Dv f (0, 1, −1) = ∇ f (0, 1, −1) · h−2/3, 2/3, −1/3i

= h−e−1 , 0, 0i · h−2/3, 2/3, −1/3i
2
= .
3e

1. Let f (x, y, z) = ln(1 + x2 + y2 + z2 )

(a) Find the gradient of f at the point (1, 1, −1).

∇ f (1, 1, −1) = h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i.

(b) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the vector
v = h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i.

Dv f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) · h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i

= h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i · h2/3, 2/3, −1/3i
5
= .
6

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at the point (1, 1, −1) in the direction of the gradient
vector at the point (1, 1, −1).
92 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

∇ f (1, 1, −1)
D∇ f (1,1,−1) f (1, 1, −1) = ∇ f (1, 1, −1) ·
k∇ f (1, 1, −1)k
 
1 1 1
= h1/2, 1/2, −1/2i · √ , √ , − √
3 3 3
√
= 3/2.

1. Let f (x, y) = 4x2 + y2

(a) Find the unit vector in the direction of maximum increase of f at the point P(1, 2).
 
∇ f (1, 2) 2 1
u= = √ ,√ .
k∇ f (1, 2)k 5 5
(b) Find the rate of change of the function in the direction of maximum increase at P.

∇ f (1, 2)
D∇ f (1,2) f (1, 2) = ∇ f (1, 2) ·
k∇ f (1, 2)k
 
2 1
= h8, 4i · √ , √
5 5
√
= 4 5.

(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of the vector v = h−3, −4i.

 
3 4
Dv f (1, 2) = ∇ f (1, 2) · − , −
5 5
 
3 4
= h8, 4i · − , − = −8.
5 5

Common problem for all groups: A water wave is described by the function z = 1+sin(x−y),
where z gives the height of the wave and (x, y) are coordinates in the horizontal plane z = 0.
1. Use a calculator to graph the function.

1. The crest and troughs of the waves are aligned in the direction in which the height function
has zero change. Find the direction in which the crests and troughs are aligned.
Let v = ha, bi be the direction. Then

Dv f = ∇ f (1, 2) · ha, bi
= hcos(x − y), − cos(x − y)i · ha, bi
= a cos(x − y) − b cos(x − y)
= 0.

So v = ah1, 1i, where a is any nonzero number.

3.12. LECTURE 15: TANGENT PLANES AND NORMAL LINES 93

1. If you were surfing on this wave and wanted the steepest descent from a crest to a trough,
in which direction would you point your surfboard (given in terms of a unit vector in the
xy-plane)?

∇z hcos(x − y), − cos(x − y)i

u=− =− √ .
k∇zk 2| cos(x − y)|
D √ √ E D√ √ E
So u = − 22 , 22 or 22 , − 22 .

3.12 Lecture 15: Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

• Read Section 13.7 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.7, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37,
39, 41 from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Definition of tangent plane and normal line

2. Equation of tangent plane and normal line
3. Angle of Inclination of a plane
4. Examples

• A normal vector of a surface F(x, y, z) = 0 at a point P(a, b, c) is the gradient vector

∇F(a, b, c) = hFx (a, b, c), Fy (a, b, c), Fz (a, b, c)i

• For the curve given by r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i, the tangent vector to the curve at t = t0 is r0 (t0 ).
• We show that the gradient vector ∇F(a, b, c) is perpendicular to the tangent lines to the curves
C on the surface.
Let the vector equation of the curve be r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i. Then

F(x(t), y(t), z(t)) = 0

94 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Normal vector: ∇F(a, b, c)

z Tangent plane
C1
F(x, y, z) = 0

C2 P(a, b, c)

(a, b)
x

Using the chain rule to differentiate both sides of the equation in t, we obtain
d d0
[F(x(t), y(t), z(t))] = =0
dt dt
∂ F dx ∂ F dy ∂ F dz
+ + =0
∂ x dt ∂ y dt ∂ z dt
or
∇F · r0 (t) = 0
So ∇F is perpendicular to the tangent vector r0 (t).
• Perpendicular vector test. a and b are perpendicular if and only if a · b = 0.
• Plane equation. Suppose a plane passes through the point P0 (a, b, c) and is perpendicular to
a given vector n = hn1 , n2 , n3 i. Then the equation of the plane is given by

−→
n · P0 P = 0
or
n1 (x − a) + n2 (x − b) + n3 (x − c) = 0
• The equation of the tangent plane to the surface S given by F(x, y, z) = 0 at a point P(a, b, c)
is
Fx (a, b, c)(x − a) + Fy (a, b, c)(y − b) + Fz (a, b, c)(z − c) = 0
• The line through P having the direction of ∇F(a, b, c) is called the normal line to the surface
at P.
• Example. Find the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line at the point (2, 1, 3) to
the ellipsoid
x2 z2
+ y2 + = 3
4 9
x2 2
We first compute the gradient of F = + y2 + z9 − 3:
4
 
x 2z
∇F = hFx , Fy , Fz i = , 2y,
2 9
3.12. LECTURE 15: TANGENT PLANES AND NORMAL LINES 95

z
2
2
1.5
1.6 1.8 2 1
2.2 y
2.4
x

At the point (2, 1, 3), the gradient is

 
2
∇F(2, 1, 3) = 1, 2,
3
So the equation of the tangent plane at the point (2, 1, 3) to the ellipsoid is
2
x − 2 + 2(y − 1) + (z − 3) = 0
3
and the equations of the normal line at the point (2, 1, 3) to the ellipsoid is
2
x = 2 + t, y = 1 + 2t,
z = 3+ t
3
• The equation of the tangent plane to the surface S given by z = f (x, y) at a point P(a, b, c) is
fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b) − (z − c) = 0
where c = f (a, b). This is because F = f (x, y) − z and
∇F = h fx , fy , −1i

• Example. Find equations of the tangent plane and the normal line to the paraboloid z = x2 +y2
at the point (1, 1, 2)
We first compute the partial derivatives of f :
fx = 2x, fy = 2y
At the point (1, 1), the partial derivatives are
fx (1, 1) = 2, fy (1, 1) = 2
So the equation of the tangent plane to the paraboloid at the point (1, 1, 2) is
2(x − 1) + 2(y − 1) − (z − 2) = 0
and the equations of the normal line to the paraboloid at the point (1, 1, 2) is
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 2−t
96 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

z
0 2

−2 0
−1
0 y
1
x 2 −2

√
• Self-test. Find the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface z = xy
at (1,1, 1).
Answer key.

x+y−z−1 = 0
x = 1 + t, y = 1 + t, z = 1−t

3.13 Lecture 16: Linear approximations and differentials

• Read Section 13.4 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.4, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Linear approximations
2. Differentials
3. Examples

• The equation of the tangent plane to the surface S given by z = f (x, y) at a point P(a, b, c) is

fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b) − (z − c) = 0

where c = f (a, b).

• Solving the tangent plane equation for z, we obtain the Linearization of f at (a, b):

L(x, y) = z = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)

• Linear approximation of f at (a, b):

f (x, y) ≈ L(x, y) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x − a) + fy (a, b)(y − b)

3.13. LECTURE 16: LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 97

Tangent plane
z
C1 z = f (x, y)

C2 P(a, b, c)

(a, b)
x

z = L(x, y)
z
C1
z = f (x, y)

C2 P(a, b, c)

(a, b)
x

• Find the linear approximation of f (x, y) = x3 y4 at (1, 1).

We first compute the partial derivatives:
fx = 3x2 y4 , fy = 4x3 y3
The partial derivatives at (1, 1) are
fx (1, 1) = 3, fy (1, 1) = 4
In addition, we have
f (1, 1) = 1
So the linear approximation of f (x, y) = x3 y4 at (1, 1) is
f (x, y) = x3 y4
≈ f (1, 1) + fx (1, 1)(x − 1) + fy (1, 1)(y − 1)
= 1 + 3(x − 1) + 4(y − 1)

• Increment of z = f (x, y). Let x, y change from a to a + ∆x, b to b + ∆y, respectively. Then
the corresponding increment of z is
∆z = f (a + ∆x, b + ∆y) − f (a, b)

• Differential of z = f (x, y):

dz = L(x, y) − f (a, b) = fx (a, b)dx + fy (a, b)dy
where dx = ∆x = x − a and dy = ∆y = y − b.
98 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Differential dz is a linear approximation of the increment ∆z:

dz ≈ ∆z

• Example. Let z = f (x, y) = x2 + 3xy − y2 .

1. Find the differential dz.
The partial derivatives are:
fx = 2x + 3y, fy = 3x − 2y
So the differential is
dz = fx dx + fy dy = (2x + 3y)dx + (3x − 2y)dy
2. If x changes from 2 to 2.05 and y changes from 3 to 2.96, compare the values of dz and
∆z.
We have
x = 2, y = 3, dx = 2.05 − 2 = 0.05, dy = 2.96 − 3 = −0.04
So
dz = (2(2) + 3(3))0.05 + (3(2) − 2(3))(−0.04) = 0.65
On the other hand, we have
∆z = f (2.05, 2.96) − f (2, 3)
= (2.05)2 + 3(2.05)(2.96) − (2.96)2 − [(2)2 + 3(2)(3) − (3)2 ]
= 0.6449
• Functions of three or more variables. Linear approximation of f (x, y, z) at (a, b, c):
f (x, y, z) ≈ L(x, y, z)
= f (a, b, c) + fx (a, b, c)(x − a) + fy (a, b, c)(y − b)
+ fz (a, b, c)(z − c)

Differential of u = f (x, y, z):

du = fx (x, y, z)dx + fy (x, y, z)dy + fz (x, y, z)dz
where dx = ∆x = x − a, dy = ∆y = y − b, and dz = ∆z = z − c.
3.14. LECTURE 17: RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM 99

• Self-test. Let f (x, y) = e−xy cos y.

1. Find its differential.
2. Find its linear approximation at (0, π).
Answer key.
dz = −ye−xy cos ydx − (xe−xy cos y + e−xy sin y)dy
f (x, y) ≈ −1 + πx

3.14 Lecture 17: Relative Maximum and Minimum

• Read Section 13.8 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.8, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37,
39, 41, 43, 45 from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Definition of maximum and minimum

2. Second derivative test
3. Examples

• Definition of Local (or relative) Maximum and Minimum: f (c) is a relative or local max-
imum ( minimum) for f if there exists an open interval (a, b) containing c such that

f (x) ≤ f (c) ( f (x) ≥ f (c))

for all x in (a, b).

• Fermat’s theorem. If f has a relative extremum at c and if f 0 (c) exists, then f 0 (c) = 0.
• The critical numbers of a function f are those numbers c in the domain of f for which
f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.

• Definition of Local (or relative) Maximum and Minimum: For a function z = f (x, y),
f (a, b) is a local (or relative) maximum if

f (a, b) ≥ f (x, y)

for all points (x, y) near the point (a, b). f (a, b) is a local (or relative) minimum if

f (a, b) ≤ f (x, y)

for all points (x, y) near the point (a, b).

• Theorem. If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b) and fx (a, b) and fy (a, b) exist, then
fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0.
• The critical point of a function f (x, y) are those points (a, b) in the domain of f for which
fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0, or one of these partial derivative does not exist.
100 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

10

4
z

−2

−4
1
2
0
1
−1 0
−1
−2 −2
y x

• Example. Find critical points of

f (x, y) = x2 − 2x + 2y2 − 8y − 5.

We compute the partial derivatives to obtain the system of critical points:

fx = 2x − 2 = 0
fy = 4y − 8 = 0.
Solving the system, we obtain the critical point (1, 2).
• First derivative test in the case of single variable functions: Let c be a critical number of f .
Then
1. f (c) is a relative maximum of f if f 0 (x) changes from positive to negative when x crosses
c from left to right.
2. f (c) is a relative minimum of f if f 0 (x) changes from negative to positive when x crosses
c from left to right.
3. f (c) is neither a relative maximum nor relative minimum if f 0 (x) does not change sign
when x crosses c from left to right.
• Second derivative test in the case of single variable functions:
1. If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
2. If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.
3. If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) = 0, then no conclusions can be made.
• Second Derivative Test: For a function z = f (x, y), suppose that
fx (a, b) = fy (a, b) = 0.
3.14. LECTURE 17: RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM 101

Define
D = fxx (a, b) fyy (a, b) − [ fxy (a, b)]2 .
1. f (a, b) is a local maximum if D > 0 and fxx (a, b) < 0;
2. f (a, b) is a local minimum if D > 0 and fxx (a, b) > 0;
3. f (a, b) is saddle (neither a maximum nor a minimum) if D < 0;
4. no conclusion if D = 0.
• Example. Find local maximum and minimum of
f (x, y) = x2 − 2xy + 2y2 + x − 5.

Step 1. Find the critical points. We compute the partial derivatives to obtain the system of
critical points:
fx = 2x − 2y + 1 = 0 (3.1)
fy = −2x + 4y = 0. (3.2)
Solving the equation (3.2) for x, we obtain
x = 2y (3.3)
Plugging it into the equation (3.1), we obtain
4y − 2y + 1 = 0
Solving it, we get
1
y=− .
2
Plugging it into the equation (3.3), we obtain
x = −1
So the critical point is (−1, −1/2).
Step 2. Find the number D. We compute the second partial derivatives to find D:
fxx = 2, fyy = 4, fxy = −2
So
D = fxx (−1, −1/2) fyy (−1, −1/2) − [ fxy (−1, −1/2)]2 = 2 · 4 − (−2)2 = 4 > 0
Step 3. Apply the second derivative test. Since fxx (1, 1/2) = 2 > 0, f has a relative minimum
at (−1, −1/2) and the minimum is f (−1, −1/2) = − 11 2.
• Example. Find local maximum and minimum of
z = x2 − y2 .

Step 1. Find the critical points. We compute the partial derivatives to obtain the system of
critical points:
fx = 2x = 0
fy = −2y = 0.
Solving the system, we obtain the critical point is (0, 0).
102 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2 2 2 2
Surface of z= x −2xy+2y +x−5 Level curves of the function: z = x −2xy+2y +x−5
2 0
0

40 1 −3
0

−4
−3 −4 −5
20 0

0
−3
−5.4

y
0

−5
0

−4
−1

−3
−5 −4
0
−3
−4
−20
5 −2 −3
0
2
0 0 0
−2 −3
−5 −4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y x x

Step 2. Find the number D. We compute the second partial derivatives to find D:
fxx = 2, fyy = −2, fxy = 0
So
D = fxx (0, 0) fyy (0, 0) − [ fxy (0, 0)]2 = 2 · (−1) − (0)2 = −4 < 0
Step 3. Apply the second derivative test. Since D < 0, the critical point (0, 0) is a saddle point .
Surface of z= x2−y2 Level curves of the function: z = x2−y2
4
−10 −5 0
−10
−5
20 0
−5
5

5
2
0
10
10

10
0
0
z

0
y

0
5

5
−10
0
−20 −2

10
10

−5
5 0
5 5 −5 5
−10
0 −10 −5 0
0 −4
−5 −5 −4 −2 0 2 4
y x x

• Example. Analyzing critical points of

z = x2 + xy2 − 4x + 1.

Step 1. Find the critical points. We compute the partial derivatives to obtain the system of
critical points:
fx = 2x + y2 − 4 = 0 (3.4)
fy = 2xy = 0. (3.5)
The equation (3.5) implies that x = 0 or y = 0. If x = 0, it follows from the equation (3.4) that
y2 − 4 = 0
So y = ±2. If y = 0, it follows from the equation (3.4) that
2x − 4 = 0
So x = 2.
So the critical points are (0, −2), (0, 2) and (2, 0).
3.15. PROBLEM SET 6 103

Step 2. Find the number D. We compute the second partial derivatives to find D:
fxx = 2, fyy = 2x, fxy = 2y
So D at three critical points are
D(0, −2) = fxx (0, −2) fyy (0, −2) − [ fxy (0, −2)]2 = 2 · 0 − (−4)2 = −16 < 0

D(0, 2) = fxx (0, 2) fyy (0, 2) − [ fxy (0, 2)]2 = 2 · 0 − (4)2 = −16 < 0
D(2, 0) = fxx (2, 0) fyy (2, 0) − [ fxy (2, 0)]2 = 2 · 4 − (0)2 = 8 > 0
Step 3. Apply the second derivative test. Since D(0, −2) < 0 and D(0, 2) < 0, these two critical
points are saddle. Since D(2, 0) > 0 and fxx (2, 0) = 2 > 0, f has a relative minimum at (2, 0) and
the minimum is f (2, 0) = −3.
Surface of z= x2+xy2−4x+1 Level curves of the function: z = x2+xy2−4x+1
4
10
−2.
−1 9
0 .5 −21.9
− .5
100 5 0 5
2 10
10
5

5
50 0

0
−1.5
z

0
y

−1.5
−2.9 .5

0
−1

10
0
0 5
5 10
−50 −2 10
5 5
0
− .5
5
0 5
−1. −21.9
5 −2.9
10
0
0 −4
−5 −5 −4 −2 0 2 4
y x x

• Self-test. Find the local maximum and minimum of

f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y2 − 6x − 3.

Answer key. Minimum of −15 at (4, −2).

3.15 Problem Set 6

Group 1:
1. Let z = 3(x − 1)2 + 2(y − 2)2 + 1.
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (2, 3, 6).
(b) Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (2, 3, 6).
(c) Find the differential of the function.
(d) If x changes from 2 to 2.1 and y changes from 3 to 3.1, compare the differential dz and
the corresponding change ∆z.
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface 2x2 + 2y2 + z2 =
8 at the point P(1, 1, 2).
3. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
xy − 2x − 2y − x2 − y2 .
104 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

4. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x3 − 12xy + 8y3
Group 2:
1. Let z = 4 − 2x2 − y2 .
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (−1, −1, 1).
(b) Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (−1, −1, 1).
(c) Find the differential of the function.
(d) If x changes from -1 to -1.1 and y changes from -1 to -0.9, compare the differential dz
and the corresponding change ∆z.
2. Find an equation of√the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
at the point P(1, 1, 2).
3. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
4 + 2x2 + 3y2 .
4. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x4 + 2y2 − 4xy
Group 3:
1. Let z = sin(xy) + 2.
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (1, 0, 2).
(b) Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (1, 0, 2).
(c) Find the differential of the function.
(d) If x changes from 1 to 1.01 and y changes from 0 to -0.1, compare the differential dz and
the corresponding change ∆z.
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y2 − z2 = 0
at the point P(3, 4, 5).
3. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x2 − 6x + y2 + 8y.
4. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
2 2
2xye−x −y
Group 4:
1. Let z = ln(1 + xy).
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (1, 2, ln 3).
(b) Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (1, 2, ln 3).
(c) Find the differential of the function.
3.15. PROBLEM SET 6 105

(d) If x changes from 1 to 1.01 and y changes from 2 to 1.9, compare the differential dz and
the corresponding change ∆z.
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y3 + z4 = 2
at the point P(1, 0, 1).
3. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
−x2 + 6x − y2 + 2y.
4. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x4 + 4x2 (y − 2) + 8(y − 1)2
Common problem for all groups: The volume of a right circular cone with radius r and height
h is V = πr2 h/3. Approximate the change in the volume of the cone when the radius changes from
r = 6.5 to r = 6.6 and the height changes from h = 4.20 to h = 4.15.
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Let z = 3(x − 1)2 + 2(y − 2)2 + 1.
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (2, 3, 6).
The plane equation is
6(x − 2) + 4(y − 3) − (z − 6) = 0
The parametric equations of the normal line are

x = 2 + 6t, y = 3 + 4t, z = 6−t

Surface of z = 3(x−1)2+2(y−2)2+1

40

20
z

4 4
2 2
y 0
x

1. Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (2, 3, 6).

z = L(x, y) = 6 + 6(x − 2) + 4(y − 3)

2. Find the differential of the function.

dz = zx dx + zy dy = 6(x − 1)dx + 4(y − 2)dy.

106 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

3. If x changes from 2 to 2.1 and y changes from 3 to 3.1, compare the differential dz and the
corresponding change ∆z.

dz = 1, ∆z ≈ 1.05.

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface 2x2 + 2y2 + z2 =
8 at the point P(1, 1, 2).
The plane equation is
4(x − 1) + 4(y − 1) + 4(z − 2) = 0.

The parametric equations of the normal line are

x = 1 + t, y = 1 + t, z = 2+t

Surface of 2x2+2y2+z2=8

10

5
z

−5
2
2
0
0
y −2 −2
x

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
xy − 2x − 2y − x2 − y2 .
The critical point is (−2, −2) and

fxx (−2, −2) = −2, D = fxx (−2, −2) fyy (−2, −2) − [ fxy (−2, −2)]2 = 3.

So f has a maximum at (−2, −2) and the maximum value of f is f (−2, −2) = 4.

Surface of z=xy−2x−2y−x2−y2

0
z

−5

−10
0
0
−2
−2
y −4 −4
x
3.15. PROBLEM SET 6 107

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x3 − 12xy + 8y3
The critical points are (0, 0) and (2, 1) and at these points, we have
fxx = 0, 12,
D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2
= −144, 432.
So (0, 0) is a saddle point and f has a minimum at (2, 1) and the minimum value of f is
f (2, 1) = −8.
Surface of z=x3−12xy+8y3 Level curves of the function: z = x3−12xy+8y3
3

500 50
2 50 20
20
6
50 6
0 20 0 −4 −20
−2 −6
6
z

−4

−4
1 20

−6
−2
0
−500 0 −6
6

−2
−4 6
−2
0
20
−1000 0 −2 0 0
6
5
−
5 −86
0 −

20
−42 0

50
0 −1
−5 −5 −1 0 1 2 3
y x x

Group 2:
1. Let z = 4 − 2x2 − y2 .
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (−1, −1, 1).
The plane equation is
4(x + 1) + 2(y + 1) − (z − 1) = 0.
The parametric equations of the normal line are
x = −1 + 4t, y = −1 + 2t, z = 1−t

Surface of z=4−2x2−y2

10

0
z

−10

−20
1
0 1
−1 0
−2 −1
−2
y −3 −3
x

1. Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (−1, −1, 1).
z = L(x, y) = 1 + 4(x + 1) + 2(y + 1).
108 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2. Find the differential of the function.

dz = −4xdx − 2ydy.

3. If x changes from -1 to -1.1 and y changes from -1 to -0.9, compare the differential dz and the
corresponding change ∆z.
dz = −0.2, ∆z = −0.23.

1. Find an equation of√the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
at the point P(1, 1, 2).
The plane equation is √ √
2(x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + 2 2(z − 2) = 0
The parametric equations of the normal line are
√ √
x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z= 2 + 2 2t

Surface of x2+ y2+z2=4

2
z

−2
2
2
0
0
y −2 −2
x

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
4 + 2x2 + 3y2 .
The critical point is (0, 0) and at this point, we have

fxx = 4, D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2 = 24.

So f has a minimum at (0, 0) and the minimum value of f is f (0, 0) = 4.

2 2 2 2
Surface of z=4+ 2x +3y Level curves of the function: z = 4+ 2x +3y
3

20 20
60 2 16
16
12

1 8
20
20

12

40
16

8
12

5
z

0
y

16
12

20 5
20

16

8 8
−1 12
20

0 12
16
5 −2 20
16
5 20
0
0 −3
−5 −5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y x x
3.15. PROBLEM SET 6 109

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x4 + 2y2 − 4xy
The critical points are (0, 0), (1, 1) and (−1, −1) and at these points, we have
fxx = 0, 12, 12
D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2
= −16, 32, 32.
So (0, 0) is a saddle point and f has a minimum at (1, 1) and (−1, −1) and the minimum
value of f is f (1, 1) = f (−1, −1) = −1.
Surface of z= x4+2y2−4xy Level curves of the function: z = x4+2y2−4xy
3 6

6
4
2

150 2
0

0
6
4
100 1 2

4
.8
−0

6
50
z

2
0

46
0 8

2
.

0
−0

0
−1 4

0
2 6

4
−50
5 −2

2
5 4
0
0

6
6
−3
−5 −5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y x x

Group 3:
1. Let z = sin(xy) + 2.
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (1, 0, 2).
The plane equation is
y − z + 2 = 0.
The parametric equations of the normal line are
x = 1, y = t, z = 2−t

Surface of z=sin(xy)+2

2.5

2
z

1.5

1
1
2
0
1
y −1 0
x

1. Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (1, 0, 2).

z = L(x, y) = y + 2.
110 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2. Find the differential of the function.

dz = y cos(xy)dx + x cos(xy)dy.

3. If x changes from 1 to 1.01 and y changes from 0 to -0.1, compare the differential dz and the
corresponding change ∆z.
dz = −0.1, ∆z ≈ −0.1008.

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y2 − z2 = 0
at the point P(3, 4, 5).
The plane equation is
6(x − 3) + 8(y − 4) − 10(z − 5) = 0.
The parametric equations of the normal line are

x = 3 + 6t, y = 4 + 8t, z = 5 − 10t

Surface of z2=x2+y2

7
6
5
z

4
3

6
5
4 4
3
2
y 2 1
x

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x2 − 6x + y2 + 8y.
The critical point is (3, −4) and at this point, we have

fxx = 2, D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2 = 4.

So f has a minimum at (3, −4) and the minimum value of f is f (3, −4) = −25.
2 2 2 2
Surface of z= x −6x+y +8y Level curves of the function: z = x −6x+y +8y
0 −10 −10
−5 −5
−15 −15
0 −1
−1 0
0 −20
−2 −1
5
−2
−1

0
0
5

−10 −2
4
−2
−24
z

−4
y

−20 −24
−2 0
0 −2
5
−1

−1
−30 −6 5
−20
0 −1
0 −1
0
6 −15 −15
−5
−5 4 −10 −10
−5
2 −8
−10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y x x
3.15. PROBLEM SET 6 111

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
2 2
2xye−x −y
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
The critical points are (0, 0), ( 2/2, 2/2), ( 2/2, − 2/2), (− 2/2, 2/2) and (− 2/2, − 2/2)
and at these points, we have

fxx = 0, −4e−1 , 4e−1 , 4e−1 , −4e−1

D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2
= −4, 16e−2 ,
16e−2 , 16e−2 , 16e−2 .
√ √ √ √
So (0, 0) is a saddle point, f has a maximum at ( 2/2,
√ and (− 2/2, −
2/2) √ √ 2/2)
√ with
−1
the maximum value of e , and f has a minimum at ( 2/2, − 2/2) and (− 2/2, 2/2)
with the minimum value of e−1 .
2 2 2 2
−x −y −x −y
Surface of z= 2xye Level curves of the function: z = 2xye
2
−0
.1 0.1
0.5

.1
.2

0.1
1

0.2
−0

0
−0
.3 0.
−0 3

−0.2

0.2
−0.2
−0.1
−0

0.2

0.1
.3 0.3
−0.1 0.1
0
z

0
y
0 0 0 0
−0 −0
0.1 .1

.1
0.2 −0.3 .2

0.1

−0
0.3

−0.2
0.2

−0.1
0.1

.3
0.3

−0
−1

−0.2
−0.5

0.2

0
2
2 0.1 −0.1
0
0 −2
−2 −2 −2 −1 0 1 2
y x x

Group 4:
1. Let z = ln(1 + xy).
(a) Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface given by this
function at the point (1, 2, ln 3).
The plane equation is
2 1
(x − 1) + (y − 2) − (z − ln 3) = 0
3 3
The parametric equations of the normal line are

x = 1 + 2t, y = 2 + t, z = ln 3 − 3t

1. Find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at point (1, 2, ln 3).

2 1
z = L(x, y) = ln 3 + (x − 1) + (y − 2)
3 3
2. Find the differential of the function.

y x
dz = dx + dy.
1 + xy 1 + xy
112 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

2
Surface of z =ln(1+xy)

1.5

z
0.5

0
3
2
2
1
y 1 0
x

3. If x changes from 1 to 1.01 and y changes from 2 to 1.9, compare the differential dz and the
corresponding change ∆z.
dz ≈ −0.026667, ∆z = −0.02737.

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the given surface x2 + y3 + z4 = 2
at the point P(1, 0, 1).
The plane equation is
2(x − 1) + 4(z − 1) = 0.
The parametric equations of the normal line are
x = 1 + 2t, y = 0, z = 1 + 4t

Surface of x2+y3+z4=2

1.4

1.2
z

0.8

0.5
0 1
−0.5 0.5
y −1 0
x

1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
−x2 + 6x − y2 + 2y.
The critical point is (3, 1) and at this point, we have
fxx = −2, D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2 = 4.
So f has a maximum at (3, 1) and the maximum value of f is f (3, 1) = 10.
1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of the function f (x, y) =
x4 + 4x2 (y − 2) + 8(y − 1)2
3.16. LECTURE 18: APPLICATIONS OF EXTREMA 113

2 2 2 2
Surface of z= −x +6x−y +2y Level curves of the function: z = −x +6x−y +2y
4 0 −6
−6 0
3
3 −3
−3
10 3 6
6

3
0

0
5 2 9

3
0

6
1

6
y

9
3
−5 9
0

0
−10 6 3
6
5 −1 3
−3
6 −3
0 4 −6 0 3
0 −6
2 −2
−5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y x x

The critical points are (2, 0), (0, 1) and (−2, 0) and at these points, we have
fxx = 32, −8, 32
D = fxx fyy − [ fxy ]2
= 256, −128, 256.
So (0, 1) is a saddle point, and f has a minimum at (2, 0) and (−2, 0) with the minimum value
of −8.
Surface of z= x4+4x2(y−2)+8(y−1)2 Level curves of the function: z = x4+4x2(y−2)+8(y−1)2
2 7
4

7
0
300
4

0
1
7

−4

4
200

−4 −7
0

0
−7

100 4

7
z

7 −4

0
0
y

−4

−7
4
0

0
−7

0
4

−4
0

−4
7

−100 −1
0
7
7

2
4
7

5
7

4
0
0 −2
−2 −5 −4 −2 0 2 4
y x x

Common problem for all groups: The volume of a right circular cone with radius r and height
h is V = πr2 h/3. Approximate the change in the volume of the cone when the radius changes from
r = 6.5 to r = 6.6 and the height changes from h = 4.20 to h = 4.15.

∂V ∂V 2πrh πr2
dV =
dr + dh = dr + dh
∂r ∂h 3 3
When the radius changes from r = 6.5 to r = 6.6 and the height changes from h = 4.20 to h = 4.15,
we have
r = 6.5, h = 4.2, dr = 6.6 − 6.5 = 0.1, dh = 4.15 − 4.2 = −0.05
So
2π · 6.5 · 4.2 π · 6.52
∆V ≈ dV = · 0.1 + · (−0.05) ≈ 3.5.
3 3

3.16 Lecture 18: Applications of extrema

• Read Section 13.9 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.9, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 from the textbook.
114 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Outline:
1. Guidelines for solving optimization
2. Box design
3. Shortest distance
4. Maximizing the product of three numbers with a fixed sum
• Maximizing area. Find the dimensions of the rectangular field of maximum area that can be
made from 200 m of fencing material.

20 m Area = 1600 m2

80 m

30 m Area = 2100 m2

70 m

50 m Area = 2500 m2

50 m

For this simple problem, we may not need calculus to solve it. We can simply draw a number
of rectangles as shown above and find that the square of 50 m by 50 m gives the maximum area.
However, if real problems are more complex, we do need calculus. The following is the procedure
of how to use the maximum and minimum theory of calculus to solve optimization problems.
• Guidelines for solving optimization:
1. Draw diagrams and introduce variables.
2. Identify the quantity Q to be maximized or minimized.
3. Write the primary equation for Q.
4. Write the secondary equation (restraint equation).
3.16. LECTURE 18: APPLICATIONS OF EXTREMA 115

5. Substitute the secondary equation into the primary equation.

6. Find the critical points of Q.
7. Evaluate Q at the critical number to obtain the optimal solution.
We now follow the above guidelines to solve the above optimization problem again.
1. Draw diagrams.
x

y y

2. Identify the quantity to be maximized: The area A

3. Write the primary equation for A:

A = xy. (3.6)
1. Write the secondary equation (restraint equation):
2x + 2y = 200 (3.7)

2. Substitute the secondary equation into the primary equation: Solving the equation (3.7) for y,
we get
y = 100 − x
Plugging it into (3.6), we obtain that
A(x) = xy = x(100 − x) = 100x − x2 .

1. Find the critical numbers of A: Taking the derivative of A gives

A0 (x) = 100 − 2x = 0

So critical number is
x = 50.
Then
y = 100 − x = 50
2. Evaluate Q at the critical number to obtain the optimal solution: So the field with the maxi-
mum area is the square of 50 m by 50 m and the maximum area is 2500 m2 .
• A card board box without a lid is to have a volume of 32 in3 . Find the dimensions that
minimize the amount of cardboard used.
1. Draw diagrams.
116 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

z
32 in3

2. Identify the quantity to be minimized: The surface area S

3. Write the primary equation for S:

S = xy + 2xz + 2yz. (3.8)

1. Write the secondary equation (restraint equation):
xyz = 32 (3.9)

2. Substitute the secondary equation into the primary equation: Solving the equation (3.9) for z,
we get
32
z=
xy
Plugging it into (3.8), we obtain that
32 32 64 64
S(x, y) = xy + 2x + 2y = xy + + .
xy xy y x

1. Find the critical points of S: Taking the partial derivatives of S gives

64 64
Sx = y − = 0, Sy = x − =0
x2 y2
Solving the first equation for y and plugging it into the second equation, we obtain
64
x =  2
64
x2

x3 = 64
x = 4.
Plugging it into the first critical point equation, we get
64
y= =4
x2
Plugging both x and y values into z equation, we get
32
z= =2
xy
3.16. LECTURE 18: APPLICATIONS OF EXTREMA 117

1. Evaluate S at the critical point to obtain the optimal solution: So the box with the minimum
surface area is the one of 4 in by 4 in by 2 in and the minimum area is
S = 42 + 4 · 2 · 4 = 48 in2 .

• Find the shortest distance from the point (1,1,2) to the plane x + y + z = 1.
– Draw diagrams.

0
z

−2 2

0 1
0.5 1 y
1.5 2 0
x

– Identify the quantity to be minimized: The distance d

– Write the primary equation for d:

d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z − 2)2 . (3.10)

• Write the secondary equation (restraint equation):
x+y+z = 1 (3.11)

• Substitute the secondary equation into the primary equation: Solving the equation (3.11) for
z, we get
z = 1−x−y
Plugging it into (3.10), we obtain that
d 2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 + (x + y + 1)2 .

• Find the critical points of d 2 : Taking the partial derivatives of d 2 gives

dx2 = 2(x − 1) + 2(x + y + 1) = 0, dy2 = 2(y − 1) + 2(x + y + 1) = 0
Solving the first equation for y and plugging it into the second equation, we obtain
x − 4x = 0
x = 0.
Plugging it into the first critical point equation, we get
y=0
Plugging both x and y values into z equation, we get
z=1
118 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Evaluate d at the critical point to obtain the optimal solution: So√ the point on the plane with
the shortest distance is (0, 0, 1) and the shortest distance is d = 3.

• Find three positive numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.

– Introduce variables: Three positive numbers x, y, z.

– Identify the quantity to be maximized: The product P
– Write the primary equation for P:

P = xyz. (3.12)
– Write the secondary equation (restraint equation):

x + y + z = 100 (3.13)

– Substitute the secondary equation into the primary equation: Solving the equation (3.13)
for z, we get
z = 100 − x − y
Plugging it into (3.12), we obtain that

P = xy(100 − x − y) = 100xy − x2 y − xy2 .

• Find the critical points of P: Taking the partial derivatives of P gives

Px = 100y − 2xy − y2 = 0, Py = 100x − x2 − 2xy = 0

100 − 2x − y = 0, 100 − x − 2y = 0
Solving the first equation for y and plugging it into the second equation, we obtain

100 − x − 2(100 − 2x) = 0

100
x= .
3
Plugging it into the first critical point equation, we get
100
y=
3
Plugging both x and y values into z equation, we get
100
z=
3
• Evaluate P at the critical point to obtain the optimal solution: So three positive numbers
whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum are 100 100 100
3 , 3 , 3 and the maximal product
3
is P = 100
27 .

• Self-test. Find the points on the cone z2 = x2 + y2 that are closet to the point (4, 2, 0).
√ √
Answer key. (2, 1, 5) and (2, 1, − 5)
3.17. LECTURE 19: LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS 119

3.17 Lecture 19: Lagrange multipliers

• Read Section 13.10 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 13.10, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37
from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Theorem on Lagrange multipliers

2. Method of Lagrange multipliers
3. Examples

• Constrained optimization: Find the maximum and minimum values of y = f (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn )

subject to the constraints g(x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) = c
y

f (x, y) = 20

Tangent vector
∇g f (x, y) = 15
P f (x, y) = 10
∇f x
g(x, y) = c
f (x, y) = 5

We plot a number of level curves f (x, y) = 5, 10, 15, 20. It can be seen that the maximum is
achieved when the level curve is tangent to the conditional curve g(x, y) = c at the point P. Since
the both normal vectors ∇g and ∇ f are perpendicular to the same tangent vector, they are on the
same line. So we have the following theorem.

• Theorem on Lagrange multipliers: At an extreme point, there is a λ such that

∇ f = λ ∇g. (3.14)

The number λ is called a Lagrange multiplier.

• Method of Lagrange multipliers:
1. Solve the system of the equations

∇ f (x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) = λ ∇g(x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ), (3.15)

g(x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ) = c. (3.16)

2. Evaluate f at all points from the above solutions and compare them.
120 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

• Example. Find the extreme values of the function f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2 on the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Compute the gradients:
∇ f (x, y) = h fx , fy i = h2x, 4yi
∇g(x, y) = hgx , gy i = h2x, 2yi
Then solve the system
h2x, 4yi = λ h2x, 2yi, (3.17)
x2 + y2 = 1 (3.18)
that is,
2x = 2λ x (3.19)
4y = 2λ y (3.20)
x + y2 = 1
2
(3.21)
If x = 0, then y = ±1 and λ = 2. If y = 0, then x = ±1 and λ = 1.
Evaluate f at all these solutions:
f (0, 1) = 2, f (0, −1) = 2, f (1, 0) = 1, f (−1, 0) = 1
So the maximum of f on the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is f (0, ±1) = 2 and the minimum of f is f (±1, 0) =
1.
• Definition of Absolute Maximum and Minimum in the case of two variable functions:
f (a, b) is a absolute maximum ( minimum) of f on a domain D if
f (x, y) ≤ f (a, b) ( f (x, y) ≥ f (a, b))
for all (x, y) in the domain D.

10

4
z

−2

−4
1
2
0
1
−1 0
−1
−2 −2
y x

• Example. Find the absolute extrema of the function f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2 on the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1.
For the previous example, we know that the maximum of f on the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is
f (0, ±1) = 2 and the minimum of f is f (±1, 0) = 1.
Next we find the critical points inside the circle:
fx = 2x = 0, fy = 4y = 0
So the critical point is (0, 0). Evaluate f at the critical point: f (0, 0) = 0.
So the absolute maximum of f on the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 1 is f (0, ±1) = 2 and the absolute
minimum of f is f (0, 0) = 0.
3.18. PROBLEMS SET 7 121

• Exercis. Find the extreme values of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y2 on the line x + 2y − 5 = 0.
Answer key. Minimum of 5 at (1, 2).

3.18 Problems Set 7

Problems Set 7
Group 1:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y2 − 2x on the
closed triangular region D with vertices (2, 0), (0, 2), and (0, −2).
2. A lidless box is to be made with a volume 4 m3 . Find the dimensions of the box that requires
the least amount of cardboard.
3. Find the shortest distance from the point (2,0,-3) to the plane x + y + z = 1.
Group 2:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 2x − x2 + y2 on the
region D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5}.
2. As shipping company handles rectangular boxes provided the sum of the hight and the girth
of the box does not exceed 96 in. (The girth is the perimeter of the smallest side of the box.)
Find the dimensions of the box that meets this condition and has the largest volume.
3. Find the points on the cone z2 = x2 + y2 that are closet to the point (4, 2, 0).
Group 3:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 2x − x2 + y2 on the
region D = {(x, y) | x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x2 + y2 ≤ 4}.
2. A lidless box is to be made using 2 m2 of cardboard. Find the dimensions of the box with the
largest possible volume.
3. Find the points on the surface y2 = 9 + xz that are closet to the origin.
Group 4:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 4 + 2x2 + y2 on
the region D = {(x, y) | |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1}.
2. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box with largest volume if the total surface area is
given as 64 cm2 .
3. Find three positive numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y2 − 2x on the
closed triangular region D with vertices (2, 0), (0, 2), and (0, −2).
The minimum is −1 at the critical point (1, 0) and the maximum is 4 at the points (0, 2) and
(0, −2).
122 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

z
4 m3

1. A lidless box is to be made with a volume 4 m3 . Find the dimensions of the box that requires
the least amount of cardboard.
Minimize the surface: S = xy + 2xz + 2yz subject to xyz = 4. Solving
∂S 8
= y − 2 = 0,
∂x x
∂S 8
= x− 2 = 0
∂y y
we obtain
x = 2, y = 2, z = 1.
1. Find the shortest distance from the point (2,0,-3) to the plane x + y + z = 1.
Surface of z=1−x−y

−1
z

−2

−3 ←d
1
3
0.5 2
1
y 0 0
x

Minimize the distance: d 2 = (x − 2)2 + y2 + (z + 3)2 subject to x + y + z = 1. Solving

∂ d2
= 4x + 2y − 12 = 0,
∂x
∂ d2
= 2x + 4y − 8 = 0
∂y
we obtain
x = 8/3, y = 2/3, z = −7/3,
√
and the shortest distance is 2/ 3.
Group 2:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 2x − x2 + y2 on the
region D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5}.
The minimum is −8 at the point (4, 0) and the maximum is 26 at the point (1, 5).
3.18. PROBLEMS SET 7 123

1. As shipping company handles rectangular boxes provided the sum of the hight and the girth
of the box does not exceed 96 in. (The girth is the perimeter of the smallest side of the box.)
Find the dimensions of the box that meets this condition and has the largest volume.

Maximize the volume: V = xyz subject to 2x + 2y + z = 96. Solving

∂V
= 96y − 4xy − 2y2 = 0,
∂x
∂V
= 96x − 4xy − 2x2 = 0
∂y
we obtain
x = 16, y = 16, z = 32.

1. Find the points on the cone z2 = x2 + y2 that are closet to the point (4, 2, 0).
Surface of z2=x2+y2

0 ←d
z

←d

−5
−5
0 5
0
5 −5
x y

Minimize the distance: d 2 = (x − 4)2 + (y − 2)2 + z2 subject to z2 = x2 + y2 . Solving

∂ d2
= 4x − 8 = 0,
∂x
∂ d2
= 4y − 4 = 0
∂y
we obtain √
x = 2, y = 1, z = ± 5,
√
and the shortest distance is 10.

Group 3:
124 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 2x − x2 + y2 on the
region D = {(x, y) | x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x2 + y2 ≤ 4}.
The minimum
√ is 0 at the points (0, 0) and (2, 0), and the maximum is 4.5 at the point
(1/2, 15/2).
1. A lidless box is to be made using 2 m2 of cardboard. Find the dimensions of the box with the
largest possible volume.

Maximize the volume: V = xyz subject to xy + 2xz + 2yz = 2. Solving

∂V (2y − 2xy2 )(2x + 2y) − 2(2xy − x2 y2 )
= = 0,
∂x (2x + 2y)2
∂V (2x − 2x2 y)(2x + 2y) − 2(2xy − x2 y2 )
= =0
∂y (2x + 2y)2
we obtain r r
2 2 3
x= , y= , z= √ .
7 7 14
1. Find the points on the surface y2 = 9 + xz that are closet to the origin.
Surface of y2=9+xz

100

50

0 ←d
z

←d
−50

−100
−5
5
0 0
5 −5
x y

Minimize the distance: d 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 subject to y2 = 9 + xz. Solving

∂ d2
= 2x + z = 0,
∂x
∂ d2
= x + 2z = 0
∂z
we obtain
x = 0, y = ±3, z = 0,
and the shortest distance is 3.
3.18. PROBLEMS SET 7 125

Group 4:
1. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f (x, y) = 4 + 2x2 + y2 on
the region D = {(x, y) | |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1}.
The minimum is 4 at the critical point (0, 0) and the maximum is 7 at the points (1, 1), (−1, 1),
(−1, −1) and (1, −1).
1. Find the dimensions of the rectangular box with largest volume if the total surface area is
given as 64 cm2 .

Maximize the volume: V = xyz subject to 2xy + 2xz + 2yz = 64. Solving
∂V (32y − 2xy2 )(x + y) − (32xy − x2 y2 )
= = 0,
∂x (x + y)2
∂V (32x − 2x2 y)(x + y) − (32xy − x2 y2 )
= =0
∂y (x + y)2
we obtain r
32
x=y=z= .
3
1. Find three positive numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.
Maximize the product: f = xyz subject to x + y + z = 100. Solving
∂f
= −y(2x + y − 100) = 0,
∂x
∂f
= −x(x + 2y − 100) = 0
∂y
we obtain
x = 100/3, y = 100/3, z = 100/3,
and the maximum product is (100/3)3 .
126 CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER 13 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
Chapter 4

Chapter 14 Multiple Integrals

4.1 Lecture 20: Double Integrals over Rectangles

• Read Sections 14.1 and 14.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.1, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37,
39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65 and Exercise 14.2, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
13, 21 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Definition of double integrals
2. Fubini’s theorem
3. Volume of a solid
4. Examples
Double Integrals over Rectangles
• Definition of area under a curve y = f (x) on the interval [a, b]:
n
A = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗)∆x.
i=1

• Riemann sum
n
∑ f (xi∗)∆x.
i=1

• Definite integral of f from a to b:

Z b n

a
f (x)dx = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗)∆x
i=1
= Area under a curve over [a, b].

• Volume under a surface z = f (x, y) ≥ 0 over the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d]:
• Double Riemann sum
m n
∑ ∑ f (xi∗j , y∗i j )∆A.
i=1 j=1

127
128 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

z
z = f (x, y)

∆A
x

• Double integral of f over the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d]:

ZZ m n
f (x, y)dA = lim
m,n→∞
∑ ∑ f (xi∗j , y∗i j )∆A
R i=1 j=1
= Volume under a surface over R.
• Iterated Integrals
Z bZ d Z b Z d 
f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dy dx
a c a c
Z dZ b Z d Z b 
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy
c a c a
• Example. Find the iterated integrals
Z 2Z 3 Z 3Z 2
2
(x + y )dxdy, (x + y2 )dydx
0 1 1 0

Z 3Z 2 Z 3 2
2 1
(x + y )dydx = (xy + y3 ) dx
1 0 1 3 y=0
Z 3 
8
= 2x + dx
1 3
3
8 2
= (x + x)
3 1
40
=
3

Z 2Z 3 Z 2  3
2 1 2 2
(x + y )dxdy = x + xy
dy
0 1 20 x=1
Z 2    
1 2 2 1 2 2
= 3 + 3y − 1 +y dy
0 2 2
2
2
= (4y + y3 )
3 0
40
=
3
4.1. LECTURE 20: DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER RECTANGLES 129

• Fubini’s Theorem. Let R = [a, b] × [c, d]. Then

ZZ Z bZ d Z dZ b
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dxdy
a c c a
R

• Example. Let R = [0, 2] × [0, 1]. Find the double integral

1 + x2
ZZ
dA
1 + y2
R

1 + x2 1 + x2
ZZ Z 1Z 2
dA = dxdy
1 + y2 0 0 1 + y2
R
2
x + 13 x3
Z 1
= dy
0 1 + y2
x=0
2 + 83
Z 1
= dy
0 1 + y2
14
= arctan y|10
3
14π
=
12

• Example. Find the volume of the solid under the elliptic paraboloid z = 1 − x2 /4 − y2 /9 and
above the rectangle R = [−1, 1] × [−2, 2].

1
z

0.5
2

−1 0
−0.5 0
0.5 y
1 −2
x
130 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

ZZ
1 − x2 /4 − y2 /9 dA


V =
R
Z 2Z 1
1 − x2 /4 − y2 /9 dxdy


=
−2 −1
Z 2
1
x − x3 /12 − xy2 /9


= x=−1
dy
−2
Z 2
1 − 13 /12 − y2 /9 − −1 − (−1)3 /12 + y2 /9 dy



=
−2

2
= 5y/6 − 2y3 /27 −2
58
=
9
• Average value of a function of single variable
Z b
1
fave = f (x)dx
b−a a

• Average value of a function of two variables

1
ZZ
fave = f (x, y)dA
A(R)
R
where A(R) is the area of R.
• Example. Find the average value of the function f (x, y) = 4 − x − y over the region R =
{(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3}.

1
ZZ
fave = (4 − x − y) dA
6
R
1 3 2
Z Z
= (4 − x − y) dxdy
6 0 0
1 3
Z
2
= 4x − x2 /2 − xy x=0 dy
6 0
1 3
Z
= [(8 − 2 − 2y)] dy
6 0
1
3
= 6y − y2 0
6
3
=
2
• Self-test. Let R = [0, 2] × [1, 2]. Find the double integral
ZZ
(y + xy−2 )dA
R

Answer key. 4.
4.2. LECTURE 21: DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS 131

4.2 Lecture 21: Double Integrals over General Regions

• Read Section 14.2 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 14.2, problems 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47,
49, 51, 53, 55 from the textbook.

• Outline:

1. Fubini’s theorem

2. Volume of a solid

3. Examples

• Additive property:
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
a a c

• Integrals over Region D of type I:

D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

y
g2 (x)

D
R

g1 (x) x
a b

Define R = [a, b] × [c, d] that contains D and


f (x, y) if (x, y) ∈ D
F(x, y) =
0 if (x, y) ∈
/D
132 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Then
ZZ
f (x, y)dA
D
ZZ ZZ
= f (x, y)dA + 0dA
D R−D
ZZ ZZ
= F(x, y)dA + F(x, y)dA
D R−D
ZZ Z bZ d
= F(x, y)dA = F(x, y)dydx
a c
R
Z b Z g1 (x) Z g2 (x) Z d 
= F(x, y)dy + F(x, y)dy + F(x, y)dy dx
a c g1 (x) g2 (x)
Z b Z g1 (x) Z g2 (x) Z d 
= 0dy + F(x, y)dy + 0dy dx
a c g1 (x) g2 (x)
Z b Z g2 (x)
= f (x, y)dydx
a g1 (x)

• Fubini’s theorem. If
D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}
then ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx
a g1 (x)
D

• Example. Find the double integral

y
ZZ
dA, D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 }
x5 + 1
D

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

Z 1 Z x2
y y
ZZ
dA = dydx
x5 + 1 0 0 x5 + 1
D
x2
y2
Z 1
1
= dx
0 2 x5 + 1 0
x4
Z 1
1
= dx
0 2 x5 + 1
Introduce the substitution
u = x5 + 1
and
du = 5x4 dx, u(0) = 1, u(1) = 2
4.2. LECTURE 21: DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS 133

We then calculate the above integral:

x4
Z 1
y 1
ZZ
5
dA = dx
x +1 0 2 x5 + 1
D
Z 2
1 1
= du
1 10 u
ln 2
=
10
(x2 +2y)dA, where D is bounded by y = x, y = x3 , x ≥ 0.
RR
• Example. Find the double integral
D

0.8
y=x
0.6
y

0.4 D

0.2
y = x3
0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x

Setting two functions equal, we get

x3 = x
Solving the equation, we obtain the intersection points x = 0 and x = 1. So the domain D can
be described by the inequalities

0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x3 ≤ y ≤ x

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZ Z 1Z x
(x2 + 2y)dA = (x2 + 2y)dydx
0 x3
D
Z 1
x
= (x2 y + y2 ) x3
dx
0
Z 1
(x2 x + x2 ) − (x2 x3 + (x3 )2 ) dx

=
0
 1
1 4 1 3 1 6 1 7
= x + x − x − x dx
4 3 6 7 0
23
=
84
RR
• Example. Find the double integral 2xydA, where D is the triangular region with vertices
D
(0, 0), (1, 2), and (0, 3).
The equation of the line through the vertices (0, 0) and (1, 2) is

y = 2x
134 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

3
y = −x + 3
D

y = 2x
x
1

and the equation of the line through the vertices (1, 2) and (0, 3). is
y = −x + 3
So the domain D can be described by the inequalities
0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2x ≤ y ≤ −x + 3

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZ Z 1 Z 3−x
2xydA = 2xydydx
0 2x
D
Z 1
3−x
= xy2 2x
dx
0
Z 1
x(3 − x)2 − x(2x)2 dx

=
0
3 4 1
 
9 2 3
= x − 2x − x dx
2 4 0
7
=
4
• Integrals over Region D of type II. Let
D = {(x, y) | c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y)}

h1 (y) D h2 (y)

c
x

Fubini’s theorem. Then

ZZ Z d Z h2 (y)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy
c h1 (y)
D
4.2. LECTURE 21: DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS 135

• Example. Find the double integral

ZZ
ydA, D is bounded by y = x − 2, x = y2
D

2
x = y2
x = y+2
D x

−1

Setting two functions equal, we get

y2 = y + 2
Solving the equation, we obtain the intersection points y = −1 and y = 2. So the domain D
can be described by the inequalities

−1 ≤ y ≤ 2, y2 ≤ x ≤ y + 2

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZ Z 2 Z y+2
ydA = ydxdy
−1 y2
D
Z 2
= xy|y+2
y2
dy
−1
Z 2
y + 2)y − y2 y dx

=
−1
1 3 1 4 2
 
2
= y + y − y dx
3 4 −1
9
=
4
• Example. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + 3y2 and the planes
x = 0, y = 1, y = x and z = 0.

Setting two functions equal, we get

x=1
So the domain D can be described by the inequalities

0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x≤y≤1
136 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2 2
Surface of z=x +3y

z
1
0
0 D 0.5
1
0.5
0 1
y
x

y=1

D y=x

x
1

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZ
V = (x2 + 3y2 )dA
D
Z 1Z 1
= (x2 + 3y2 )dydx
0 x
Z 1
1
= (x2 y + y3 ) x dx
0
Z 1
(x2 + 13 ) − (x2 x + x3 ) dx

=
0
 1
1 3 1
= x + x − x4 dx
3 2 0
5
=
6
• Properties of Double Integrals:
RR RR
1. c f (x, y)dA = c f (x, y)dA
D D
RR RR RR
2. [ f (x, y) ± g(x, y)]dA = f (x, y)dA ± g(x, y)dA
D D D
3. If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) ∈ D, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA ≥ g(x, y)dA
D D
4.3. PROBLEMS SET 8 137

4. If D = D1 ∪ D2 and D1 and D2 do not overlap except on their boundaries, then

ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA
D D1 D2
RR
5. 1 dA = A(D) (the area of D).
D
6. If m ≤ f (x, y) ≤ M for all (x, y) ∈ D, then
ZZ
mA(D) ≤ f (x, y)dA ≤ MA(D)
D

• Exercise. Find the volume of the solid under the surface z = 1 + x2 y2 and above the region
enclosed by x = y2 and x = 4.
Surface of z=1+x2 y2

80

60

40
z

20
2
0
0 D 0
2
4 −2
y
x

Answer key,
Z 2Z 4
2336
ZZ
2 2
V= (1 + x y )dA = (1 + x2 y2 )dxdy =
−2 y2 27
D

4.3 Problems Set 8

Problems Set 8
Group 1:
1. Calculate the double integrals:
(sin(πy) + xy−1 )dA,
RR
(a) R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}.
R
(1 + x + y)dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = 3x.
RR
(b)
D
RR √
(c) 12ydA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 2 − x, y = x, and y = 0.
D

2. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder z = 16 − x2 and the
plane y = 5.
Group 2:
1. Calculate the double integrals:
138 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

y
D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 }.
RR
(a) 1+x5
dA,
D
RR
(b) xydA, D is enclosed by the curves x = 0, y = 2x + 1 and y = 5 − 2x.
D
RR 2
(c) y dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 1, y = 1 − x, and y = x − 1.
D

2. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + 3y2 and the planes x = 0, y =
1, y = x, z = 0

Group 3:

1. Calculate the double integrals:

RR
(a) (x + cos(πy))dA, R = [1, 3] × [1, 2].
R

(x + y)dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = 8 − x2 .

RR
(b)
D

3xydA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 2 − x, y = 0, and x = 4 − y2 .

RR
(c)
D

2. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the surface z = 1 + ex sin y and the planes x = 1, x =
−1, y = 0, y = π, and z = 0.

Group 4:

1. Calculate the double integrals:

(x2 + xy)dA,
RR
(a) R = [1, 2] × [−1, 1].
R
RR
(b) 2ydA, D is enclosed by the curves x = 1, y = 2x + 2 and y = −x − 1.
D

3x2 dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 0, y = x + 2, and y = 2x.

RR
(c)
D

2. Find the volume of the solid above the parabolic region R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1−x2 }
and between the places z = 1 and z = 2 − y.

Answer Keys
Group 1:

1. Calculate the double integrals:

(sin(πy) + xy−1 )dA,

RR
(a) R = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}.
R

ZZ Z 2 Z 2 
−1 −1
(sin(πy) + xy )dA = (sin(πy) + xy )dy dx
0 1
R
2
= 2 ln 2 −
π
4.3. PROBLEMS SET 8 139

10

y
4
D
2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

(1 + x + y)dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = 3x.

RR
1.
D

ZZ Z 3 Z 3x 
(1 + x + y)dA = (1 + x + y)dy dx
0 x2
D
549
=
20
RR √
1. 12ydA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 2 − x, y = x, and y = 0.
D

0.8

0.6
D
y

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x

ZZ Z 1 Z 2−y 
12ydA = 12ydx dy
0 y2
D
= 5

1. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder z = 16 − x2 and the
plane y = 5.

ZZ
V = (16 − x2 )dA
D
Z 5 Z 4 
2
= (16 − x )dx dy
0 0
= 640/3
140 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2
Surface of z=16−x

20

15

10

z
5

0
5
4
2
y 0 0
x

Group 2:
1. Calculate the double integrals:
y
D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 }.
RR
(a) 1+x5
dA,
D

Z 1 Z x2
!
y y
ZZ
dA = dy dx
1 + x5 0 0 1 + x5
D
ln 2
=
10
RR
1. xydA, D is enclosed by the curves x = 0, y = 2x + 1 and y = 5 − 2x.
D

3 D
y

1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x

ZZ Z 1 Z 5−2x 
xydA = xydy dx
0 2x+1
D
= 2
RR 2
1. y dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 1, y = 1 − x, and y = x − 1.
D

ZZ Z 1 Z 1+y 
2 2
y dA = y dx dy
0 1−y
D
= 1/2
4.3. PROBLEMS SET 8 141

0.8

0.6
D

y
0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x

Surface of z=x2+3y2
1

0.8 4
D
3
0.6
2

z
y

0.4 1

0
0.2 1
D
0
0.5
0 0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1
x x y

1. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + 3y2 and the planes x = 0, y =
1, y = x, z = 0

ZZ
V = (x2 + 3y2 )dA
D
Z 1 Z 1 
2 2
= (x + 3y )dy dx
0 x
= 5/6

Group 3:
1. Calculate the double integrals:
RR
(a) (x + cos(πy))dA, R = [1, 3] × [1, 2].
R

ZZ Z 3 Z 2 
(x + cos(πy))dA = (x + cos(πy))dy dx
0 1
R
= 4

(x + y)dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = x2 and y = 8 − x2 .

RR
1.
D

ZZ Z 2 Z 8−x2
!
(x + y)dA = (x + y)dy dx
−2 x2
D
256
=
3
142 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

4 D

y
2

0
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

1.5

0.5 D
y

−0.5

−1
0 1 2 3 4
x

3xydA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 2 − x, y = 0, and x = 4 − y2 .

RR
1.
D

ZZ Z 2 Z 4−y2
!
3xydA = 3xydx dy
−1 2−y
D
= 81/8

1. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the surface z = 1 + ex sin y and the planes x = 1, x =
−1, y = 0, y = π, and z = 0.
Surface of z=1+ex sin y

2
z

0
4
1
2
0
y 0 −1
x

ZZ
V = (1 + ex sin y)dA
D
Z π Z 1 
x
= (1 + e sin y)dx dy
0 −1
= 2π + 2(e − e−1 ).
4.3. PROBLEMS SET 8 143

Group 4:
1. Calculate the double integrals:
(x2 + xy)dA,
RR
(a) R = [1, 2] × [−1, 1].
R

ZZ Z 2 Z 1 
2
(x + cos(πy))dA = (x + xy)dy dx
1 −1
R
14
=
3
RR
1. 2ydA, D is enclosed by the curves x = 1, y = 2x + 2 and y = −x − 1.
D

1
y

D
0

−1

−2
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
x

ZZ Z 1 Z 2x+2 
2ydA = xydy dx
−1 −x−1
D
= 8

3x2 dA, D is enclosed by the curves y = 0, y = x + 2, and y = 2x.

RR
1.
D

2 D
y

0
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

ZZ Z 4 Z y/2 
2 2
3x dA = 3x dx dy
0 y−2
D
= 8
144 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of z=2−y
1

0.8 2

1.5
0.6
1

z
y
0.4 D 0.5

0
0.2 1 D
1
0.5
0 0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0
x y x

1. Find the volume of the solid above the parabolic region R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1−x2 }
and between the places z = 1 and z = 2 − y.

ZZ ZZ
V = (2 − y)dA − dA
D D
Z 1 Z 1−x2
! Z 1 Z 1−x2
!
= (2 − y)dy dx − dy dx
0 0 0 0

= 2/5

4.4 Lecture 22: Double Integrals In Polar Coordinates Part 1

• Read Section 14.3 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.3, problems 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39
from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Polar integral formula

2. Volume of a solid
3. Examples
ZZ
• Example. Find (2x − y)dA, where D is the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the
D
circles x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and y = x.
y
2 x 2 + y2 = 4
D
1
x2 + y2 = 1
π
4 x

It is not convenient to use the rectangular coordinates to calculate this double integral. If the
boundary of a domain can be described polar equations such as a circle or a part of a circle, it
is the time to use the polar coordinates to greatly simplify the calculations.
4.4. LECTURE 22: DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES PART 1 145

• Relation between polar and rectangular coordinates

x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , x2 + y2 = r2
• Polar rectangle:
R = {(r, θ ) | a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β }

D b
a
α β x

• Arc length of a sector of circle: s = rθ .

• Polar double integral formula. Since ds = rdθ and dA = dsdr = rdrdθ , we have
ZZ Z βZ b
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ , r sin θ )rdrdθ
α a
R
ZZ
• Example. Find (2x − y)dA, where D is the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the
D
circles x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and y = x.
y
2 x 2 + y2 = 4
D
1
x 2 + y2 = 1
π
4 x

The domain D can be described by the inequalities

1 ≤ r ≤ 2, π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
By the polar double integral formula, we obtain
ZZ Z π/2 Z 2
(2x − y)dA = (2r cos θ − r sin θ )rdrdθ
π/4 1
D
2
1 3
Z π/2
= r (2 cos θ − sin θ ) dθ
π/4 3 1
Z π/2  
1 1
= (2)3 − (1)3 (2 cos θ − sin θ )dθ
π/4 3 3
 π/2
7
= (2 sin θ + cos θ
3 π/4
√
14 7 2
= −
3 2
146 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

• Example. Find the volume of the solid below the paraboloid z = 18 − 2x2 − 2y2 and above
the xy-plane.

0
z

4
2
−50
−4 0
−2
0 −2 y
2
x 4 −4

The domain D is the intersection of the paraboloid with the xy-plane:

18 − 2x2 − 2y2 = 0

0 D
y

−2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

The domain D can be described by the inequalities

0 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
4.4. LECTURE 22: DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES PART 1 147

By the polar double integral formula, we obtain

ZZ
V = (18 − 2x2 − 2y2 )dA
D
Z 2π Z 3
= (18 − 2r2 )rdrdθ
0 0
1 4 3
Z 2π  
2
= 9r − r dθ
0 2 0
Z 2π  
2 1 4
= 9(3) − (3) dθ
0 2
2π
81
= θ
2 0
= 81π
R2R0
• Example. Find the iterated integral 0
√ x2 ydxdy by converting it to polar coordinates.
− 22 −y2
The domain D is described by the inequalities
p
0 ≤ y ≤ 2, − 22 − y2 ≤ x ≤ 0
The equation p
x = − 22 − y2
is the half circle on the left of the y-axis, centered at (0, 0) with the radius of 2. So the domain
D is as in the figure.
y
2
p
x = − 22 − y2 D
x
−2

In the polar coordinates, the domain D can be described by the inequalities

0 ≤ r ≤ 2, π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π
By the polar double integral formula, we obtain
Z 2Z 0 Z π Z 2
2
√ x ydxdy = r3 cos2 θ sin θ rdrdθ
0 − 22 −y2 π/2 0
2
1 5 2
Z π
= r cos θ sin θ dθ
π/2 5 0
1
Z π
= (2)5 cos2 θ sin θ dθ
5 π/2
π
32 3
= − cos θ
15 π/2
32
=
15
148 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
ZZ
• Exercise. Find sin(x2 + y2 )dA, where D is the region in the first quadrant between two
D
circles x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 = 9.
Answer key.
ZZ Z 2π Z 3
2 2
sin(x + y )dA = sin(r2 )rdrdθ = π(cos(1) − cos(9))
0 1
D

4.5 Lecture 23: Double Integrals In Polar Coordinates - part 2

• Read Section 14.3 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.3, problems 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Polar integral formula
2. Volume of a solid
3. Area
4. Examples
• Volume between two surfaces. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloids
z = 2x2 + y2 and z = 27 − x2 − 2y2 .

40

20
z

0
2
−20 0
−2
0 −2 y
2
x

The domain D is the disk bounded by intersection of the two paraboloids :

27 − x2 − 2y2 = 2x2 + y2
or
x2 + y2 = 9
The domain D can be described by the inequalities
0 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
4.5. LECTURE 23: DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES - PART 2 149

2
D

0≤r≤3
0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

y
−2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

By the polar double integral formula, we obtain

ZZ
V = (27 − x2 − 2y2 − (2x2 + y2 ))dA
D
Z 2π Z 3
= (27 − 3r2 )rdrdθ
0 0
27 2 3 4 3
Z 2π  
= r − r dθ
0 2 4 0
Z 2π  
27 2 3 4
= (3) − (3) dθ
0 2 4
2π
243
= θ
4 0
243π
=
2
• General polar region:

D = {(r, θ ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β , h1 (θ ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ )}

ZZ Z β Z h2 (θ )
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ , r sin θ )rdrdθ
α h1 (θ )
D
ZZ
• Example. Find xdA, where D is the region in the first quadrant that lies between the circles
D
x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 2x.
The polar equation for the circle x2 + y2 = 4 is r = 2 and the polar equation for the circle
x2 + y2 = 2x is
r2 = 2r cos θ , or r = 2 cos θ

So, in the polar coordinates, the domain D can be described by the inequalities

0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, 2 cos θ ≤ r ≤ 2
150 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

x2 + y2 = 4 or r = 2
D 2
r
x
x 2 + y2 = 2x or r = 2 cos θ

By the polar double integral formula, we obtain

ZZ Z π/2 Z 2
xdA = r2 cos θ drdθ
0 2 cos θ
D
2
1 3
Z π/2
= r cos θ dθ
0 3 2 cos θ
1
Z π/2
= [(2)3 − (2)3 cos3 θ ] cos θ dθ
0 3"
 #
1 + cos(2θ ) 2

8 π/2
Z
= cos θ − dθ
3 0 2
1+cos(4θ )
" #
8 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) +
Z π/2
2
= cos θ − dθ
3 0 4
 
8 π/2 3 cos(2θ ) cos(4θ )
Z
= cos θ − − − dθ
3 0 8 2 8
sin(2θ ) sin(4θ ) π/2
 
8 3
= sin θ − θ − −
3 8 4 32 0
8 π
= −
3 2
• Double integral formula for the Area of the region:
ZZ
A(D) = dA
D

• Area of the region D bounded by two curves y = f (x), y = g(x) ( f (x) ≥ g(x)), and two lines
x = a, x = b (a ≤ b):
Z b
A(D) = [ f (x) − g(x)]dx.
a

• Double integral formula for the area of the region D bounded by two curves y = f (x), y = g(x)
( f (x) ≥ g(x)), and two lines x = a, x = b (a ≤ b):
ZZ Z b Z f (x) Z b
A(D) = dA = dx dy = [ f (x) − g(x)]dx
a g(x) a
D
4.5. LECTURE 23: DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES - PART 2 151

• Area of the region enclosed by a polar curve r = h(θ ) and the rays θ = α and θ = β :

1 2
Z β
A= h (θ )dθ .
α 2

• Double integral formula for the Area of the region enclosed by a polar curve r = h(θ ) and
the rays θ = α and θ = β :

Z β Z h(θ )
1
ZZ Z β
A(D) = dA = rdrdθ = [h(θ )]2 dθ
α 0 α 2
D

• Example. Use a double integral to find the area of the region inside the circle (x − 1)2 + y2 = 1
and outside the circle x2 + y2 = 1.

π rD x
3
x2 + y2 = 1 or r = 1 (x − 1)2 + y2 = 1 or r = 2 cos θ

The polar equation for the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is r = 1 and the polar equation for the circle
(x − 1)2 + y2 = 1 is

(r cos θ − 1)2 + r2 sin2 θ = 1, or r = 2 cos θ

At the intersection of the two curves, we have

π
2 cos θ = 1, or θ =
3

So, in the polar coordinates, the domain D can be described by the inequalities

−π/3 ≤ θ ≤ π/3, 1 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ

152 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

By the polar double integral formula, we obtain

ZZ
A(D) = dA
D
Z π/3 Z 2 cos θ
= rdrdθ
−π/3 1

1 2 2 cos θ
Z π/3
= r dθ
−π/3 2 1
1
Z π/3
= [(2)2 cos2 θ − 1]dθ
−π/3 2
 
1 π/3 1 + cos(2θ )
Z
= 4 − 1 dθ
2 −π/3 2
1 π/3
Z
= [1 + 2 cos(2θ )] dθ
2 −π/3
1 π/3
= [θ + sin(2θ )]−π/3
2√
3 π
= +
2 3
√
2p
• Exercise. Find the iterated integral 02 0 2x−x x2 + y2 dydx by converting it to polar coor-
R R

dinates.
Answer key.
Z 2 Z √2x−x2 p Z π/2 Z 2 cos θ
16
x2 + y2 dydx = r2 drdθ =
0 0 0 0 9

4.6 Lecture 24: Surface Area

• Read Section 14.5 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 14.5, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37
from the textbook.

• Outline:

1. Derivation of surface area formula

2. Examples

• Derivation of Surface Area formula. As an application of the double integrals, we briefly

derive the formula of the area of the surface given by z = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D.
a·b
• Theorem: a · b = |a||b| cos θ or cos θ = |a||b| .

• Projection of a rectangle.
4.6. LECTURE 24: SURFACE AREA 153

b
θ
a

n ∆T
nt
θ α at ∆A b
θ
a

∆A is the projection of a rectangle ∆T . n is the normal vector of ∆A and nt is the normal

vector of ∆T . Because both angles θ are equal to π/2 − α, they are equal. So
n · nt
∆A = ab = at cos θ b = ∆T cos θ = ∆T
|n||nt |

|n||nt |
∆T = ∆A
n · nt
• The normal vector of the tangent plane to the surface z = f (x, y) is n = h− fx , − fy , 1i.
• Tangent plane approximation.
z
n = h0, 0, 1i z = f (x, y)
nt = h− fx , − fy , 1i
∆T
∆S
y

∆A
x

So p
|n||nt | 1· [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1
∆S ≈ ∆T = ∆A = ∆A
n · nt 1
• The area of the surface z = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D is
ZZ q
A(S) = [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1dA
D

• Example. Find the area of the part of the plane z = 2 + 3x + 4y that lies above the rectangle
[0, 5] × [1, 4].

Find the partial derivatives:

zx = 3, zy = 4
154 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

20

z
4

0
2 2 y
4
x

So
ZZ q
A(S) = [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1dA
D
ZZ q
= [3]2 + [4]2 + 1dA
D
Z 5Z 4√
= 26dydx
0 1
√
= 15 26
• Example. Find the area of the surface z = 1+3x+2y2 that lies above the triangle with vertices
(0,0), (0,1), and (2,1).

10
z

2
0
0 1
1 y
2
x 3 0

y
y=1
1
0 ≤ x ≤ 2y
0≤y≤1 y = x/2
D
x
0 2

Find the partial derivatives:

zx = 3, zy = 4y
The domain D is described by
0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2y
4.6. LECTURE 24: SURFACE AREA 155

So
ZZ q
A(S) = [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1dA
D
ZZ q
= [3]2 + [4y]2 + 1dA
D
Z 1 Z 2y q
= 10 + [4y]2 dxdy
0 0
Z 1
q
= 2y 10 + [4y]2 dy (Set u = 10 + [4y]2 )
0
1 26 √ 1  3/2
Z 
= udu = 26 − 103/2
16 10 24

• Example. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 that lies above the xy-
plane.

0
z

−10
2
0
−2
0 −2 y
2
x

2
0≤r≤2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

Find the partial derivatives:

zx = −2x, zy = −2y

The domain D is the intersection of the surface with the xy-plane:

4 − x2 − y2 = 0

and, in the polar coordinates, it is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤2
156 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

So
ZZ q
A(S) = [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1dA
D
ZZ q
= [−2x]2 + [−2y]2 + 1dA
D
Z 2π Z 2 p
= (Set u = 1 + 4r2 )
1 + 4r2 rdrdθ
0 0
1 2π 17 √
Z Z
π  3/2 
= ududθ = 17 − 1
8 0 1 6
• Exercise. Find the area of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 that lies above the plane z = 1.
Answer key.
Z 2π Z √3
2
A(S) = √ rdrdθ (Set u = 4 − r2 )
0 0 4 − r2
= 4π

4.7 Problems Set 9

Problems Set 9
Group 1:
y2
dA, D is the region that lies between the circles x2 +
RR
1. Calculate the double integrals x2 +y2
D
y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 9.
p
2. Find the volume of the solid under the cone z = x2 + y2 and above the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 4.
3. Find the area of the potion of the plane z = 12 − 3x − 2y in the first octant.
R 3 R √9−x2
4. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: −3 0 cos(x2 + y2 )dydx
Group 2:
p
xy2 dA, D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y2 .
RR
1. Calculate the double integrals
D

2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloid z = 8 − x2 − 3y2 and the hyperbolic
paraboloid z = x2 − y2 .
3. Find the area of the potion of the paraboloid z = 16 − x2 − y2 in the first octant.
√
R 4 R 16−y2
4. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: −4 0 (16 − x2 − y2 )dxdy
Group 3:
RR 2
1. Calculate the double integrals x ydA, D is the top half of the disk with center the origin
D
and radius 5.
4.7. PROBLEMS SET 9 157

2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the hyperboloid −x2 − y2 + z2 = 1 and the plance
z = 2.
3. Find the area of the potion of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 25 inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 9.
R 1 R √2−y2
4. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: 0 y (x + y)dxdy
Group 4:
RR −x2 −y2 p
1. Calculate the double integrals e dA, D is enclosed by the semicircle x = 4 − y2 and
D
the y-axis.
p
2. Find the volume of the solid above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 =
1.
p
3. Find the area of the potion of the cone z = 2 x2 + y2 inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4.
R 2 R √2x−x2 p
4. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: 0 0 x2 + y2 dydx
Answer Keys
Group 1:
y2
D is the region that lies between the circles x2 +
RR
1. Calculate the double integrals x2 +y2
dA,
D
y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 9.

0 D
y

−1

−2

−3
−2 0 2
x

y2
ZZ Z 2π Z 3 
2
dA = r sin (θ )dr dθ
x2 + y2 0 1
D
= 4π.
p
1. Find the volume of the solid under the cone z = x2 + y2 and above the disk x2 + y2 ≤ 4.

ZZ p
V = x2 + y2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 2 
2
= r dr dθ
0 0
= 16π/3.
158 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

2 2 1/2
Surface of z=(x +y )

2.5
2
1.5

z
1
0.5

2
D 2
0
0
y −2 −2
x

Surface of z= 12−3x−2y
6

5
10
4
z

y
5

2
0 D
1
5 D 4
2 0
0 0 0 1 2 3 4
y x x

1. Find the area of the potion of the plane z = 12 − 3x − 2y in the first octant.
Since
∂z
= −3
∂x
∂z
= −2,
∂x
we have
s
∂z 2
  2 
∂z
ZZ
S = 1+ + dA
D ∂x ∂y
ZZ q
= 1 + (−3)2 + (−2)2 dA
D
√ Z 4 Z (12−3x)/2
 
= 14 dy dx
0 0
√
= 12 14.
R 3 R √9−x2
1. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: −3 0 cos(x2 + y2 )dydx

Z 3 Z √9−x2 ZZ
cos(x2 + y2 )dydx = cos(x2 + y2 )dA
−3 0
D
Z π Z 3 
= r cos(r)dr dθ
0 0
= π(cos(3) + 3 sin(3) − 1).

Group 2:
4.7. PROBLEMS SET 9 159

2
D

y
1

0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

p
xy2 dA, D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y2 .
RR
1. Calculate the double integrals
D

0.5

0 D
y

−0.5

−1
0.5 1
x

ZZ Z π/2 Z 1 
2 4 2
xy dA = r cos(θ ) sin (θ )dr dθ
−π/2 0
D
= 2/15.
1. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the paraboloid z = 8 − x2 − 3y2 and the hyperbolic
paraboloid z = x2 − y2 .
Surface of z=8−x2−3y2

8
6
4
z

2
2
0 D
2 0
0
−2 −2 x
y

ZZ
V = (8 − x2 − 3y2 − (x2 − y2 ))dA
D
Z 2π Z 2 
2
= (8 − 2r )rdr dθ
0 0
= 16π.
160 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

1. Find the area of the potion of the paraboloid z = 16 − x2 − y2 in the first octant.
Surface of z=16−x2−y2
4

15 3

10
2

y
z
5
D
0 1
4
D 4
2 3
2 0
1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
y 0
x x

Since
∂z
= −2x
∂x
∂z
= −2y,
∂x
we have
s
∂z 2
  2 
∂z
ZZ
S = 1+ + dA
D ∂x ∂y
ZZ q
= 1 + (−2x)2 + (−2y)2 dA
D
Z π/2 Z 4 p 
= r 1 + 4r2 dr dθ
0 0
√
= π(65 65 − 1)/24.
√
R4 R 16−y2
1. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: −4 0 (16 − x2 − y2 )dxdy

0 D
y

−2

−4
1 2 3 4
x

Z 4 Z √16−y2 ZZ
2 2
(16 − x − y )dxdy = (16 − x2 − y2 )dA
−4 0
D
Z π/2 Z 4 
2
= (16 − r )rdr dθ
−π/2 0
= 64π.
4.7. PROBLEMS SET 9 161

Group 3:
RR 2
1. Calculate the double integrals x ydA, D is the top half of the disk with center the origin
D
and radius 5.

3
D

y
2

0
−5 0 5
x

ZZ Z π Z 5 
2 4 2
x ydA = r cos (θ ) sin(θ )dr dθ
0 0
D
= 1250/3.

1. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the hyperboloid −x2 − y2 + z2 = 1 and the plance
z = 2.
Surface of z2=1+x2+y2

2
z

0
1 D
0 1
0
−1 −1
y x

ZZ p
V = (2 − 1 + x2 + y2 )dA
D
Z √3
Z 2π
!
p
= (2 − 1 + r2 )rdr dθ
0 0

= 4π/3.

1. Find the area of the potion of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 25 inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 9.
162 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of x2+y2+z2=25

2
5
4 1
3
0 D

y
z
2
1 −1
0
2 D −2
0 2
0
−2 −2 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y x x

Since
∂z x
= −p
∂x 25 − x2 − y2
∂z y
= −p ,
∂x 25 − x2 − y2
we have
s
∂z 2
  2 
∂z
ZZ
S = 2 1+ + dA
D ∂x ∂y
v !2 !2
ZZ u u
t1 + − p x y
= 2 + −p dA
D 25 − x2 − y2 25 − x2 − y2
Z 2π Z 3 
5r
= 2 √ dr dθ
0 0 25 − r2
= 20π.
R 1 R √2−y2
1. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates: 0 y (x + y)dxdy

0.8

0.6
y

0.4

D
0.2

0
0 0.5 1
x

Z 1 Z √2−y2 ZZ
(x + y)dxdy = (x + y)dA
0 y
D
Z √2
Z π/4
!
= (cos(θ ) + sin(θ ))r2 dr dθ
0 0
√
= 2 2/3.
4.7. PROBLEMS SET 9 163

Group 4:
RR −x2 −y2 p
1. Calculate the double integrals e dA, D is enclosed by the semicircle x = 4 − y2 and
D
the y-axis.

0 D

y
−1

−2
0.5 1 1.5 2
x

ZZ Z π Z 2 
−x2 −y2 −r2
e = re dr dθ
0 0
D
= −π(exp(−4) − 1)/2.
p
1. Find the volume of the solid above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 =
1.
Surface of z2=1−x2−y2

0.5
z

0
0.5 D
0.5
0
0
−0.5 −0.5
y x

ZZ p p 
V = 1 − x2 − y2 − x2 + y2 dA
D
Z √1/2 p
Z 2π
!

= 1 − r2 − r rdr dθ
0 0
 √ 
= π 2 − 2 /3.

p
1. Find the area of the potion of the cone z = 2 x2 + y2 inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 4.
164 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of z=2(x2+y2)1/2

1.5
4
1
3 0.5
2 0 D

y
z
1 −0.5

0 −1

1 D 2 −1.5
0 1
−1 0
−1 −1 0 1 2
y x x

Since
∂z 2x
= p
∂x x2 + y2
∂z 2y
= p ,
∂x x2 + y2
we have
s
∂z 2
  2 
∂z
ZZ
S = 1+ + dA
D ∂x ∂y
v !2 !2
ZZ u
t1 + p 2x 2y
u
= + p dA
D x2 + y2 x2 + y2
√ Z 2π Z 2
 
= 5 rdr dθ
0 0
√
= 4π 5.

1. Evaluate the integral by converting to polar coordinates:

R 2 R √2x−x2 p
0 0 x2 + y2 dydx

0.5 D
y

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x

Z 2 Z √2x−x2 p ZZ p
x2 + y2 dydx = x2 + y2 dA
0 0
D
Z π/2 Z 2 cos(θ ) 
2
= r dr dθ
0 0
= 16/9.
4.8. LECTURE 25: TRIPLE INTEGRALS 165

4.8 Lecture 25: Triple Integrals

• Read Section 14.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.6, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Definition of triple integral
2. Fubini’s Theorem
3. Examples
• Volume under a surface z = f (x, y) ≥ 0 on the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d]:
m n
V = lim
m,n→∞
∑ ∑ f (xi∗j , y∗i j )∆A.
i=1 j=1

• Double Riemann sum

m n
∑ ∑ f (xi∗j , y∗i j )∆A.
i=1 j=1

• Double integral of f over the rectangle R = [a, b] × [c, d]:

ZZ m n
f (x, y)dA = ∑ ∑ f (xi∗j , y∗i j )∆A
lim
m,n→∞
R i=1 j=1
= Volume under a surface over R.

• Triple integral of f over the box B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s] = {(x, y, z) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤

d, r ≤ z ≤ s}:
ZZZ l m n
f (x, y, z)dV = lim ∑ ∑ ∑ f (xi∗jk , y∗i jk , z∗i jk )∆V
l,m,n→∞ i=1 j=1 k=1
B
l m n
= lim ∑ ∑ ∑ f (xi, y j , zk )∆V.
l,m,n→∞ i=1 j=1 k=1

• Fubini’s Theorem for Double Integrals. Let R = [a, b] × [c, d]. Then
ZZ Z bZ d Z dZ b
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dxdy
a c c a
R

• Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals. Let B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s]. Then
ZZZ Z sZ dZ b
f (x, y, z)dA = f (x, y, z)dxdydz
r c a
B

We can also integrate in any other orders.

166 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
RRR
• Example. Find the triple integral B (x + y + z)dV , where B = [0, 1] × [−1, 1] × [0, 2].
By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain
ZZZ Z 1Z 1 Z 2
(x + y + z)dV = (x + y + z)dzdydx
B −1 0
0
1 2 2
Z 1Z 1  
= xz + yz + z dydx
0 −1 2 z=0
Z 1Z 1
= (2x + 2y + 2) dydx
0 −1
Z 1
1
= 2xy + y2 + 2y y=−1 dx
0
Z 1
2x + 12 + 2 − (−2x + (−1)2 − 2) dx


=
0

1
= 2x2 + 4x 0
= 6

• Double integrals over region D of type I. Let

D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

y
g2 (x)

D
R

g1 (x) x
a b

Then ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx
a g1 (x)
D

• Triple integral of f over the general region of type I. Let E = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤
z ≤ u2 (x, y)} where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane.
Then ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (x,y) 
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
u1 (x,y)
E D
RRR
• Example. Find E sin ydV where E lies below the plane z = x and above the triangular
region with vertices (0, 0, 0), (π, 0, 0), and (0, π, 0).
The solid E is described by
(x, y) ∈ D, 0≤z≤x
4.8. LECTURE 25: TRIPLE INTEGRALS 167

z z = u2 (x, y)

z = u1 (x, y)
y

x D

z y

y = π −x
z=x y D x
D 0 π
x

and the domain D is described by

0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ π −x
.
By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain
ZZZ ZZ Z x
sin ydV = sin ydzdA
E ZZD 0
= z sin y|xz=0 dA
ZZD
= x sin ydA
D
Z π Z π−x
= x sin ydydx
0
Z π0
= − x cos y|π−x
y=0 dx
Z0π
= − x[cos(π − x) − 1]dx (integration by parts)
 0
1 2 π

= x sin(π − x) − cos(π − x) + x
2 0
π2
= −2
2
• The volume of E: ZZZ
V (E) = dV
E

• Example. Find the volume of the solid between the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 19 and the hyper-
boloid z2 − x2 − y2 = 1 for z > 0.
168 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

z
2
2
0
−2
0 −2 y
2
x

The domain D is the disk bounded by the intersection of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 19 and the
hyperboloid z2 − x2 − y2 = 1. To find the intersection equation, we solve the hyperboloid equation
for z2 to obtain

z2 = 1 + x2 + y2

Plugging it into the sphere equation, we obtain

x2 + y2 + 1 + x2 + y2 = 19

or

x2 + y2 = 9

3
0≤r≤3
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

So the solid E is described by

p p
(x, y) ∈ D, 1 + x2 + y2 ≤ z ≤ 19 − x2 − y2

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤3
4.9. LECTURE 26: TRIPLE INTEGRALS - PART 2 169

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZZ
V = dV
E
ZZ Z √19−x2 −y2
= √ dzdA
D 1+x2 +y2
ZZ hp p i
= 19 − x2 − y2 − 1 + x2 + y2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 3 hp p i
= 19 − r2 − 1 + r2 rdrdθ
0 0
√ √
Z 19 Z 10 
= π udu − udu (Using u = 19 − r2 , u = 1 + r2 )
10 1
2π  
= 1 + 193/2 − 2 · 103/2
3
RRR
• Self-test. Find E 6xydV where E lies√below the plane z = 1 + x + y and above the region in
the xy-plane bounded by the curve y = x, y = 0 and x = 1.
Answer key
Z 1 Z √x Z 1+x+y
65
ZZZ
6xydV = 6xydzdydx =
E 0 0 0 28

4.9 Lecture 26: Triple Integrals - part 2

• Read Section 14.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.6, problems 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35 from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Fubini’s Theorem for types II and III domains

2. Examples

• Triple integral of f over the general region of type II. Let E = {(x, y, z) | (y, z) ∈ D u1 (y, z) ≤
x ≤ u2 (y, z)} where D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane.

x = u1 (y, z)

x = u2 (y, z)
x
170 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (y,z) 
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dx dA
u1 (y,z)
E D

where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid x = 4y2 + 4z2 and

RRR
• Example. Find E xdV
the plane x = 4.

0
z

1
−1
0
1
2 y
3
x 4 −1

The domain D is the disk bounded by the intersection of the paraboloid x = 4y2 + 4z2 and the
plane x = 4:
4y2 + 4z2 = 4

or
y2 + z2 = 1

1
0≤r≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π y

So the solid E is described by

(y, z) ∈ D, 4y2 + 4z2 ≤ x ≤ 4

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤1
4.9. LECTURE 26: TRIPLE INTEGRALS - PART 2 171

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZZ ZZ Z 4
xdV = xdxdA
E D 4y2 +4z2
1
ZZ 
16 − (4y2 + 4z2 )2 dA

=
2 D
Z 2π Z 1 
1 − r4 rdrdθ

= 8
0 0
1 2 1 6 1
 
= 16π r − r
2 6 0
16π
=
3
• Triple integral of f over the general region of type III. Let E = {(x, y, z) | (x, z) ∈ D u1 (x, z) ≤
y ≤ u2 (x, z)} where D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane.

D
y = u1 (x, z) y = u2 (x, z)
y

Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (x,z) 
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dy dA
u1 (x,z)
E D

RRR √
• Example. Find E x2 + z2 dV where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x2 + z2
and the plane y = 4.

0
z

4
−2
−2 2
−1 y
0
1
x 2
172 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

The domain D is the disk bounded by the intersection of the paraboloid y = x2 + z2 and the
plane y = 4:
x2 + z2 = 4

2
0≤r≤2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

So the solid E is described by

(x, z) ∈ D, x2 + z2 ≤ y ≤ 4

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤2

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZZ p ZZ Z 4 p
x2 + z2 dV = x2 + z2 dydA
E x +z 2 2
ZZD p
x2 + z2 4 − (x2 + z2 ) dA
 
=
D
Z 2π Z 2 
r 4 − r2 rdrdθ

=
0 0
4 3 1 5 2
 
= 2π r − r
3 5 0
128π
=
15
• Changing the Order of Integration. Rewrite the integral
Z 4 Z √16−x2 Z √16−x2 −z2
dydzdx
0 0 0

in the order dxdydz.

The domain D is determined by
p
0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0≤z≤ 16 − x2

It is one quarter of the disk

4.9. LECTURE 26: TRIPLE INTEGRALS - PART 2 173

4
D
0≤r≤4
x

So the solid E is described by

p
(x, z) ∈ D, 0≤y≤ 16 − x2 − z2
√
Since y = 16 − x2 − z2 is a half sphere, the solid E is the solid above the domain D and below
the sphere:

2
z

D
0
2
1 y
2
3
x 0

On the yz-plane, the domain D is determined by

p
0 ≤ z ≤ 4, 0≤y≤ 16 − z2

It is one quarter of the disk:

z

4
D
0≤r≤4
y

So the solid E is described by

p
(y, z) ∈ D, 0≤x≤ 16 − y2 − z2

Thus,
Z 4 Z √16−x2 Z √16−x2 −z2 Z 4 Z √16−z2 Z √16−y2 −z2
dydzdx = dxdydz
0 0 0 0 0 0

• Exercise. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the paraboloids y = x2 + z2 and y =
8 − x 2 − z2 .
174 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

D
2

z
0
0 2
1 y
2
3
x

Answer key.
ZZZ Z 2π Z 2
V= dV = (8 − 2r2 )rdrdθ = 16π
E 0 0

4.10 Problems Set 10

Problems Set 10
Group 1:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) xdV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
RRRB
(b) ydV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, x − y ≤ z ≤ x + y.
RRRE
(c) E 6xydV , where E lies under the √ plane z = 1 + x + y and above the region in the xy-
plane bounded by the curves y = x, y = 0, and x = 1.
2. Find the volume of the tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane 2x + y +
z = 4.
Group 2:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) ydV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
RRRB
(b) (x + y + z)dV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ xy.
RRRE 2 2
(c) E xydV , where E is bounded by the parabolic cylinders y = x and x = y and the
planes z = 0 and z = x + y.
p
2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by below by the cone z = x2 + y2 and bounded above
by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 8..
Group 3:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) zdV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
RRRB
(b) E 2ydV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, y ≤ z ≤ 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ z.
4.10. PROBLEMS SET 10 175

where E is bounded by the paraboloid x = y2 + z2 and the plane x = 4.

RRR
(c) E xdV ,

2. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the cylinder x2 + z2 = 4 and the planes y = −1 and
y + z = 4.

Group 4:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) B dV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ y − z.
RRR
(b) E (2x − y)dV ,
where E is bounded by the cylinder y2 + z2 = 9 and the plane x = 0, y = 3x and
RRR
(c) E zdV ,
z = 0 in the first octant.
2. Find the volume of the wedge bounded by the parabolic cylinder y = x2 and the plane z = 3−y
and z = 0.
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) B xdV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
xdV = xdzdydx = 3.
B 0 0 0
RRR
(b) E ydV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, x − y ≤ z ≤ x + y.
ZZZ Z 3 Z x Z x+y
ydV = ydzdydx = 27/2.
E 0 0 x−y
RRR
1. √ the plane z = 1 + x + y and above the region in the xy-plane
E 6xydV , where E lies under
bounded by the curves y = x, y = 0, and x = 1.
ZZZ ZZ Z 1+x+y
6xydV = 6xydzdA
E D 0
Z 1 Z √x Z 1+x+y
= 6xydzdydx
0 0 0
= 65/28.

Surface of z= 1+x+y
1
3
0.8

2
0.6
z

1 0.4
D
0.2
0
1 D 1
0.5 0.5 0
0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y x x
176 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane 2x + y +
z = 4.

ZZZ ZZ Z 4−2x−y
V= dV = dzdA
E D 0
Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y
= dzdydx
0 0 0
= 16/3.

Surface of z=4−2x − y
4

4
3
2

0 2

y
z

D
−2
1 D
−4
4
2
2 1 0
0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y x x

Group 2:

1. Calculate the triple integrals:

RRR
(a) B ydV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].

ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
ydV = ydzdydx = 6.
B 0 0 0
RRR
(b) E (x + y + z)dV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ xy.

ZZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z xy
(x + y + z)dV = (x + y + z)dzdxdy = 7/36.
E 0 y 0

where E is bounded by the parabolic cylinders y = x2 and x = y2 and the planes

RRR
1. E xydV ,
z = 0 and z = x + y.

ZZZ ZZ Z x+y
xydV = xydzdA
E D 0
Z 1 Z √x Z x+y
= xydzdydx
0 x2 0
= 3/28.

p
1. Find the volume of the solid bounded by below by the cone z = x2 + y2 and bounded above
4.10. PROBLEMS SET 10 177

Surface of z= x+y
1

2 0.8

1.5
0.6
1

y
D
0.5 0.4

0
1 D 0.2
1
0.5
0.5 0
0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y x x

by the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 8.
ZZZ
V = dV
E
ZZ Z √8−r2
= dzdA
D r
Z 2π Z 2 Z √8−r2
= rdzdrdθ
0 0 r
√
= 32π( 2 − 1)/3.

2 2 2
Surface of x +y +z = 8
2

1
2
0 D
y
z

0 −1
D
1 2
0 1
−1 0 −2
−1 −2 −1 0 1 2
y x x

Group 3:
1. Calculate the triple integrals:
RRR
(a) B zdV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
zdV = zdzdydx = 9.
B 0 0 0
RRR
(b) E 2ydV , where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 4, y ≤ z ≤ 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ z.
ZZZ Z 4Z 4Z z
2ydV = 2ydxdzdy = 64.
E 0 y 0

where E is bounded by the paraboloid x = y2 + z2 and the plane x = 4.

RRR
1. E xdV ,
ZZZ ZZ Z 4
xdV = xdxdA
E D r2
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4
= xrdxdrdθ
0 0 r2
= 64π/3.
178 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of x = y2+z2
2

4
1
3

2 0 D

z
x
1

0 −1
2
D 2
0
0 −2
−2 −2 −2 −1 0 1 2
z y y

1. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the cylinder x2 + z2 = 4 and the planes y = −1 and
y + z = 4.
ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z Z 4−r sin(θ )
= dxdA
D −1
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4−r sin(θ )
= rdxdrdθ
0 0 −1
= 20π.

Surface of y = 4−z
2

6
1
4

D
y

0
z

0
D −1
2
2
0
0 −2
−2 −2 −2 −1 0 1 2
z x x

Group 4:

1. Calculate the triple integrals:

RRR
(a) B dV , where B = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].

ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
xdV = dzdydx = 6.
B 0 0 0

where E = {(x, y, z) | 0 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ z2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ y − z.
RRR
(b) E (2x − y)dV ,

ZZZ Z 2 Z z2 Z y−z
(2x − y)dV = (2x − y)dxdydz = 16/15.
E 0 0 0

where E is bounded by the cylinder y2 + z2 = 9 and the plane x = 0, y = 3x and

RRR
1. E zdV ,
z = 0 in the first octant.
4.11. LECTURE 27: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 179

ZZZ Z Z r cos(θ )/3

zdV = zdxdA
E D 0
Z π/2 Z 3 Z r cos(θ )/3
= r2 sin(θ )dxdrdθ
0 0 0
= 27/8.

Surface of y = 3x
3

1 2.5

0.5
x

1.5

z
1 D
0
3 D 0.5
2 0
1 1
2 0
3 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y z y

1. Find the volume of the wedge bounded by the parabolic cylinder y = x2 and the plane z = 3−y
and z = 0.
ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z Z 3−y
= dzdA
D 0
Z 3 Z √y Z 3−y
= √ dzdxdy
0 − y 0
√
= 24 3/5.

Surface of z= 3−y
3

2.5
3

2
2
D
z

1.5
y

1
1
0
3 D 0.5
2 1
1 0 0
−1 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
y 0
x x

4.11 Lecture 27: Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

• Read Section 14.7 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.7, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 from the textbook.
• Outline:

1. Triple integral formula in cylindrical coordinates

2. Examples
180 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

P(r, θ )

r
θ

O
Polar axis x
Pole

• Polar coordinate system r, θ are called polar coordinates of a point P.

• Conversion between polar and rectangular coordinates
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .
y
r2 = x2 + y2 , tan θ = .
x
• Cylindrical coordinates (r, θ , z).
z

(x, y, z)
P (r, θ , z)
y
r
x
θ
x y

• Conversion between cylindrical and rectangular coordinates

x = r cos θ ,
y = r sin θ , z=z
y
r2 = x2 + y2 , tan θ = , z = z.
x
• Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates:
D = {(r, θ ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β , h1 (θ ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ )}
ZZ Z β Z h2 (θ )
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ , r sin θ )rdrdθ
α h1 (θ )
D

• Formula for triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates. Let

E = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}
and
D = {(r, θ ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β , h1 (θ ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ )}
Then
ZZZ ZZ Z u2 (x,y) 
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
u1 (x,y)
E D
Z β Z h2 (θ ) Z u2 (r cos θ ,r sin θ )
= f (r cos θ , r sin θ , z)rdzdrdθ
α h1 (θ ) u1 (r cos θ ,r sin θ )
4.11. LECTURE 27: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 181

• Example. Find E x2 dV , where E is the solid that lies within the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1, above
RRR

the plane z = 0, and below the cone z2 = 4x2 + 4y2 .

z 1
0
0
−1
0 y
1 −1
x

The domain D is the disk bounded by the circle:

x2 + y2 = 1

1
0≤r≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

So the solid E is described by

p
(x, y) ∈ D, 0≤z≤ 4x2 + 4y2

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤1
182 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZZ ZZ Z √4x2 +4y2
x2 dV = x2 dzdA
E ZZD 0p
= x2 4x2 + 4y2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 1
= 2r4 cos2 θ drdθ
0 0
2 2π
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
5 0
2 2π 1 + cos 2θ
Z
= dθ
5 0 2
 2π
1 1 2π
= θ + sin 2θ =
5 2 0 5
• Example. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder r = 1 and r = 2, and the plane
z = 4 − x − y and z = 0.

5
z

0 2

−2 0
0 y
2 −2
x

The domain D is the washer between two circles:

r = 1, r=2

D 2

1≤r≤2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π 1
x

So the solid E is described by

(x, y) ∈ D, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4−x−y
4.11. LECTURE 27: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 183

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 1≤r≤2

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

ZZZ ZZ Z 4−x−y ZZ
V = V= dzdA = (4 − x − y)dA
E D 0 D
Z 2π Z 2
= (4 − r cos θ − r sin θ )rdrdθ
0 1
Z 2π  2
2 1 3
= 2r − r (cos θ + sin θ ) dθ
0 3 1
Z 2π  
7
= 6 − (cos θ + sin θ ) dθ
0 3
 2π
7
= 6θ − (sin θ − cos θ ) = 12π
3 0
√
R 1 R 1/2 R 1−y2 2
• Example. Find the integral 0 0 √
3y
(x + y2 )1/2 dxdydz by using cylindrical coordi-
nates.
The domain D is determined by
1
0 ≤ z ≤ 1, 0≤y≤
2
It is a rectangle.
z

So the solid E is described by

√ p
(y, z) ∈ D, 3y ≤ x ≤ 1 − y2
√ p
Since x = 3y is a plane and x = 1 − y2 is a cylinder, the solid E is the solid above the plane
and below the cylinder with the projection on to yz-plane being the√rectangular domain D:
In the cylindrical coordinates, since the angle of the line x = 3y with the x-axis is π/6, the
domain D is a sector:
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/6
So the solid E is described by

(x, y) ∈ D, 0≤z≤1
184 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

p
x= 1 − y2
1
D

0.5

z
√
x= 3y
0 0.4
0 0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 y
0.8 1 0
x

0≤r≤1 1

π/6 D x

and the domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ π/6, 0≤r≤1

By the Fubini’s theorem, we obtain

Z Z 1Z √ 1/2 1−y2 ZZ Z 1
√ (x2 + y2 )1/2 dxdydz = (x2 + y2 )1/2 dzdA
0 0 3y D 0
ZZ
= (x2 + y2 )1/2 dA
D
Z π/6 Z 1
= r2 drdθ
0 0
π
=
18
where E is enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane
RRR
• Self-test. Find E zdV ,
z = 4.
Answer key.
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4
64π
ZZZ
zdV = zrdzdrdθ =
E 0 0 r2 3

4.12 Lecture 28: Spherical Coordinates

• Read Section 14.7 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.7, problems 31 and 33, from the textbook.
• Outline:
4.12. LECTURE 28: SPHERICAL COORDINATES 185

1. Spherical coordinates
2. Triple integral formula in spherical Coordinates
3. Examples
• Spherical coordinates P(ρ, θ , φ ) of a point P.
ρ ≥ 0, 0≤φ ≤π

• Conversion between spherical and rectangular coordinates. From the figure, we can see that
r = ρ sin φ , z = ρ cos φ , x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .
So
x = ρ cos θ sin φ , y = ρ sin θ sin φ , z = ρ cos φ
From the figure, we can also see that
x2 + y2 = r2 , r2 + z2 = ρ 2 .
So y z z
ρ 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 , tan θ = , cos φ = =p .
x ρ x + y2 + z2
2

• Example. Plot the point with spherical coordinates (3, π/2, 3π/4) and find its rectangular
coordinates.
√
• Example. Find the spherical coordinates of the point with the rectangular coordinates (−1, 1, − 2).
• Example. Describe the surface given by the spherical equation:
θ = π/4 ρ = 2, φ = π/3, ρ = sin θ sin φ

• Example. Write the equation in spherical coordinates

z2 = x2 + y2

Using the above equations, we derive that

(ρ cos φ )2 = r2 = (ρ sin φ )2 .
Dividing the equation by (ρ sin φ )2 , we obtain
(tan φ )2 = 1
186 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

and then
tan φ = ±1.
So
π 3π
, . φ=
4 4
p
• Example. A solid lies above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = z.
Write a description of the solid in terms of inequalities involving spherical coordinates.
Surface of x2+y2+z2 = z

0.5

z
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
y −0.5 −0.5
x

Setting x = 0 in the cone equation, we obtain

z=y
In the yz-plane, we have
z
tan φ = = 1.
y
So φ = π/4.
Using coordinates conversion equations, the sphere equation is converted to
ρ 2 = ρ cos φ
and then
ρ = cos φ .
So the solid can be described by
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos φ .
• Formula for triple integrals in spherical coordinates. Let E be the spherical wedge:
E = {(ρ, θ , φ ) | a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β , c ≤ φ ≤ d}

Then
ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dV
E
Z dZ βZ b
= f (ρ cos θ sin φ , ρ sin θ sin φ , ρ cos φ )ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
c α a

2 + y2 + z2 )dV ,
RRR
• Example. Find B (x where B is
1. the ball with radius 2 and center at the origin: x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4,
4.13. LECTURE 29: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES - PART 2 187

z
c
b
ρ

a d
φ
y
β
θ α
x

2. the half ball above the xy-plane: x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4 and z ≥ 0,

3. the right half ball: x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4 and y ≥ 0, or
4. the left half ball: x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 4 and y ≤ 0.
Solution. The ball can be described by
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2.
So
ZZZ Z π Z 2π Z 2
2 2 2
(x + y + z )dV = ρ 2 ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 0
B
Z π Z 2π 2
1 5
= ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5 0
Z π Z 2π
32
= sin φ dθ dφ
5
Z0π 0
32
= sin φ θ |2π
0 dφ
0 5
64π
Z π
= sin φ dφ
0 5
64π 128π
= (− cos φ )|π0 = .
5 5

4.13 Lecture 29: Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates - part 2

• Read Section 14.7 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 14.7, problems 31 and 33, from the textbook.
• Outline:
1. Triple integral formula in spherical Coordinates
2. Examples
2 + y2 )dV , where E lies between the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 and
RRR
• Example. Find E (x
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4
188 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Solution. The solid can be described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 1 ≤ ρ ≤ 2.

So

ZZZ Z π Z 2π Z 2
2 2
(x + y )dV = ρ 2 (sin φ )2 ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 1
B
1 5 3 2
Z π Z 2π
= ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5 1
Z π Z 2π
31 31
Z π
= 3
sin φ dθ dφ = sin3 φ θ |2π
0 dφ
0 0 5 0 5
62π
Z π
= sin3 φ dφ (use u = cos φ )
0 5
Z −1
62π
= − (1 − u2 )du
1 5
 −1
62π u3

248π
= −u = .
5 3 1 15

2 − y2 )dV , where H is the solid hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 9 and

RRR
• Example. Find H (9 − x
z ≥ 0.

Solution. The solid hemisphere can be described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 3.

φ
ρ 3
y

θ
x
4.13. LECTURE 29: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES - PART 2 189

So
ZZZ
(9 − x2 − y2 )dV
H
Z π/2 Z 2π Z 3
= [9 − ρ 2 (sin φ )2 ]ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 0
Z π/2 Z 2π  3
3 1 5 3
= 3ρ sin φ − ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5
Z π/2 Z 2π   0
243 3
= 81 sin φ − sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5
Z π/2  
243 3
= 81 sin φ − sin φ θ |2π 0 dφ
0 5
Z π/2  
486π 3
= 162π sin φ − sin φ dφ (use u = cos φ )
0 5
Z 0 
486π 2
= − 162π − (1 − u ) du
1 5
 0
u3
 
486π 972π
= − 162πu − u− = 162π + .
5 3 1 15
• Formula for triple integrals in spherical coordinates. Let E be a general spherical region:
E = {(ρ, θ , φ ) | u1 (θ , φ ) ≤ ρ ≤ u2 (θ , φ ), α ≤ θ ≤ β , c ≤ φ ≤ d}

z
c

ρ u2 (θ , φ )
d
u1 (θ , φ )
φ
y
β
θ α
x

Then
ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dV
E
Z d Z β Z u2 (θ ,φ )
= f (ρ cos θ sin φ , ρ sin θ sin φ , ρ cos φ )ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
c α u1 (θ ,φ )
p
• Example. Find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the
sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = z.
Solution. As shown in the previous example, the solid can be described by
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ cos φ .
190 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

So
ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z π/4 Z 2π Z cos φ
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 0
Z π/4 Z 2π cos φ
1 3
= ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 3 0
Z π/4 Z 2π
1
= cos3 φ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 3
1
Z π/4
= cos3 φ sin φ θ |2π
0 dφ
0 3
2π
Z π/4
= cos3 φ sin φ dφ (use u = cos φ )
0 3
Z √2/2
2π
= − u3 du
3 1
√
2π 4 2/2 3π
= − u 1 = .
12 24
• Example. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the sphere ρ = 2 cos φ and the hemisphere
ρ = 1, z ≥ 0.
Spheres: ρ = 2cos(φ) and ρ=1

0.5
z

0
1
1
0
0
y −1 −1
x

Solution. Setting two equations equal, we obtain that

2 cos φ = 1

and then
π
φ= .
3
π
Then the solid is divided into two parts. One part is above the cone φ = 3 and below the
sphere ρ = 1 and is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/3, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.

π
The other part is below the cone φ = 3 and above the sphere ρ = 2 cos φ and is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, π/3 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2 cos φ .

4.13. LECTURE 29: TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES - PART 2 191

So
ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z π/3 Z 2π Z 1 Z π/2 Z 2π Z 2 cos φ
2
= ρ sin φ dρdθ dφ + ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 0 π/3 0 0
Z π/3 Z 2π 1 Z π/2 Z 2π 2 cos φ
1 3 1 3
= ρ sin φ dθ dφ + ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 3 0 π/3 0 3 0
Z π/3 Z 2π Z π/2 Z 2π
1 8
= sin φ dθ dφ + cos3 φ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 3 π/3 0 3
1 8
Z π/3 Z π/2
= sin φ θ |2π
0 dφ + cos3 φ sin φ θ |2π
0 dφ
0 3 π/3 3
2π 16π
Z π/3 Z π/2
= sin φ dφ + cos3 φ sin φ dφ (use u = cos φ )
0 3 π/3 3
Z 0
2π 16π
u3 du
π/3
= − cos φ |0 −
3 3 1/2
π 16π 4 0 π π 5π
= − u 1/2 = + = .
3 12 3 12 12
2 − y2 )dV ,
RRR
• Exercise 1 (Do it yourself before looking at the solution). Find H (9 − x where
H is the solid hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 9 and y ≥ 0.
Solution. The solid hemisphere can be described by
0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 3.

So
ZZZ Z πZ πZ 3
2 2
(9 − x − y )dV = [9 − ρ 2 (sin φ )2 ]ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
0 0 0
H
Z πZ π  3
3 1 5 3
= 3ρ sin φ − ρ sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5
Z πZ π  0
243 3
= 81 sin φ − sin φ dθ dφ
0 0 5
Z π 
243 3
= 81 sin φ − sin φ θ |π0 dφ
0 5
Z π 
243π 3
= 81π sin φ − sin φ dφ (use u = cos φ )
0 5
Z −1  
243π 2
= − 81π − (1 − u ) du
1 5
 −1
u3
 
243π
= − 81πu − u−
5 3 1
972π
= 162π + .
15
192 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

• Exercise 2 (Do it yourself before looking at the solution). Find the volume
pof the solid lies
2 2 2
within the sphere x + y + z = 4, above the xy-plane, below the cone z = x2 + y2 .
Spheres ρ=2 and cone φ = π/4

1.5

z
0.5

0
2
2
0
0
y −2 −2
x

Solution. The solid can be described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, π/4 ≤ φ ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 2.

So
ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z π/2 Z 2π Z 2
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
π/4 0 0
Z π/2 Z 2π 2
1 3
= ρ sin φ dθ dφ
π/4 0 3 0
Z π/2 Z 2π
8
= sin φ dθ dφ
π/4 0 3
8
Z π/2
= sin φ θ |2π
0 dφ
3
π/4
16π
Z π/2
= sin φ dφ
π/4 3
16π π/2
= − cos φ |π/4
√3
8 2π
= .
3

4.14 Problem Set 11

p
Working example: A solid E lies above the cone z = x2 + y2 and below the sphere x2 +y2 +z2 =
z. Write a description ofRRR
the solid in terms of inequalities involving spherical coordinates. Then
set up the triple integral E zdV in the spherical coordinates (you do not need to calculate it).
1. Set up the inequality: ≤ θ ≤
2. Set up the inequality: ≤ φ ≤
3. Set up the inequality: ≤ ρ ≤
4.14. PROBLEM SET 11 193

4. Use the formula

ZZZ Z d Z β Z u2 (θ ,φ )
f (x, y, z)dV = f (ρ cos θ sin φ , ρ sin θ sin φ , ρ cos φ )ρ 2 sin φ dρdθ dφ
c α u1 (θ ,φ )
E
RRR
to set up the triple integral E zdV in the spherical coordinates.
Group 1:
where E is enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4.
RRR
1. Find E zdV ,
RRR
2. Find E xdV , where E is enclosed by the planes z = 0 and z = x + y + 5 and the cylinders
x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 9.
3. Find the volume of the solid that lies within
p the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 in the first octant,
above the xy-plane, below the cone z = x2 + y2 .
Group 2:
1. Find the volume of the solid that lies within both the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4.
2 − y2 )dV ,
where E is the solid hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 9, y ≤ 0.
RRR
2. Find E (9 − x
p
3. Find the volume of the solid that is enclosed by the cone z = x2 + y2 and the sphere x2 +
y2 + z2 = 2.
Group 3:
1. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder r = 1 and the planes
z = x and z = 0.
2. Find the volume of the solid that lies between the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2.
where E lies between the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
RRR
3. Find E zdV ,
Group 4:
RRR
1. Find E (x + y + z)dV , where E is the solid in the first octant that lies under the paraboloid
z = 4 − x2 − y2 .
2. Find the volume of the solid outside the cone φ = π/4 and inside the sphere ρ = 4 cos φ .
RRR
3. Find E xyzdV , where E lies between the spheres ρ = 2 and ρ = 4 and above the cone
φ = π/3.
Answer Keys
Group 1:
where E is enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4.
RRR
1. Find E zdV ,

ZZZ ZZ Z 4
zdV = zdzdA
E D x2 +y2
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4
= zrdzdrdθ
0 0 r2
= 64π/3.
194 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of z=x2+y2

1.5
4
1
3 0.5
D
2 0

y
z
1 −0.5

0 −1
D −1.5
1 2
0 1
−1 0
−1 −1 0 1 2
y x x

RRR
1. Find E xdV , where E is enclosed by the planes z = 0 and z = x + y + 5 and the cylinders
x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 9.

ZZZ ZZ Z x+y+5
xdV = xdzdA
E D 0
Z 2π Z 3 Z r cos θ +r sin θ +5
= r2 cos θ dzdrdθ
0 2 0
= 65π/4.

Surface of z=x+y+5

2
8
1
6
D
0
y
z

4
−1
2
D −2
0 2
−2 0
0 2 −2
y −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x x

1. Find the volume of the solid that lies within

p the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 in the first octant,
above the xy-plane, below the cone z = x2 + y2 .

ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 2
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
0 π/4 0
√
= 2π 2/3.

Surface of x2+y2+z2=4

1.5

1
z

0.5

0
2
2
1 1.5
1
0.5
y 0
x

Group 2:
4.14. PROBLEM SET 11 195

1. Find the volume of the solid that lies within both the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4.

ZZZ
V = dV
E
ZZ Z √4−x2 −y2
= √ dzdA
D − 4−x2 −y2
Z 2π Z 1 Z √4−r2
= √ rdzdrdθ
0 0 − 4−r2
√
= 4π(8 − 3 3)/3.

Surface of x2+y2+z2 = 4

2
0.5
1
D
0 0

y
z

D
−1

−2 −0.5

0.5 1
0 0.5
−0.5 0
−0.5 −0.5 0 0.5 1
y x x

2 − y2 )dV , where E is the solid hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 9, y ≤ 0.

RRR
1. Find E (9 − x

ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z 3
2 2
(9 − x − y )dV = (9 − ρ 2 sin2 φ )ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
E π 0 0
= 486π/5.

2 2 2
Surface of x +y +z =9, y <= 0

0
z

−2
−3
2 −2
0 −1
−2 0
y
x

p
1. Find the volume of the solid that is enclosed by the cone z = x2 + y2 and the sphere x2 +
y2 + z2 = 2.

ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z 2π Z π/4 Z √2
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
0
√0 0
= 4π( 2 − 1)/3.
196 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of x2+y2+z2 = 2

z
0.5

0
0.5 1
0 0.5
−0.5 0
−0.5
y x

Group 3:
1. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder r = 1 and the planes
z = x and z = 0.
ZZZ
V = dV
ZZ EZ x
= dzdA
D 0
Z π/2 Z 1 Z r cos θ
= rdzdrdθ
0 0 0
= 1/3.
Surface of z = x
1

0.8
1
0.6
y

0.5
z

0.4
D
D 0
0.2
0 0.5
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
0.2 1 y 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x x

1. Find the volume of the solid that lies between the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2.
ZZZ
V = dV
E
ZZ Z √2−x2 −y2
= dzdA
D x2 +y2
Z 2π Z 1 Z √2−r2
= rdzdrdθ
0 2
√0 r
= π(8 2 − 7))/6.

where E lies between the spheres x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.

RRR
1. Find E zdV ,

ZZZ Z 2π Z π Z 3
zdV = ρ 2 sin φ ρ cos φ dρdφ dθ
E 0 0 2
= 0.
4.14. PROBLEM SET 11 197

Surface of z = x2+y2
1

0.5
1
0 D

y
z
0.5

0 −0.5
D
0.5 1
0 0.5
−0.5 0 −1
−0.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
y x x

Surface of x2+y2+z2=9

z
−2

2
0 2
0
−2 −2
y x

Group 4:
RRR
1. Find E (x + y + z)dV , where E is the solid in the first octant that lies under the paraboloid
z = 4 − x2 − y2 .

ZZZ ZZ Z 4−x2 −y2

(x + y + z)dV = dzdA
E D 0
Z π/2 Z 2 Z 4−r2
= (r cos θ + r sin θ + z)rdzdrdθ
0 0 0
= 8π/3 + 128/15.

2 2
Surface of z =4− x −y
2

4
1.5
3

2 1
y
z

1
D
0 0.5
2
D 2
1 1.5
1 0
0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
y 0
x x

1. Find the volume of the solid outside the cone φ = π/4 and inside the sphere ρ = 4 cos φ .

ZZZ
V = dV
E
Z 2π Z π/2 Z 4 cos φ
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
0 π/4 0
= 8π/3.
198 CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER 14 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Surface of ρ = 4cos(φ)

1.5

z
0.5

0
1 2
0 1
−1 0
−1
y x

RRR
1. Find E xyzdV , where E lies between the spheres ρ = 2 and ρ = 4 and above the cone
φ = π/3.

ZZZ Z 2π Z π/3 Z 4
xyzdV = ρ 3 sin2 φ sin θ cos θ cos φ ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
E 0 0 2
= 0.

Surface of ρ=4

2
z

0
2
0 2
0
−2 −2
y x
Chapter 5

Chapter 15 Vector Calculus

5.1 Lecture 30: Vector Fields

• Read Section 15.1 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.1, problems 5, 7, 11, 29, 33, 37, 39, from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of vector fields
2. Conservative vector field
3. Finding potential function for a conservative vector field.
• Velocity Fields below are typical examples of vector field:

• Two-dimensional standard basis vectors:

i = h1, 0i, j = h0, 1i

• Three-dimensional standard basis vectors:

i = h1, 0, 0i, j = h0, 1, 0i, k = h0, 0, 1i

199
200 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Expression of a vector in terms of standard basis vectors:

a = ha1 , a2 i = a1 i + a2 j

a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k.

• Vector-valued functions of one variable:

r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k = h f (t), g(t), h(t)i.

f , g, h are called component functions of r.

It is equivalent to the parametric equations

x = f (t), y = g(t), z = h(t)

• Vector Fields on R2 are vector-valued functions of two variables:

F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j = hP(x, y), Q(x, y)i.

P, Q are scalar function, called scalar fields.

• Vector Fields on R3 are vector-valued functions of three variables:

F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k

= hP(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)i.

• Denote x = hx, y, zi. We then write

F(x, y, z) = F(x)
5.1. LECTURE 30: VECTOR FIELDS 201

Vector field of <y, −x>

1

0.5

−0.5

y
−1

−1.5

−2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x

Figure 5.1: Sketch vector field

• Example. Sketch the vector field

F(x, y) = yi − xj

To sketch a vector field by hand, we place the initial point of each vector at the point (x, y).
Then terminal point of the vector is (x + y, y − x). Plot a straight line with an arrow connecting
these two points. For example, to sketch the vector at the point (1, 1), we plot a line segment
from the point (1, 1) to (2, 0) with an arrow as shown in Figure 5.3.

This is a time-comsuming procedure. Many math softwares such as Maple and Matlab can do
it. A matlab plot of the vector field F(x, y) = yi − xj is shown in Figure 5.4.

Vector field of <y, −x>

3

0
y

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

Figure 5.2: Vector field of F(x, y) = yi − xj

• Gravitational Field (Newton’s Law of Gravitation) is an important vector field:

mMG
F(x, y) = − x
|x|3
mMGx mMGy
= − 2 i − j
(x + y2 + z2 )3/2 (x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2
mMGz
− 2 k
(x + y2 + z2 )3/2
202 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Electric Field (Coulomb’s Law) is another important vector field:

εQ
E(x, y) = x
|x|3
εQx εQy
= i+ j
(x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2 (x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2
εQz
+ k
(x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2

• Gradient Fields we introduced before are important vector fields:

∇ f (x, y) = fx (x, y)i + fy (x, y)j

∇ f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)i + fy (x, y, z)j + fz (x, y, z)k

• Normal vector of a surface S given by F(x, y, z) = k at a point P(a, b, c) is

∇F(a, b, c) = hFx (a, b, c), Fy (a, b, c), Fz (a, b, c)i

• Example. Find the gradient vector field of f (x, y) = x2 + y2 . Because

fx = 2x, fy = 2y

we have
∇ f = h2x, 2yi.

• Conservative Vector Fields. A vector field F is called a conservative vector field if there
exists a scalar function f such that
F = ∇f
f is called a potential function of F.
• Criterion for the Conservative Vector Fields. F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j is conservative if
and only if
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x
• Example. Show that the following vector fields F are conservative and find their potentials f :
1. F(x, y) = yi + xj
Set
P = y, Q=x
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 1, =1
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
=1=
∂y ∂x
and then F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
5.1. LECTURE 30: VECTOR FIELDS 203

To find its potential f , we let

∂f ∂f
= y, =x
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain
f = xy + g(x).
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
y + g0 (x) = y.
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = xy +C.
2. F(x, y) = xy2 i + x2 yj
Set
P = xy2 , Q = x2 y
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 2xy, = 2xy
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= 2xy =
∂y ∂x
and then F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= xy2 , = x2 y
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain
1
f = x2 y2 + g(x).
2
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
xy2 + g0 (x) = xy2 .
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
1
f = x2 y2 +C.
2
3. F(x, y) = ex sin yi + ex cos yj (Do it yourself before looking at the solution).
Set
P = ex sin y, Q = ex cos y
204 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Then
∂P ∂Q
= ex cos y, = ex cos y
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= ex cos y =
∂y ∂x
and then F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= ex sin y, = ex cos y
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain
f = ex sin y + g(x).
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
ex sin y + g0 (x) = ex sin y.
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = ex sin y +C.
• Exercise. Verify that Gravitational Field
mMG
F(x, y) = − x
|x|3
mMGx mMGy
= − 2 i − j
(x + y2 + z2 )3/2 (x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2
mMGz
− 2 k
(x + y2 + z2 )3/2
is conservative with a potential function
mMG
f (X, y, z) = p
x2 + y2 + z2

[fragile]
• Exercise 1. Sketch the vector field
F(x, y) = 2i + yj

• Exercise 2. Find the gradient vector field of f (x, y) = x + y. Plot the gradient vector field and
the contour map of f .
• Useful youtube videos links:
5.2. LECTURE 31: CURL AND DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD 205

1. Vector Fields - Sketching:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGWhfSHl8Eo

2. Sketching Representative Vectors of a Vector Field:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guYhikkRNSQ

3. Find potential function of a conservative vector:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nY4mW_R-T40

4. How to find the Potential Function

in a Conservative Vector Field:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymbOmJZrl-s

5.2 Lecture 31: Curl and Divergence of a Vector Field

• Read Section 15.1 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.1, problems 45, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59, from the textbook.
• Outline

1. Definition of curl
2. Definition of divergence
3. Conservative vector field
4. Finding potential function for a conservative vector field.

• Gradient operator ∇
∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
Then
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
• Definition of Cross product. For two vectors

a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
b = hb1 , b2 , b3 i = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k,

the cross (vector) product of a and b is defined by

i j k
a×b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
a2 a3 a a a a
= i− 1 3 j+ 1 2 k
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
206 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Curl of F = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k:

curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z
i − ∂x ∂z j + ∂x ∂y k
Q R P R P Q
     
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
= − i+ − j+ − k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

• Example. If F = −yi + xj, find Curl F.

Solution.

curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
−y x 0
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
x 0 −y 0 −y x
= (0 − 0) i + (0 − 0) j + (1 − (−1)) k
= 2k.

The vector field is plotted in Figure 5.3

Vector field of <−y, x>

3

0
y

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

Figure 5.3: Vector field of F(x, y) = −yi + xj

• Example. If F = xi + yj, find Curl F.

5.2. LECTURE 31: CURL AND DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FIELD 207

Solution.

curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
x y 0
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
y 0 x 0 x y
= (0 − 0) i + (0 − 0) j + (0 − 0) k
= 0.

The vector field is plotted in Figure 5.4

Vector field: F =<x, y>
2

0
y

−1

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

Figure 5.4: Vector field of F(x, y) = xi + yj

• It can be seen from the above two examples that Curl F is a measure of how quickly fluid
particles move around the axis pointing in the direction of Curl F. In the above first example,
the particles are moving around the origin and so the curl is 2k. In the second example, the
particles are moving away from the origin and so the curl is 0.

• Recall: F is conservative if there exists a f such that ∇ f = F.

• Recall: For two dimensional vector fields, F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j is conservative if and
only if
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x

• Theorem. Let F be defined on all of R3 . Then F is conservative if and only if curl F = 0.

• Example. Let F = xi + yj + zk.

1. Show that F is conservative.

2. Find f such that ∇ f = F.
208 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Since

curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
x y z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
y z x z x y
= (0 − 0) i + (0 − 0) j + (0 − 0) k
= 0.

the vector field is conservative.

To find the potential function f , we let

fx = x, fy = y, fz = z.

Integrating with respect to x, y, and z separately produces

1 2
f (x, y, z) = x + g(y, z)
2
1 2
f (x, y, z) = y + h(x, z)
2
1 2
f (x, y, z) = z + k(x, y).
2
Comparing these three versions of f (x, y, z), we can conclude that
1 2 1 2
g(y, z) = y + z +C1 ,
2 2
1 2 1 2
h(x, z) = x + z +C2 ,
2 2
1 2 1 2
k(x, y) = x + y +C3 .
2 2
So
1
f = (x2 + y2 + z2 ) +C.
2
• Divergence of F = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k:

∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = ∇ · F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

• Example. Let F = xi + yj. Find div F.

Solution.
∂x ∂y
div F = + = 2.
∂x ∂y
5.3. PROBLEM SET 12 209

Vector field of <−y, x> Vector field: F =<x, y>

3 2

2
1
1

0 0

y
−1
−1
−2

−3 −2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −2 −1 0 1 2
x x

Figure 5.5: Left: Vector field of F(x, y) = −yi + xj; Right: Vector field of F(x, y) = xi + yj.

• Example. Let F = −yi + xj. Find div F.

Solution.
∂ (−y) ∂ x
div F = + = 0.
∂x ∂y

• It can be seen from the above examples that div F measures the tendency of fluid particles to
diverge from the point (x, y, z). In the above first example, the particles are moving around
the origin and so the divergence is 0. In the second example, the particles are moving away
from the origin and so the divergence is 2.
[fragile]
• Laplace operator:
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
∇2 f = ∇ · ∇ f = div(∇ f ) = + +
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ z2

• Useful youtube videos links:

1. The Curl of a Vector Field:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ia7Harz_TLk

2. The Divergence of a Vector Field:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-MvmFZttyI

5.3 Problem Set 12

Group 1:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hx, −yi.
2. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2 . Sketch a level
curve of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
210 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

3. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = sin(yz)i + sin(zx)j + sin(xy)k.
4. Show that F(x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j is a conservative vector field and find its potential f .
5. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = i + sin(z)j + y cos(z)k is conservative.
If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Group 2:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = h2x, 3yi.
2. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x + y. Sketch a level curve
of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
3. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = xyzi + xyzj + xyzk.
4. Show that F(x, y) = (ln y + 2xy3 )i + (3x2 y2 + x/y)j is a conservative vector field and find its
potential f .
5. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = (3x2 + yz)i + (3y2 + xz)j + (3z2 + xy)k
is conservative. If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Group 3:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hy, −xi.
2. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = 2xy. Sketch a level curve
of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
3. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = x2 zi − 2xzj + yzk.
4. Show that F(x, y) = (3x2 +2y2 )i+(4xy+5)j is a conservative vector field and find its potential
f.
5. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = y2 z3 i + 2xyz3 j + 3xy2 z2 k is conservative.
If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Group 4:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hx + y, yi.
p
2. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x2 + y2 . Sketch a level
curve of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
3. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = ex sin yi − ex cos yj.
4. Show that F(x, y) = (2xy + y−2 )i + (x2 − 2xy−3 )j is a conservative vector field and find its
potential f .
5. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = sin zi + sin xj + sin yk is conservative. If
it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hx, −yi.
5.3. PROBLEM SET 12 211

Vector field: F =<x, −y>

2

y
−1

−2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

1. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2 . Sketch a level
curve of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.

F = ∇ f = h2x, 4yi.

2 2
Gradient field and contour of f = x +2y
2 8 8

8 8
4 4

1
4

4
0
y
4

4
−1
4
4 8
8

8 8
−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

1. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = sin(yz)i + sin(zx)j + sin(xy)k.

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
sin(yz) sin(zx) sin(xy)
= x[cos(xy) − cos(zx)]i + y[cos(zy) − cos(yx)]j
+z[cos(xz) − cos(zy)]k.

∂ sin(yz) ∂ sin(zx) ∂ sin(xy)

div F(x, y, z) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0.

1. Show that F(x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j is a conservative vector field and find its potential f .
Set
P = (1 + xy)exy , Q = x2 exy
Then
∂P ∂Q
= xexy + x(1 + xy)exy , = 2xexy + yx2 exy
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= xexy + x(1 + xy)exy =
∂y ∂x
212 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

and then F(x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j is a conservative vector field. To find its potential f ,
we let
∂f ∂f
= (1 + xy)exy , = x2 exy
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation, we obtain
f = xexy + g(x).
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
(1 + xy)exy + g0 (x) = (1 + xy)exy .
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = xexy +C.

1. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = i + sin(z)j + y cos(z)k is conservative.
If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Since
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
1 sin(z) y cos(z)
= 0,
the vector field is conservative. To find the potential function f , we let
fx = 1, fy = sin(z), fz = y cos(z).
Integrating with respect to x, y, and z separately produces
f (x, y, z) = x + g(y, z)
f (x, y, z) = y sin z + h(x, z)
f (x, y, z) = y sin z + k(x, y).
Comparing these three versions of f (x, y, z), we can conclude that
g(y, z) = y sin z +C1 , h(x, z) = x +C2 , k(x, y) = x +C3 .
So
f = x + y sin z +C.
Group 2:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = h2x, 3yi.
1. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x + y. Sketch a level curve
of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.

F = ∇ f = h1, 1i.
5.3. PROBLEM SET 12 213

Vector field: F =<2x, 3y>

3

y
−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

Gradient field and contour of f = x+y

2 0

2
1
0

2
0

y
−2 0

−1 −2 0

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

1. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = xyzi + xyzj + xyzk.

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
xyz xyz xyz
= x(z − y)i + y(z − x)j + z(y − x)k.

∂ xyz ∂ xyz ∂ xyz

div F(x, y, z) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= yz + xz + xy.

1. Show that F(x, y) = (ln y + 2xy3 )i + (3x2 y2 + x/y)j is a conservative vector field and find its
potential f .
Set
P = ln y + 2xy3 , Q = 3x2 y2 + x/y
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 1/y + 6xy2 , = 6xy2 + 1/y
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= 6xy2 + 1/y =
∂y ∂x
and then it is a conservative vector field. To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= ln y + 2xy3 , = 3x2 y2 + x/y
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain

f = x2 y3 + x ln y + g(x).
214 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain

2xy3 + ln y + g0 (x) = ln y + 2xy3 .
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = x2 y3 + x ln y +C.

1. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = (3x2 + yz)i + (3y2 + xz)j + (3z2 + xy)k
is conservative. If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Since
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
3x2 + yz 3y2 + xz 3z2 + xy
= 0,
the vector field is conservative. To find the potential function f , we let
fx = 3x2 + yz, fy = 3y2 + xz, fz = 3z2 + xy.
Integrating with respect to x, y, and z separately produces
f (x, y, z) = x3 + xyz + g(y, z)
f (x, y, z) = y3 + xyz + h(x, z)
f (x, y, z) = z3 + xyz + sin z + k(x, y).
Comparing these three versions of f (x, y, z), we can conclude that
g(y, z) = y3 + z3 +C1 , h(x, z) = z3 + x3 +C2 , k(x, y) = y3 + x3 +C3 .
So
f = x3 + y3 + z3 + xyz +C.
Group 3:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hy, −xi.
Vector field: F =<y, −x>
3

0
y

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

1. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = 2xy. Sketch a level curve
of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
F = ∇ f = h2y, 2xi.
5.3. PROBLEM SET 12 215

Gradient field and contour of f = 2xy

2

−4 4

0
1

y
0 0 0 0

−1 4

0
−4

−2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

1. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = x2 zi − 2xzj + yzk.
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 z −2xz yz
= (2x + z)i + x2 j − 2zk.

∂ x2 z ∂ (−2xz) ∂ yz
div F(x, y, z) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2xz + y.

1. Show that F(x, y) = (3x2 +2y2 )i+(4xy+5)j is a conservative vector field and find its potential
f.
Set
P = 3x2 + 2y2 , Q = 4xy + 5
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 4y, = 4y
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= 4y =
∂y ∂x
and then it is a conservative vector field. To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= 3x2 + 2y2 , = 4xy + 5
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain
f = 2xy2 + 5y + g(x).
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
2y2 + g0 (x) = 3x2 + 2y2 .
So
g0 (x) = 3x2
and then g(x) = x3 +C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = 2xy2 + 5y + x3 +C.
216 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = y2 z3 i + 2xyz3 j + 3xy2 z2 k is conservative.
If it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Since
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z3 2xyz3 3xy2 z2
= 0,
the vector field is conservative. To find the potential function f , we let
fx = y2 z3 , fy = 2xyz3 , fz = 3xy2 z2 .
Integrating with respect to x, y, and z separately produces
f (x, y, z) = xy2 z3 + g(y, z)
f (x, y, z) = xy2 z3 + h(x, z)
f (x, y, z) = xy2 z3 + k(x, y).
Comparing these three versions of f (x, y, z), we can conclude that
g(y, z) = C1 , h(x, z) = C2 , k(x, y) = C3 .
So
f = xy2 z3 +C.
Group 4:
1. Sketch the vector field: F = hx + y, yi.
Vector field: F =<x+y, y>
3

0
y

−1

−2

−3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x

p
1. Find the gradient field F = ∇ f for the potential function f (x, y) = x2 + y2 . Sketch a level
curve of f and the gradient and show that they are perpendicular.
* +
x y
F = ∇f = p ,p .
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

1. Find the curl and the divergence of the vector field F(x, y, z) = ex sin yi − ex cos yj.

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
ex sin y −ex cos y 0
= 0i + 0j + 2ex cos yk.
5.3. PROBLEM SET 12 217

Gradient field and contour of f = (x2+y2)1/2

2 2 2

2
1
1

1
0

y
2

2
1
−1
2
2
−2 2
−2 −1 0 1 2
x

∂ ex sin y ∂ (−ex cos y) ∂ 0

div F(x, y, z) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
x
= 2e sin y.
1. Show that F(x, y) = (2xy + y−2 )i + (x2 − 2xy−3 )j is a conservative vector field and find its
potential f . Set
P = 2xy + y−2 , Q = x2 − 2xy−3
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 2x − 2y−3 , = 2x − 2y−3
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= 2x − 2y−3 =
∂y ∂x
and then it is a conservative vector field. To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= 2xy + y−2 , = x2 − 2xy−3
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain
f = x2 y + xy−2 + g(x).
Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain
2xy + y−2 + g0 (x) = 2xy + y−2 .
So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain
f = x2 y + xy−2 +C.
1. Determine whether or not the vector field F(x, y, z) = sin zi + sin xj + sin yk is conservative. If
it is, find a function f such that F = ∇ f .
Since
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z
sin z sin(x) sin y
= cos yi + cos zj + cos xk
6= 0,
the vector field is not conservative.
218 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

5.4 Lecture 32: Line Integrals

• Read Section 15.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.2, problems 9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21, from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of line integral
2. Formula of line integral calculation
3. Examples
• Definite integral of f from a to b:
Z b n

a
f (x)dx = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗)∆x
i=1
= Area under a curve over [a, b].

• Plane curve C:
x = x(t), y = y(t), a≤t ≤b
Or
r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i, a≤t ≤b
• Line integral of f along a smooth curve C.
z

f (x1 , y1 )
z = f (x, y)

f (x1 , y1 )∆s1 y

C
∆s1
x

We divide the curve C into a number of small arcs. On each small arc, we use the value of
f at some point (xi , yi ), f (xi , yi ), and the small arc ∆si to construct a rectangle, whose area is
f (xi , yi )∆si . Then we add up all of areas of these rectangles and then takes the limit as the
number of small arcs goes to infinity. The limit is defined to be the line integral of f along a
smooth curve C:
Z n
f (x, y)ds = lim ∑ f (xi, yi)∆si
C n→∞
i=1
= Area of a curtain along the curveC.

• Arc length: s
Z t 2  2
dx dy
s(t) = + dr
a dr dr
5.4. LECTURE 32: LINE INTEGRALS 219
s 2  2
ds dx dy
= +
dt dt dt
s 2  2
dx dy
ds = + dt = |r0 (t)|dt
dt dt

• Formula for calculating line integral

s   
dx 2 dy 2
Z Z b
f (x, y)ds = f (x(t), y(t)) + dt
C a dt dt

Or Z Z b
f (x, y)ds = f (x(t), y(t))|r0 (t)|dt
C a

• Example. Let the curve C be the right half of the circle x2 + y2 = 16. Find the line integral
4
R
C xy ds.
Solution. The parametric equation of the right half of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 is:

x = 4 cos θ , y = 4 sin θ , −π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2,

and
x0 = −4 sin θ , y0 = 4 cos θ .
So
Z Z π/2 q
xy4 ds = 4 cos θ (4 sin θ )4 (x0 )2 + (y0 )2 dθ
C −π/2
Z π/2 q
4
= 4 cos θ (4 sin θ ) (−4 sin θ )2 + (4 cos θ )2 dθ
−π/2
Z π/2
6
= 4 cos θ (sin θ )4 dθ
−π/2
π/2
46
= (sin θ )5
5 −π/2
8192
= .
5
√
• Example. Find C (x + y)ds, where C consists of the curve C1 of the parabola y = x2 from
R

(0, 0) to (1, 1) followed by the line segment C2 from (1, 1) to (1, 2).

Solution. The parametric equation of the curve C1 of the parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1):

x = t, y = t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t.
220 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

1.5 C2

y
0.5
C1
0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x

So
Z
√ √ q
Z 1
(x + y)ds = (t + t 2 ) (x0 )2 + (y0 )2 dt
C1 0
Z 1 q
= 2t (1)2 + (2t)2 dt (u = 1 + 4t 2 )
0
1
1
= (1 + 4t 2 )3/2
6 0
1 √
= (5 5 − 1).
6
The parametric equation of the line segment C2 from (1, 1) to (1, 2):

x = 1, y = 1 + t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 0, y0 = 1.
So
Z
√
Z 1√ q
(x + y)ds = (1 + 1 + t) (x0 )2 + (y0 )2 dt
C2 0
Z 1 √ q
= (1 + 1 + t) (0)2 + (1)2 dt
0
 1
2 3/2
= t + (1 + t)
3 0
1 √
= (1 + 4 2).
3
So
√ √ √ 1 √ 1 √
Z Z Z
(x + y)ds = (x + y)ds + (x + y)ds = (5 5 − 1) + (1 + 4 2).
C C1 C2 6 3
5.5. LECTURE 33: LINE INTEGRALS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM 221

• Space curve C:
x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t), a≤t ≤b
Or
r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i, a≤t ≤b
• Line integral of f along a smooth curve C in space:
Z
f (x, y, z)ds
C
n
= lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i , z∗i )∆si
i=1
s     
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
Z b
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) + + dt
a dt dt dt
Z b
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t))|r0 (t)|dt
a
R
• Example. Evaluate C (x + y + z)ds, where C is the line segment from (0,1, 0) to (3,4,5).
Solution. The parametric equation of the line segment from (0,1, 0) to (3,4,5):
x = 3t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 5t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
and
x0 = 3, y0 = 3, z0 = 5.
So
Z Z 1 q
(x + y + z)ds = (3t + 1 + 3t + 5t) (x0 )2 + (y0 )2 + (z0 )2 dt
C 0
Z 1 q
= (1 + 11t) (3)2 + (3)2 + (5)2 dt
0
√ 11 2 1
 
= 43 t + t
2 0
√
13 43
= .
2
[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Line Integrals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjEvsinvtnw:

5.5 Lecture 33: Line Integrals in Differential Form

• Read Section 15.2 from the textbook.
222 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Do Exercise 15.2, problems 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, from the textbook.

• Outline

1. Definition of line integral

2. Formula of line integral calculation
3. Examples

• Plane curve C:
x = x(t), y = y(t), a≤t ≤b

• Line integral of f along a smooth curve C with respect to x and y:

Z n

C
f (x, y)dx = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i )∆xi
i=1
Z n

C
f (x, y)dy = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i )∆yi
i=1

• Formula for calculating line integral

Z Z b
f (x, y)dx = f (x(t), y(t))x0 (t)dt
C a
Z Z b
f (x, y)dy = f (x(t), y(t))y0 (t)dt
C a

• Abbreviation notation:
Z Z Z
P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy
C C C

R
• Example. Evaluate C ydx + xdy, where
1. C = C1 is the line segment from (0,1) to (1,2).
Solution. The parametric equation of the line segment from (0,1) to (1,2):

x = t, y = 1 + t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 1.
So
Z Z 1
ydx + xdy = (1 + t)(1)dt + t(1)dt
C 0

1
= t + t2 0
= 2.
5.5. LECTURE 33: LINE INTEGRALS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM 223

2. C = −C1 is the line segment from (1,2) to (0,1).

Solution. The parametric equation of the line segment from (1,2) to (0,1):

x = 1 − t, y = 2 − t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = −1, y0 = −1.
So
Z Z 1
ydx + xdy = (2 − t)(−1)dt + (1 − t)(−1)dt
C 0

1
= t 2 − 3t 0
= −2.

• Dependence of definite integrals on integrating orientation:

Z a Z b
f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
b a

• Dependence of line integrals on curve orientation. If −C denotes the curve C with the
opposite orientation, then
Z Z
f (x, y)dx = − f (x, y)dx
Z−C ZC
f (x, y)dy = − f (x, y)dy
−C C

• Space curve C:
x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t), a≤t ≤b

• Line integral of f along a curve C with respect to x, y and z:

Z n

C
f (x, y, z)dx = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i , z∗i )∆xi
i=1
Z b
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t))x0 (t)dt
a
Z n

C
f (x, y, z)dy = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i , y∗i )∆yi
i=1
Z b
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t))y0 (t)dt
a
Z n

C
f (x, y, z)dz = lim
n→∞
∑ f (xi∗, y∗i , y∗i )∆zi
i=1
Z b
= f (x(t), y(t), z(t))z0 (t)dt
a
224 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Abbreviation notation:
Z Z Z
P(x, y, z)dx + Q(x, y, z)dy + R(x, y, z)dz
C C C
Z
= P(x, y, z)dx + Q(x, y, z)dy + R(x, y, z)dz
C
R
• Example. Evaluate C ydx + xdy + zdz, where C is the line segment from (0,1, 0) to (3,4,5).
Solution. The parametric equation of the line segment from (0,1, 0) to (3,4,5):
x = 3t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 5t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
and
x0 = 3, y0 = 3, z0 = 5.
So
Z Z 1
ydx + xdy + zdz = (1 + 3t)3dt + 3t3dt + 5t5dt
C 0
43 2 1
 
= 3t + t
2 0
49
= .
2
[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Line integral with respect to x
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBuHu31MKxc

5.6 Lecture 34: Line Integrals of Vector Fields

• Read Section 15.2 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.2, problems 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of line integral
2. Formula of line integral calculation
3. Examples
Line Integrals of Vector Fields
• Vector-valued functions:
r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k = h f (t), g(t), h(t)i.
f , g, h are called component functions of r. It is equivalent to the parametric equations
x = f (t), y = g(t), z = h(t)
5.6. LECTURE 34: LINE INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FIELDS 225

r(t2 )

r(t1 )

r(t0 )

• Geometric meaning of r0 (t): Tangent vector to the curve. The unit tangent vector is
r0 (t)
T(t) =
|r0 (t)|

r(t) r0 (t)
r(t + h)
∆r(t)

• Work done by a force F moving an object from a point P to a point Q:

−→
W = |PQ||F| cos θ = F · PQ

F
θ
P Q

• Work done by a force F = Pi + Qj + Rk moving along a curve C:

r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k = h f (t), g(t), h(t)i, a≤t ≤b

We divide the curve C into a number of small arcs, calculate an approximate work done by F
on each arcs, and then add them up to obtain an approximate work.
After taking the limit as the number of small arcs goes to infinity, we obtain the work:
226 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

z
Wi = F(xi , yi , zi ) · T(xi , yi , zi )∆si
F(xi , yi , zi )
T(xi , yi , zi )∆si

r(t)
y

n
W = lim
n→∞
∑ F(xi, yi, zi) · T(xi, yi, zi)∆si
i=1
Z
= F(x, y, z) · T(x, y, z)ds
C

• Arc length function:

Z tq Z t
s = s(t) = [ f 0 (u)]2 + [g0 (u)]2 + [h0 (u)]2 du = |r0 (u)|du.
a a

• So

ds
= |r0 (t)|
dt
• Then
Z
W = F(x, y, z) · T(x, y, z)ds
C
r0 (t) 0
Z b
= F(r(t)) · |r (t)|dt
a |r0 (t)|
Z b Z
= F(r(t)) · r0 (t)dt = F · dr
a C

• Line Integral of Vector Field F along a curve C given by r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b:

Z Z b
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t)dt
C a

where C is the curve given by r(t) = tj + t 2 k,

R
• Example. Let F = xi + yj + zk. Find C F · dr,
0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Solution. Find the derivative of r(t):

r(t) = h0,t,t 2 i.

r0 (t) = h0, 1, 2ti.

5.6. LECTURE 34: LINE INTEGRALS OF VECTOR FIELDS 227

Write the vector function r(t) into parametric equation:

x = 0, y = t, z = t 2.
Evaluate F along C:
F(r(t)) = h0,t,t 2 i.
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t)dt
C 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
= h0,t,t i · h0, 1, 2tidt = (t + 2t 3 )dt
0 0
1 2 1 4 1
 
= t + t = 1.
2 2 0

• Dependence of line integrals on curve orientation. If −C denotes the curve C with the
opposite orientation, then Z Z
F · dr = − F · dr
−C C

• Relation between line integral of vector field and line integral of scalar field:
Z Z
F · dr = P(x, y, z)dx + Q(x, y, z)dy + R(x, y, z)dz
C C

• Example. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = x2 i + xyj on a particle that moves
once around the circle x2 + y2 = 4 oriented in the counter-clockwise direction.
Solution. Find parametric equation of the cirle:
x = 2 cost, y = 2 sint, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Write the parametric equation into vector function:
r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sinti.
Find the derivative of r(t):
r0 (t) = h−2 sint, 2 costi.
Evaluate F along the circle:
F(r(t)) = h(2 cost)2 , 2 cost2 sinti.
So the work is
Z Z 2π
W = F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t)dt
C 0
Z 2π
= h(2 cost)2 , 2 cost2 sinti · h−2 sint, 2 costidt
0
Z 2π
= ((2 cost)2 (−2 sint) + 2 cost2 sint2 cost)dt = 0.
0
228 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Line Integrals in Vector Fields
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oolSiZw3hs0

5.7 Problem Set 13

Group 1:
4 is the half of the circle x2 + y2 = 1, y ≥ 0.
R
1. Find the line integral C xy ds, C
2 2 2
R
2. Find the line integral C z dx + x dy + y dz, C is the line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (4, 1, 2).
R
3. Find the line integral C (x + y + z)ds, C is the circle r(t) = h2 cost, 0, 2 sinti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
4. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = (x + y)i + (y − z)j + z2 k and C is given by
R

the vector function r(t): r(t) = t 2 i + t 3 j + t 2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

5. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = x2 i + yex j on a particle that moves along the
parabola x = y2 + 1 from (1,0) to (2, 1).
Group 2:
2
R
1. Find the line integral is the line segment from (-1,5,0) to (1, 6, 4).
C xyz ds, C
√
2. Find the line integral C ydx + zdy + xdz, C: x = t, y = t, z = t 2 , 1 ≤ t ≤ 4.
R

R
3. Find the line integral C xyzds, C is the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 3).
R
4. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + xyk and C is given by the vector
function r(t) = costi + sintj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
5. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = h−y, x, zi on an object that moves along the
helix r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sint,t/(2π)i for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Group 3:
R
1. Find the line integral C (x − y + 2z)ds, C is the the circle r(t) = h1, 3 cost, 3 sinti for 0 ≤ t ≤
2π.
R
2. Find the line integral C (y + z)dx + (x + z)dy + (x + y)dz, C is the line segment from (1, 0, 1)
to (0, 1, 2).
R
3. Find the line integral C (y − z)ds, C is the helix r(t) = h3 cost, 3 sint,ti for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
where F(x, y) = h−y, xi and C is the part of parabola y = x2
R
4. Find the line integrals C F · dr,
from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
p
5. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = hx, yi/ x2 + y2 on an object that moves along
the circle x2 + y2 = 4 from (2, 0) to (-2, 0).
Group 4:
5.7. PROBLEM SET 13 229
R xy
1. Find the line integral C z ds, C is the line segment from (1,4,1) to (3, 6, 3).

2. Find the line integral C x2 dx + y2 dy, C consists of the arc of the circle x2 + y2 = 4 from (2, 0)
R

to (0, 2) followed by the line segment from (0, 2) to (4, 3).

yz
R
3. Find the line integral C xe ds, C is r(t) = ht, 2t, −4ti for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2..
R
4. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = sin xi + cos yj + xzk and C is given by the
vector function r(t) = t 3 i − t 2 j + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
5. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = h−y, xi on an object that moves along the
whole circle x2 + y2 = 4.
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Find the line integral C xy4 ds, C is the half of the circle x2 + y2 = 1, y ≥ 0.
R

The parametric equation of C is

x = cos θ , y = sin θ , 0≤θ ≤π
and
x0 = − sin θ , y0 = cos θ
So
Z Z π q
4 4
xy ds = cos θ sin θ (− sin θ )2 + (cos θ )2 dθ
C 0
= 0.

1. Find the line integral C z2 dx + x2 dy + y2 dz, C is the line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (4, 1, 2).
R

The parametric equation of C is

x = 1 + 3t, y = t, z = 2t, 0≤t ≤1
and
x0 = 3, y0 = 1, z0 = 2
So
Z Z 1
z2 dx + x2 dy + y2 dz = [(2t)2 3 + (1 + 3t)2 + (t)2 2)]dt
C 0
= 35/3.
R
1. Find the line integral C (x + y + z)ds, C is the circle r(t) = h2 cost, 0, 2 sinti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Since
x0 = −2 sint, y0 = 0, z0 = 2 cost
we have
Z Z 2π
(x + y + z)ds = 2 [2 cost + 2 sint] dt
C 0
= 0.
230 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = (x + y)i + (y − z)j + z2 k and C is given by
R

the vector function r(t): r(t) = t 2 i + t 3 j + t 2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Since
x = t 2, y = t 3, z = t 2,
and
x0 = 2t, y0 = 3t 2 , z0 = 2t
we have
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C 0
Z 1
(t 2 + t 3 )(2t) + (t 3 − t 2 )(3t 2 ) + t 4 (2t) dt

=
0
= 17/15.

1. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = x2 i + yex j on a particle that moves along the
parabola x = y2 + 1 from (1,0) to (2, 1).
The vector equation of the parabola is

r(t) = ht 2 + 1,ti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Then the work done by the force is

Z
W = F · dr
C
Z 1
= F · r0 (t)dt
0
Z 1h i
2
= (t 2 + 1)2 (2t) + tet +1 dt
0
= e(e − 1)/2 + 7/3.

Group 2:
2
R
1. Find the line integral C xyz ds, C is the line segment from (-1,5,0) to (1, 6, 4).
The parametric equation of C is

x = −1 + 2t, y = 5 + t, z = 4t, 0≤t ≤1

and
x0 = 2, y0 = 1, z0 = 4
So
Z Z 1 p
2
xyz ds = (−1 + 2t)(5 + t)(4t)2 22 + 12 + 42 dt
C 0
√
= 236 21/15
5.7. PROBLEM SET 13 231
√
t, y = t, z = t 2 , 1 ≤ t ≤ 4.
R
1. Find the line integral C ydx + zdy + xdz, C: x=
Since
1
x0 = √ , y0 = 1, z0 = 2t
2 t
we have
√
Z 4
t
Z
2
ydx + zdy + xdz = √ + t + 2t t) dt
C 1 2 t
= 722/15.
R
1. Find the line integral C xyzds, C is the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 3).
The parametric equation of C is

x = t, y = 2t, z = 3t, 0≤t ≤1

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, z0 = 3
So
Z Z 1 √
xyzds = 6t 3 14dt
C 0
√
= 3 14/2.
R
1. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + xyk and C is given by the vector
function r(t) = costi + sintj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Since
x = cost, y = sint, z = t,
and
x0 = − sint, y0 = cost, z0 = 1
we have
Z Z π
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C
Z0π
= [− cost sint + sint cost + cost sint] dt
0
= 0.

1. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = h−y, x, zi on an object that moves along the
helix r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sint,t/(2π)i for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Since
r0 (t) = h−2 sint, 2 cost, 1/(2π)i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π,
232 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

the work done by the force is

Z
W = F · dr
C
Z 2π
= F · r0 (t)dt
0
Z 2π h
t i
= −2 sint(−2 sint) + 2 cost(2 cost) + 2 dt
0 4π
1
= 8π + .
2
Group 3:
R
1. Find the line integral C (x − y + 2z)ds, C is the circle r(t) = h1, 3 cost, 3 sinti for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Since

x0 = 0, y0 = −3 sint, z0 = 3 cost
we have
Z Z 2π √
(x − y + 2z)ds = (1 − 3 cost + 6 sint) 9dt
C 0
= 6π
R
1. Find the line integral C (y + z)dx + (x + z)dy + (x + y)dz, C is the line segment from (1, 0, 1)
to (0, 1, 2).
The parametric equation of C is
x = 1 − t, y = t, z = 1 + t, 0≤t ≤1
and
x0 = −1, y0 = 1, z0 = 1
So
Z
(y + z)dx + (x + z)dy + (x + y)dz
C
Z 1
= [(t + 1 + t)(−1) + 1 − t + 1 + t + 1 − t + t]dt
0
= 1
R
1. Find the line integral C (y − z)ds, C is the helix r(t) = h3 cost, 3 sint,ti for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Since
x0 = −3 sint, y0 = 3 cost, z0 = 1
we have
Z Z 2π √
(y − z)ds = 10 [3 sint − t] dt
C 0
√
= 2 10π 2 .
5.7. PROBLEM SET 13 233

1. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y) = h−y, xi and C is the part of parabola y = x2
R

from (0, 0) to (1, 1).

The vector equation of the parabola is
r(t) = ht,t 2 i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Since
x = t, y = t 2,
and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t
we have
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C 0
Z 1
−t 2 + t(2t) dt

=
0
= 1/2.
p
1. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = hx, yi/ x2 + y2 on an object that moves along
the circle x2 + y2 = 4 from (2, 0) to (-2, 0).
The vector equation of the circle is
r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sinti, 0 ≤ t ≤ π,
and
r0 (t) = h−2 sint, 2 costi, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Then the work done by the force is
Z
W = F · dr
ZCπ
= F · r0 (t)dt
0
1
Z π
= [2 cost(−2 sint) + 2 sint(2 cost)] dt
2 0
= 0.

Group 4:
1. Find the line integral C xyz ds, C is the line segment from (1,4,1) to (3, 6, 3).
R

The parametric equation of C is

x = 1 + 2t, y = 4 + 2t, z = 1 + 2t, 0≤t ≤1
and
x0 = 2, y0 = 2, z0 = 2
So
Z
xy 1 (1 + 2t)(4 + 2t) p
Z
ds = 22 + 22 + 22 dt
C z 0 1 + 2t
√
= 10 3
234 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Find the line integral C x2 dx + y2 dy, C consists of the arc of the circle x2 + y2 = 4 from (2, 0)
R

to (0, 2) followed by the line segment from (0, 2) to (4, 3).

The parametric equation of the arc is

x = 2 cost, y = 2 sint, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2

and
x0 = −2 sint, y0 = 2 cost.
The parametric equation of the line segment is

x = 4t, y = 2 + t, 0≤t ≤1

and
x0 = 4, y0 = 1.
So
Z Z π/2
x2 dx + y2 dy = [4 cos2 t(−2 sint) + 4 sin2 t(2 cost)]dt
C 0
Z 1
+ [(4t)2 (4) + (2 + t)2 ]dt
0
= 83/3

yz
R
1. Find the line integral C xe ds, C is r(t) = ht, 2t, −4ti for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2.
Since
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, z0 = −4
we have
Z Z 2√
2
yz
xe ds = 21te−8t dt
C
√1
= 21(e−8 − e−32 )/16.
R
1. Find the line integrals C F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = sin xi + cos yj + xzk and C is given by the
vector function r(t) = t 3 i − t 2 j + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Since
x = t 3, y = −t 2 , z = t,
and
x0 = 3t 2 , y0 = −2t, z0 = 1
we have
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C 0
Z 1
3t 2 sint 3 − 2t cos(−t 2 ) + t 4 dt

=
0
= 6/5 − cos(1) − sin(1).
5.8. LECTURE 35: INDEPENDENCE OF LINE INTEGRAL ON PATH 235

1. Find the work done by the force field F(x, y) = h−y, xi on an object that moves along the
whole circle x2 + y2 = 4.
The vector equation of the circle is

r(t) = h2 cost, 2 sinti, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π,

and
r0 (t) = h−2 sint, 2 costi, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Then the work done by the force is
Z
W = F · dr
C
Z 2π
= F · r0 (t)dt
0
Z 2π
= [= 2 sint(−2 sint) + 2 cost(2 cost)] dt
0
= 8π.

5.8 Lecture 35: Independence of Line Integral on Path

• Read Section 15.3 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.3, problems 3, 7, 11, 15, from the textbook.
• Outline

1. Fundamental theorem
2. Independence of path
3. Examples

• Line Integral of Vector Field F = Pi + Qj along a curve C given by r(t) = xi + yj, a ≤ t ≤ b:

Z Z
F · dr = Pdx + Qdy
C C

• Question:R For any two pathsRC1 and C2 with the same initial and terminal points, are two line
integrals C1 Pdx + Qdy and C2 Pdx + Qdy are equal?
• A vector field F is called a conservative vector field if there exists a scalar function f such
that
F = ∇f
f is called a potential function of F.
• Criterion for the Conservative Vector Fields. F(x, y) = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j is conservative if
and only if
∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x
236 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Example. Let C1 be the line segment from (0,0) to (1,1) and C2 the arc of the parabola y = x2
from (0,0) to (1,1). Find Z Z
ydx + xdy, ydx + xdy
C1 C2

Solution. The parametric equation of C1 is

x = t, y = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
The parametric equation of C2 is

x = t, y = t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
So
Z Z 1
ydx + xdy = tdt + tdt
C1 0
1
= t2 0
= 1.

Z Z 1
ydx + xdy = t 2 dt + t(2t)dt
C2 0
3 1
= t 0
= 1.

• The fundamental theorem of Calculus:

Z b
F 0 (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
a

• The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals. Let C be a smooth curve given by the
vector function r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b and the initial and terminal points of C be r(a) = hx1 , y1 , z1 i
and r(b) = hx2 , y2 , z2 i. Then
Z
∇ f · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r(a)) = f (x2 , y2 , z2 ) − f (x1 , y1 , z1 )
C

• Example. LetR f (x, y, z) = x2 y + yz2 + 5 and C is a piecewise smooth curve from (1, 1, 0) to
(0, 2, 3). Find C ∇ f · dr = 17.
R
• Theorem If F is conservative,
R then C F · dr is independent of path. Furthermore, if C is a
closed curve, then C F · dr = 0.
• Example. Let F = (yex + sin y)i + (ex + x cos y)j.
5.8. LECTURE 35: INDEPENDENCE OF LINE INTEGRAL ON PATH 237

1. Show that F is conservative.

R
2. Let C be a curve given by r = costi + 2 sintj, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2. Find C F · dr by using another
simpler curve with the same starting and ending points.
Solution. 1. Set
P = yex + sin y, Q = ex + x cos y
Then
∂P ∂Q
= ex + cos y, = ex + cos y
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= ex + cos y =
∂y ∂x
and then F(x, y) is a conservative vector field.
2. To find its potential f , we let
∂f ∂f
= yex + sin y, = ex + x cos y
∂x ∂y
Integrating the second equation in y, we obtain

f = yex + x sin y + g(x).

Plugging this equation into the above first equation, we obtain

yex + sin y + g0 (x) = yex + sin y.

So
g0 (x) = 0
and then g(x) = C, a constant. Therefore, we obtain

f = yex + x sin y +C.

3. Evaluate r(t) at t = 0 and t = π/2:

r(0) = hcos 0, 2 sin 0i = h1, 0i,

and
r(π/2) = hcos π/2, 2 sin π/2i = h0, 2i.
So by the fundamental theorem, we have
Z
F · dr = f (0, 2) − f (1, 0) = 2e0 + 0(sin 2) − (0(e1 ) + 1(sin 0)) = 2.
C

• Example. Let C1 be the line segment from (0,0) to (1,1) and C2 the arc of the parabola y = x2
from (0,0) to (1,1). Find Z Z
2ydx + xdy, 2ydx + xdy
C1 C2
238 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Solution. The parametric equation of C1 is

x = t, y = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

The parametric equation of C2 is

x = t, y = t 2, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,

and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

So
Z Z 1
2ydx + xdy = 2tdt + tdt
C1 0
1
3 2 3
= t = .
2 0 2

Z Z 1
2ydx + xdy = 2t 2 dt + t(2t)dt
C2 0
1
4 3
= t
3 0
4
= .
3

• Criterion for the Conservative Vector Fields in R3 . F(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)i + Q(x, y, z)j +
R(x, y, z)k is conservative if and only if

∂P ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂R
= , = , =
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
or
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z =0
P Q R
     
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
− i+ − j+ − k=0
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

• Example.
R Let F(x, y, z) = yzi+xzj+xyk. Find the potential f such that ∇ f = F. Then evaluate
C F · dr, where C is any smooth curve from (1,2,3) to (-1,4, 0)
5.9. LECTURE 36: GREEN’S THEOREM 239

Solution. Since
curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
yz xz xy
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
xz xy yz xy yz xz
= (x − x) i − (y − y) j + (z − z) k
= 0.
the vector field is conservative.
To find the potential function f , we let
fx = yz, fy = xz, fz = xy.
Integrating with respect to x, y, and z separately produces
f (x, y, z) = xyz + g(y, z)
f (x, y, z) = xyz + h(x, z)
f (x, y, z) = xyz + k(x, y).
Comparing these three versions of f (x, y, z), we can conclude that
g(y, z) = C1 ,
h(x, z) = C2 ,
k(x, y) = C3 .
So
f = xyz +C.
So by the fundamental theorem, we have
Z
F · dr = f (−1, 4, 0) − f (1, 2, 3) = (−1)(4)(0) − (1)(2)(3) = −6.
C

[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Path independence for line integrals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbdDoS9_K0

5.9 Lecture 36: Green’s Theorem

• Read Section 15.4 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.4, problems 5, 7, 11, 15, 17, from the textbook.
240 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Outline
1. Green’s theorem
2. Using Green’s theorem to evaluate line integrals
• Orientation of a curve. The positive orientation of a simple closed curve C refers to a single
counterclockwise traversal of C, that is, as you traverse C, the region enclosed by C is always
on your left.

• The notation for line integrals along positively oriented C:

I
Pdx + Qdy
C

• Green’s Theorem. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in

the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. Then
ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
I
Pdx + Qdy = − dA
C ∂x ∂y
D

D C

• Example. Let P = y and Q = −x and let C be the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and D the region enclosed
by C. Evaluate ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
I
Pdx + Qdy, − dA
C ∂x ∂y
D

Solution. The parametric equation of the circle is

x = a cost, y = a sint, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
and
x0 = −a sint, y0 = a cost, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
So
I I
Pdx + Qdy = ydx − xdy
C C
Z 2π
= a sint(−a sint)dt − a cost(a cost)dt
0
= −a2 t|2π
0
= −2πa2 .
5.9. LECTURE 36: GREEN’S THEOREM 241

On the hand, using the polar coordinates, we obtain

ZZ   ZZ  
∂Q ∂P ∂ (−x) ∂ y
− dA = − dA
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
D D
Z 2π Z a
= −2 rdrdθ
0 0
= −2πa2 .
2
p
• Example. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate C (3xy − ecos x )dx + (4x2 − 1 + sin4 y)dy,
H

where C is the triangular curve consisting of the line segments from (0,0) to (1,0), from
(1,0) to (0,1), and from (0,1) to (0,0).
y

1
0 ≤ y ≤ 1−x
y = 1−x
D x
0 0≤x≤1 1

Solution. We have q
cos x2 2
P = 3xy − e , Q = 4x − 1 + sin4 y
and
∂P ∂Q
= 3x, = 8x
∂y ∂x
It then follows from the Green’s theorem that
I q
cos x2 2
(3xy − e )dx + (4x − 1 + sin4 y)dy
C
ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
ZZ
= − dA = (8x − 3x) dA
∂x ∂y
D D
Z 1 Z 1−x
= 5 xdydx
0 0
Z 1
= 5 (1 − x)xdx = 5/6.
0
2
• Example. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate C (1 − y3 )dx + (x3 + ey )dy, where C is the
H

boundary of the region between the circles x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 9.

Solution. We have 2
P = 1 − y3 , Q = x3 + ey
and
∂P ∂Q
= −3y2 , = 3x2
∂y ∂x
242 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

It then follows from the Green’s theorem that

I
2
(1 − y3 )dx + (x3 + ey )dy
C
ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
ZZ
3x2 − (−3y2 ) dA


= − dA =
∂x ∂y
D D
Z 2π Z 3
= 3 r2 rdrdθ
0 2
195π
= .
2
• Line integral of vector field F = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y)j:
Z Z
F · dr = P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy
C C
√
• Example. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate C F · dr, where F = (y + e x )i + (2x + cos y2 )j
R

and C is the boundary of the region enclosed by the parabolas y = x2 and x = y2 .

0.8 √
y= x

0.6
D
y

0.4

y = x2
0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x

Solution. We have √
P = y+e x
, Q = 2x + cos y2
and
∂P ∂Q
= 1, =2
∂y ∂x
It then follows from the Green’s theorem that
I I
F · dr = Pdx + Qdy
C C
ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
ZZ
= − dA = (2 − 1) dA
∂x ∂y
D D
Z 1 Z √x
= 3 dydx = 1.
0 x2
[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Green’s Theorem:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_zdFvYXX_c
5.10. PROBLEM SET 14 243

5.10 Problem Set 14

Group 1:
1. Let F(x, y) = 2xyi + x2 j. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is the same
along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = ti + t 2 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
(b) C2 : r2 = ti + t 3 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
2 sin ydy, C
R
(a) C cos ydx + x is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 2), and (0, 2).
√ 2
(b) C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (x2 y2 + 1 + x4 )i + (xy − ey )j and C consists of the arc of the
R

parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1) and the line segment from (1, 1) to (0, 1) and from
(0, 1) to (0, 0).
Group 2:
1. Let F(x, y) = (x2 − y2 )i − 2xyj. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is
the same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = cos θ i + sin θ j, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π,
(b) C2 : r2 = (1 − t)i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
(a) C xy2 dx + 2x2 ydy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 2), and (2, 4).
R

(b) C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (e−x + y2 )i + (sin(y2 ) + x2 )j and C consists of the arc of the
R

curve y = cos x from (−π/2, 0) to (π/2, 0) and the line segment from (π/2, 0) to (−π/2, 0)
Group 3:
1. Let F(x, y) = y2 zi + 2xyzj + xy2 k. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is
the same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = ti + t 2 j + k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
(b) C2 : r2 = ti + tj + (2t − 1)2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
R
(a) C −3ydx + 3xdy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), and (0, 1).
(b) C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (y − cos y)i + (x sin y)j and C is the the circle (x − 3)2 + (y +
R

4)2 = 4
Group 4:
R
1. Let F(x, y) = yzi + xzj + xyk. Show that F is conservative and the line integral C F · dr is the
same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = costi + sintj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ π,
(b) C2 : r2 = (1 − 2t)i + πtk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
244 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
(a) C y3 dx − x3 dy, C is the the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
R
R
(b) C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (y cos x − xy sin x)i + (xy + x cos x)j and C is the triangle with
vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), and (0, 4).
Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Let F(x, y) = 2xyi + x2 j. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is the same
along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = ti + t 2 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
(b) C2 : r2 = ti + t 3 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Solution. Set
P = 2xy, Q = x2
Then
∂P ∂Q
= 2x, = 2x
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= 2x =
∂y ∂x
and then F is a conservative vector field.
Along C1 , we have
x = t, y = t 2,
and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t.
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C1 0
Z 1
2t 3 + t 2 (2t) dt

=
0
= 1.
Along C2 , we have
x = t, y = t 3,
and
x0 = 1, y0 = 3t 2 .
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C2 0
Z 1
2t 4 + t 2 (3t 2 ) dt

=
0
= 1.
5.10. PROBLEM SET 14 245

1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
2 sin ydy, C
R
(a) C cos ydx + x is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 2), and (0, 2).

Z Z  
2 ∂ 2 ∂
cos ydx + x sin ydy = (x sin y) − (cos y) dA
C D ∂x ∂y
Z
= (2x sin y + sin y) dA
D
Z 5Z 2
= (2x sin y + sin y) dydx
0 0
= 30(1 − cos(2)).
R √
2 y2 + 1 + x4 )i + (xy − ey2 )j and C consists of the arc of the
1. C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (x
parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1) and the line segment from (1, 1) to (0, 1) and from (0, 1)
to (0, 0).

Z Z
2
p
F · dr = (x2 y2 + 1 + x4 )dx + (xy − ey )dy
C C
Z  
∂ y2 ∂ 2 2 p 4
= (xy − e ) − (x y + 1 + x ) dA
D ∂x ∂y
Z
y − 2x2 y dA


=
D
Z 1Z 1
y − 2x2 y dydx


=
0 x2
= 22/105.

0.8

0.6 D
y

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x

Group 2:
1. Let F(x, y) = (x2 − y2 )i − 2xyj. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is
the same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = cos θ i + sin θ j, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π,
(b) C2 : r2 = (1 − t)i, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
Solution. Set
P = x2 − y2 , Q = −2xy
246 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Then
∂P ∂Q
= −2y, = −2y
∂y ∂x
So
∂P ∂Q
= −2y =
∂y ∂x
and then F is a conservative vector field.
Along C1 , we have
x = cos θ , y = sin θ ,
and
x0 = − sin θ , y0 = cos θ .
So
Z Z π
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C1 0
Z π
(cos2 θ − sin2 θ )(− sin θ ) − 2 cos θ sin θ cos θ dt

=
0
= −2/3.

Along C2 , we have
x = 1 − t, y = 0,
and
x0 = −1, y0 = 0.
So
Z Z 2
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C2 0
Z 2
= (1 − t)2 (−1)dt
0
= −2/3.

1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
2 2
R
(a) C xy dx + 2x ydy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 2), and (2, 4).

Z Z  
2 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
xy dx + 2x yd = (2x y) − (xy ) dA
C D ∂x ∂y
Z
= (4xy − 2xy) dA
D
Z 2 Z 2x
= 2xydydx
0 x
= 12.
5.10. PROBLEM SET 14 247

where F(x, y) = (e−x + y2 )i + (sin(y2 ) + x2 )j and C consists of the arc of the curve
R
1. C F · dr,
y = cos x from (−π/2, 0) to (π/2, 0) and the line segment from (π/2, 0) to (−π/2, 0)

Z Z
F · dr = (e−x + y2 )dx + (sin(y2 ) + x2 )dy
C C
Z  
∂ 2 2 ∂ −x 2
= − (sin(y ) + x ) − (e + y ) dA
D ∂x ∂y
Z
= − (2x − 2y) dA
D
Z π/2 Z cos x
= −2 (x − y) dydx
−π/2 0
= π/2.

Group 3:
1. Let F(x, y) = y2 zi + 2xyzj + xy2 k. Show that F is conservative and the line integral
R
C F · dr is
the same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:
(a) C1 : r1 = ti + t 2 j + k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,
(b) C2 : r2 = ti + tj + (2t − 1)2 k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Solution. Since
curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z 2xyz xy2
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
2xyz xy2 y2 z xy2 y2 z 2xyz
= (2xy − 2xy) i + y2 − y2 j + (2yz − 2yz) k

= 0.
the vector field is conservative.
Along C1 , we have
x = t, y = t 2, z = 1,
and
x0 = 1, y0 = 2t, z0 = 0.
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C1 0
Z 1
t 4 + 2t 3 (2t) dt

=
0
= 1.
248 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Along C2 , we have
x = t, y = t, z = (2t − 1)2 ,
and
x0 = 1, y0 = 1, z0 = 4(2t − 1).
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C2 0
Z 1
t 2 (2t − 1)2 + 2t 2 (2t − 1)2 + 4t 3 (2t − 1) dt

=
0
= 1.

1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
R
(a) C −3ydx + 3xdy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), and (0, 1).

Z Z  
∂ ∂
−3ydx + 3xdy = (3x) − (−3y) dA
C D ∂x ∂y
Z
= 6dA
D
Z 3 Z 1−x/3
= 6dydx
0 0
= 9.

where F(x, y) = (y − cos y)i + (x sin y)j and C is the the circle (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 4
R
1. C F · dr,

Z Z
F · dr = (y − cos y)dx + (x sin y)dy
C C
Z  
∂ ∂
= (x sin y) − (y − cos y) dA
D ∂x ∂y
Z
= (sin y − 1 − sin y) dA
D
Z 2π Z 2
= − rdrdθ
0 0
= −4π.

Group 4:
R
1. Let F(x, y) = yzi + xzj + xyk. Show that F is conservative and the line integral C F · dr is the
same along two different paths with the same initial and terminal points:

(a) C1 : r1 = costi + sintj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ π,

(b) C2 : r2 = (1 − 2t)i + πtk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
5.10. PROBLEM SET 14 249

Solution. Since

curl F = ∇ × F
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
yz xz xy
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i− ∂x ∂z j+ ∂x ∂y k
xz xy yz xy yz xz
= (x − x) i + (y − y) j + (z − z) k
= 0.

the vector field is conservative.

Along C1 , we have
x = cost, y = sint, z = t,
and
x0 = − sint, y0 = cost, z0 = 1.
So
Z Z π
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C1 0
Z π
= [t sint(− sint) + t cost(cost) + sint cost] dt
Z0π
= [t cos 2t + sint cost] dt
0
1 2 π 1 1
 
1
Z
= t sin 2t + sin t − sin 2tdt
2 2 0 2 0
π
1
= cos 2t
4 0
= 0.

Along C2 , we have
x = 1 − 2t, y = 0, z = πt,
and
x0 = −2, y0 = 0, z0 = π.
So
Z Z 1
F · dr = F · r0 (t)dt
C2 0
Z 1
= 0dt
0
= 0.

1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integrals along the given positively oriented curve.
250 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

3 3 is the the circle x2 + y2 = 4.

R
(a) C y dx − x dy, C

Z Z  
3 3 ∂ 3 ∂ 3
y dx − x dy = (−x ) − (y ) dA
C D ∂x ∂y
Z
x2 + y2 dA


= −3
D
Z 2π Z 2
= −3 r3 drdθ
0 0
= −24π.
R
1. C F · dr, where F(x, y) = (y cos x − xy sin x)i + (xy + x cos x)j and C is the triangle with vertices
(0, 0), (2, 0), and (0, 4).

Z Z
F · dr = (y cos x − xy sin x)dx + (xy + x cos x)dy
C C
Z  
∂ ∂
= (xy + x cos x) − (y cos x − xy sin x) dA
D ∂x ∂y
Z
= (y + cos x − x sin x − cos x + x sin x) dA
D
Z 2 Z 4−2x
= ydydx
0 0
= 16/3.

5.11 Lecture 37: Parametric Surfaces

• Read Section 15.5 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.5, problems 5, 7, 17, 19, 21, 33, 35, from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of parametric surfaces
2. Finding parametric equations for surfaces
3. Tangent planes
• Surface given by
z = f (x, y)
For example, z = x2 + y3 .
• Parametric curves given by Vector-valued functions:
r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k = h f (t), g(t), h(t)i.
f , g, h are called component functions of r. It is equivalent to the parametric equations
x = f (t), y = g(t), z = h(t)
For example, the Helix:
r(t) = costi + sintj + tk.
5.11. LECTURE 37: PARAMETRIC SURFACES 251

• Parametric surfaces given by vector-valued functions:

r(u, v) = f (u, v)i + g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k.
It is equivalent to the parametric equations
x = f (u, v), y = g(u, v), z = h(u, v)

z
S

r(u, v
y

• Example. The plane:

r(u, v) = ui + (u + v)j + (4 − u − v)k.

Surface of r=<u, u+v, 4−u−v

10

5
z

2
0 2
0
−2 −2
y x

• Example. The cylinder:

r(u, v) = cos ui + sin uj + vk.

• Example. The paraboloid:

r(r, θ ) = r cos θ i + r sin θ j + r2 k.

• Example. Find parametric equations for the sphere

x2 + y2 + z2 = a2

r(θ , φ ) = a cos θ sin φ i + a sin θ sin φ j + a cos φ k.

252 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Surface of r=<cos u, sin u, v

z
−2

0.5 1
0 0.5
−0.5 0
−0.5
y x

2
Surface of r=<r cos θ, r sin θ, r

8
6
z

4
2
0
2
0 2
0
−2 −2
y x

• Example. Find parametric equations for the cone

p
z=2 x2 + y2

r(u, v) = v cos ui + v sin uj + 2vk.

• Tangent vector. r0 (t0 ) is a tangent vector of the curve given by Vector-valued functions:

r(t) = f (t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k.

• For the surface given by

r(u, v) = f (u, v)i + g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k

5.11. LECTURE 37: PARAMETRIC SURFACES 253

z
C1
S
rv (u0 , v0 )
C2

ru (u0 , v0 ) y

(u0 , v0 )
x

the partial derivative of r

∂r
ru (u0 , v0 ) = (u0 , v0 )
∂u
= fu (u0 , v0 )i + gu (u0 , v0 )j + hu (u0 , v0 )k
∂r
rv (u0 , v0 ) = (u0 , v0 )
∂v
= fv (u0 , v0 )i + gv (u0 , v0 )j + hv (u0 , v0 )k
are tangent vectors to the gird curves, r(u, v0 ) and r(u0 , v), respectively.
• Tangent plane is the plane that contains the tangent vectors ru (u0 , v0 ) and rv (u0 , v0 ) and its
normal vector is ru (u0 , v0 ) × rv (u0 , v0 ).

Normal vector: n = ru (u0 , v0 ) × rv (u0 , v0 )

z Tangent plane
C1
S
rv (u0 , v0 )
C2 P

ru (u0 , v0 ) y

(u0 , v0 )
x

• Example. Find the equation of the tangent plane to sphere

x = 2 cos θ sin φ , y = 2 sin θ sin φ , z = 2 cos φ
at the point with θ = π/4, φ = π/4
Solution. The vector equation of the sphere is
r(θ , φ ) = 2 cos θ sin φ i + 2 sin θ sin φ j + 2 cos φ k.
Then
rθ (θ , φ ) = −2 sin θ sin φ i + 2 cos θ sin φ j,
and
rφ (θ , φ ) = 2 cos θ cos φ i + 2 sin θ cos φ j − 2 sin φ k.
254 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

The normal vector of the tangent plane is

n = rφ (θ , φ ) × rθ (θ , φ )
i j k
= 2 cos θ cos φ 2 sin θ cos φ −2 sin φ
−2 sin θ sin φ 2 cos θ sin φ 0
2 sin θ cos φ −2 sin φ 2 cos θ cos φ −2 sin φ
= i− j
2 cos θ sin φ 0 −2 sin θ sin φ 0
2 cos θ cos φ 2 sin θ cos φ
+ k
−2 sin θ sin φ 2 cos θ sin φ
= 4 cos θ sin2 φ i + 4 sin θ sin2 φ j + 4 cos φ sin φ k.

Evaluate n at θ = π/4, φ = π/4:

n(π/4, π/4) = 4 cos(π/4) sin2 (π/4)i + 4 sin(π/4) sin2 (π/4)j

+4 cos(π/4) sin(π/4)k
√ √
= 2i + 2j + 2k.

Evaluate r at θ = π/4, φ = π/4:

r(π/4, π/4) = 2 cos(π/4) sin(π/4)i + 2 sin(π/4) sin(π/4)j + 2 cos(π/4)k

√
= i + j + 2k.

So the equation of the tangent plane is

√ √ √
2(x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + 2(z − 2) = 0.

Sphere and tangent plane

2
z

−2 2
−2
0 0
2
4 −2
y
x

• Surface area. For the surface given by

r(u, v) = f (u, v)i + g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k, (u, v) ∈ D,

the surface area is given by

ZZ
S= kru (u, v) × ru (u, v)kdA.
D
5.12. LECTURE 38: SURFACE INTEGRALS 255

• Example. Find the surface area of the sphere

r(θ , φ ) = 2 cos θ sin φ i + 2 sin θ sin φ j + 2 cos φ k

where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ φ ≤ π.
Solution. From the above example, we have

krφ (θ , φ ) × rθ (θ , φ )k
q
= (4 cos θ sin2 φ )2 + (4 sin θ sin2 φ )2 + (4 cos φ sin φ )2
q
= 4 sin4 φ + cos2 φ sin2 φ
q
= 4 sin2 φ
= 4 sin φ .

[fragile] So
Z 2π Z π Z 2π Z π
S= krφ (θ , φ ) × rθ (θ , φ )kdφ dθ = 4 sin φ dφ dθ = 16π.
0 0 0 0

• Useful youtube videos links:

1. Parameterized Surfaces:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmTNkRA0yyk

5.12 Lecture 38: Surface Integrals

• Read Section 15.6 from the textbook.

• Do Exercise 15.6, problems 5, 7, 9, 15, 17, from the textbook.

• Outline

1. Definition of surface integrals

2. Formula of calculating surface integrals
3. Examples

• Parametric surface S given by

r(u, v) = x(u, v)i + y(u, v)j + z(u, v)k, (u, v) ∈ D

• Surface integral of f over S.

We divide S into a number of small areas. On each small area, we construct a box by using
the area and the value f (Pi j ) at some point in the area and then calculate the volume of the
box f (Pi j )∆Si j and add up all of the volumes of the boxes.
256 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

f (Pi j )

S
∆Si j

After taking the limit as the number of the areas goes to infinity, we obtain the surface integral:
ZZ m n
f (x, y, z)dS = lim ∑ ∑ f (Pi j )∆Si j
m,n→∞
i=1 j=1
S

• Formula for calculating surface integrals:

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z)dS = f (r(u, v))|ru (u, v) × ru (u, v)|dA
S D

where

ru (u, v) = xu (u, v)i + yu (u, v)j + zu (u, v)k

rv (u, v) = xv (u, v)i + yv (u, v)j + zv (u, v)k
RR
• Example. Find S ydS, where S is the cylinder: x = 3 cos u, y = 3 sin u, z = v, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π,
0 ≤ v ≤ 3.

5
z

0 S

−2
0 2
0
x 2 −2
y

Solution. The vector equation of the cylinder is

r(u, v) = 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj + vk.

Then
ru (u, v) = −3 sin ui + 3 cos uj,
and
rv (u, v) = k.
5.12. LECTURE 38: SURFACE INTEGRALS 257

So
i j k
ru (u, v) × rv (u, v) = −3 sin u 3 cos u 0
0 0 1
3 cos u 0 −3 sin u 0
= i− j
0 1 0 1
−3 sin u 3 cos u
+ k
0 0
= 3 cos ui + 3 sin uj,

and then
q
kru (u, v) × rv (u, v)k = (3 cos u)2 + (3 sin u)2
= 3.

So ZZ Z 3 Z 2π Z 3 Z 2π
ydS = 3 sin ukru (u, v) × rv (u, v)kdudv = 9 sin ududv = 0.
S 0 0 0 0

• Formula for calculating surface integrals when S is given by z = z(x, y), (x, y) ∈ D:
ZZ ZZ q
f (x, y, z)dS = f (x, y, z) 1 + (zx )2 + (zy )2 dA
S D
RR
• Example. Find S xzdS, where S is the part of the plane 2x + 2y + z = 4 that lies in the first
octant.
Solution. The domain D is the projection of the part of the plane in the first octant onto the
xy-plane and it can be obtained by setting z = 0:

2x + 2y = 4

z
4 y
2

y = 2−x
S D
2 y x
D y = 2−x 0 2
2
x

Since the line intersect with the x-axis at x = 2, the domain D can be described by the inequali-
ties
0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − x
Since
z = 4 − 2x − 2y, zx = −2, zy = −2,
258 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

y = 2−x
D x
2

we have
ZZ ZZ q
xzdS = x(4 − 2x − 2y) 1 + (zx )2 + (zy )2 dA
S D
Z 2 Z 2−x q
= x(4 − 2x − 2y) 1 + (−2)2 + (−2)2 dydx
0 0
= 4.
• The area of the surface z = f (x, y) is
ZZ ZZ q
A(S) = dS = [ fx (x, y)]2 + [ fy (x, y)]2 + 1dA
S
D

• Example. Find the surface area of the part of the paraboloid

z = 4 − x2 − y2
that lies above the xy-plane.

S
4

2 D
0
z

−2 2
1
−4
−2 0
−1
0 −1 y
1
x 2 −2

Solution. The domain D is the projection of the part of the paraboloid above the xy-plane onto
the xy-plane and it can be obtained by setting z = 0:
4 − x2 − y2 = 0
The domain D in the polar coordinates is described by
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤2
Since
zx = −2x, zy = −2y,
5.13. LECTURE 39: FLUX INTEGRALS 259

2
0≤r≤2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

we have
ZZ
S = dS
ZZS q
= 1 + (zx )2 + (zy )2 dA
D
ZZ q
= 1 + (−2x)2 + (−2y)2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 2 p
= 1 + 4r2 rdrdθ
0 0
√
= π(17 17/6 − 1/6).
[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Evaluating a Surface Integral :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnUuJ7lRTNw

5.13 Lecture 39: Flux Integrals

• Read Section 15.6 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.6, problems 25, 27, 29, from the textbook.
• Outline
1. Definition of flux integrals
2. Formula of calculating flux integrals
3. Examples
• Normal vector of a surface S given by F(x, y, z) = k at a point P(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
∇F(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = hFx (x0 , y0 , z0 ), Fy (x0 , y0 , z0 ), Fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )i

• Unit normal vector of a surface S given by z = f (x, y) at a point P(x, y, z) is

h− fx , − fy , 1i
n= p
( fx )2 + ( fy )2 + 1
260 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Normal vector: n = ∇F(x0 , y0 , z0 )

z Tangent plane
C1
S

C2 (x0 , y0 , z0 )

(x0 , y0 )
x

h− f ,− f ,1i
Normal vector: n = √ x2 y 2
( fx ) +( fy ) +1

z Tangent plane
C1
S

C2 (x0 , y0 , z0 )

(x0 , y0 )
x

• Unit normal vector of a surface S given by a vector function r(u, v) at a point is

ru × rv
n=
|ru × rv |

ru ×rv
Normal vector: n = |ru ×rv |

z Tangent plane
C1
S
ru (u0 , v0 )
C2 P

ru (u0 , v0 ) y

(u0 , v0 )
x

• Orientable surface is a two-sided surface. The natural orientation of a surface is given by

the unit normal vector
h− fx , − fy , 1i
n= p
( fx )2 + ( fy )2 + 1
5.13. LECTURE 39: FLUX INTEGRALS 261

or
ru × rv
n=
|ru × rv |

The opposite orientation is given by −n.

• For a closed surface S, the positive orientation is the one for which the normal vectors point
outward from S.

• Flux integral of F across an oriented surface S. Since only particles moving in the normal
direction cross the surface, the flux is defined by
ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = F · dS
S S

n F

z
F·n
S

y
F F

• Formula for calculating flux:

ru × rv
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = F· kru × rv kdA = F · (ru × rv )dA
kru × rv k
S S D

• Example. Find the flux of the vector field F = zi + yj + xk across the unit sphere x2 + y2 + z2 =
1. (4π/3)
Solution. The vector equation of the sphere is

r(θ , φ ) = cos θ sin φ i + sin θ sin φ j + cos φ k

where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ φ ≤ π. Then

rθ (θ , φ ) = − sin θ sin φ i + cos θ sin φ j,

and
rφ (θ , φ ) = cos θ cos φ i + sin θ cos φ j − sin φ k.
262 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Then
rφ (θ , φ ) × rθ (θ , φ )
i j k
= cos θ cos φ sin θ cos φ − sin φ
− sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ 0
sin θ cos φ − sin φ 2 cos θ cos φ − sin φ
= i− j
cos θ sin φ 0 − sin θ sin φ 0
cos θ cos φ sin θ cos φ
+ k
− sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ
= cos θ sin2 φ i + sin θ sin2 φ j + cos φ sin φ k.
Evaluate F on the sphere:
F = cos φ i + sin θ sin φ j + cos θ sin φ k.
So the flux is
ZZ
F · ndS
S
ZZ
= F · (rφ × rθ )dA
D
ZZ
= (cos φ i + sin θ sin φ j + cos θ sin φ k) ·
D
(cos θ sin2 φ i + sin θ sin2 φ j + cos φ sin φ k)dA
Z 2π Z π
= (cos θ sin2 φ cos φ + sin2 θ sin3 φ + cos θ cos φ sin2 φ )dφ dθ
0 0
= 4π/3.
• Formula for calculating flux cross S given by z = f (x, y):
h− fx , − fy , 1i
ZZ ZZ q
F · ndS = F· p ( fx )2 + ( fy )2 + 1dA
( fx )2 + ( fy )2 + 1
S S
ZZ
= = (−P fx − Q fy + R)dA
D

where F = Pi + Qj + Rk.
RR
• Example. Find F · ndS, where F = xi + yj + zk and S is the part of the paraboloid z =
S
1 − x2 − y2 above the plane z = 0. (3π/2)
Solution. The domain D is the projection of the part of the paraboloid above the xy-plane onto
the xy-plane and it can be obtained by setting z = 0:
1 − x2 − y2 = 0
5.14. PROBLEM SET 15 263

F
F
F
2
F S
D

z
0

−1 0
−0.5 0
0.5 y
1 −1
x

1
0≤r≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π x

The domain D in the polar coordinates is described by

0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0≤r≤2
Since
zx = −2x, zy = −2y,
we have
ZZ ZZ
F · ndS = (−Pzx − Qzy + R)dA
S D
ZZ
= (−x(−2x) − y(−2y) + z)dA
D
ZZ
= (2x2 + 2y2 + 1 − x2 − y2 )dA
D
Z 2π Z 1
3π
= (1 + r2 )rdrdθ = .
0 0 2
[fragile]
• Useful youtube videos links:
1. Flux Integrals:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bRjYuN7ROI

5.14 Problem Set 15

Group 1:
1. Find a parametric
p representation for the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 that lies above the
cone z = x2 + y2 .
264 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

2. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface r(u, v) = u cos vi + u sin vj + u2 k at the
point with u = 2, v = π/3.
3. Find the surface integrals:
RR
(a) S xyzdS, where S is the cone with parametric equation x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = u, 0 ≤
u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π/2.
RR
(b) S F · dS, where F = yi + (z − y)j + xk, S is the surface of the tetrahedron with vertices
(0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1), oriented outward.
Group 2:
1. Find a parametric representation for the plane x + y + z = 6.
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations
x = u2 , y = v2 , z = u + 2v
at the point (1,1,3).
3. Find the surface integrals:
RR
(a) S yzdS, where S is the part of the plane z = 2 − x − y that lies in the first octant.
(b) S F · dS, where F = xzi + xj + yk, S is the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 25, y ≥ 0, oriented
RR

in the direction of the positive y-axis.

Group 3:
√
1. Find a parametric representation for the cone y = 4x2 + 9z2 .
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface r(u, v) = sin ui + cos u sin vj + sin vk at the
point with u = π/6, v = π/6.
3. Find the surface integrals:
(a) The area of the surface of the part of paraboloid z = x2 + y2 , for 0 ≤ z ≤ 4.
(b) S F · dS, where F = xi − zj + yk, S is the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 in the first
RR

octant with orientation toward the origin.

Group 4:
1. Find a parametric representation for the cylinder x2 + y2 = 25.
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations
x = u + v, y = 3u2 , z = u − v
at the point (2,3,0).
3. Find the surface integrals:
(a) The area of the part of the plane 3x + 2y + z = 6 that lies in the first octant.
(b) S F · dS, where F = xyi + yzj + zxk, S is the part of the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 that
RR

lies above the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, and has the upward orientation.

5.14. PROBLEM SET 15 265

Answer Keys
Group 1:
1. Find a parametric
p representation for the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 that lies above the
cone z = x2 + y2 .

r(θ , φ ) = 3 cos θ sin φ i + 3 sin θ sin φ j + 3 cos φ k, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/4.

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface r(u, v) = u cos vi + u sin vj + u2 k at the
point with u = 2, v = π/3.
Surface of r(u, v) = <u cos v, u sin v, u2>

20

10

0
z
−10

−20
4
5
2
0
y 0 −5
x

Since
ru (u, v)|(2,π/3) = [cos vi + sin vj + 2uk](2,π/3)
√
1 3
= i+ j + 4k,
2 2
rv (u, v)|(2,π/3) = [−u sin vi + u cos vj](2,π/3)
√
= − 3i + j,

the normal vector of the tangent plane is

i √
j k
n = 1 3
√
2 2 4
1 − 3 0
√
= h−4, −4 3, 2i.
Also, √
r(2, π/3) = i + 3j + 4k.
So the equation of the tangent plane is
√ √
−2(x − 1) − 2 3(y − 3) + z − 4 = 0.
1. Find the surface integrals:
RR
(a) S xyzdS, where S is the cone with parametric equation x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = u, 0 ≤
u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π/2.
Since
ru (u, v) = hcos v, sin v, 1i
rv (u, v) = h−u sin v, u cos v, 0i,
266 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Surface of r(u, v) = <u cos v, u sin v, u>

0.5

z
0
1
1
0.5
0.5
y 0 0
x

the normal vector is

i j k
ru × rv = cos v sin v 1
−u sin v u cos v 0
= h−u cos v, −u sin v, ui
and √
|ru × rv | = 2u.
So
ZZ Z 1 Z π/2
xyzdS = u cos(v)u sin(v)u|ru × rv |dvdu
S 0 0
Z 1 Z π/2 √
= u cos(v)u sin(v)u 2udvdu
0 0
√ Z 1 Z π/2 4
= 2 u cos(v) sin(v)dvdu
√ 0 0
= 2/10.
RR
1. S F · dS, where F = yi + (z − y)j + xk, S is the surface of the tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0,
0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1), oriented outward.
Surface S

0.5
z

S4
0
S2 S3
1
S1 1
0.5
0.5
y 0 0
x

On the triangular side S1 with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), we have
z = 0.
So
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = − (x − yzx − (0 − y)zy )dA
S1 S1
Z 1 Z 1−x
= − xdydx
0 0
= −1/6.
5.14. PROBLEM SET 15 267

On the triangular side S2 with vertices (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1), we have
x = 0.
So
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = − (y − (z − y)xy − 0 × xz )dA
S2 S2
Z 1 Z 1−y
= − ydzdy
0 0
= −1/6.
On the triangular side S3 with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), we have
y = 0.
So
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = − (z − 0 − 0 × yx − x × yz )dA
S3 S3
Z 1 Z 1−x
= − zdzdx
0 0
= −1/6.
On the triangular side S4 with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), we have
z = 1 − x − y.
So
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = (x − yzx − (1 − x − y − y) × zy )dA
S4 S1
Z 1 Z 1−x
= (1 − y)dydx
0 0
= 1/3.
Therefore,
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · dS + F · dS + F · dS + F · dS = −1/6
S S1 S2 S3 S4

Group 2:
1. Find a parametric representation for the plane x + y + z = 6.

r(x, y) = xi + yj + (6 − x − y)k.
1. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations
x = u2 , y = v2 , z = u + 2v
at the point (1,1,3).
268 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Surface of r(u, v) = <u2, v2, u+2v>

z
2

0
4
4
2
2
y 0 0
x

At the point (1,1,3), we have u = v = 1. Since

ru (u, v)|(1,1) = [2ui + k](1,1)
= 2i + 1k,
rv (u, v)|(1,1 = [2vj + 2k](1,1)
= 2j + 2k,

the normal vector of the tangent plane is

i j k
n = 2 0 1
0 2 2
= h−2, −4, 4i.
So the equation of the tangent plane is
−(x − 1) − 2(y − 1) + 2(z − 3) = 0.
1. Find the surface integrals:
RR
(a) S yzdS, where S is the part of the plane z = 2 − x − y that lies in the first octant.
Surface of z = 2−x−y
2

2 1.5

1
1
y

0 D
z

−1
0.5 D
2
−2
0 1
1
0
2 0 y 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x x

Since
zx = −1
zy = −1,
we obtain
ZZ ZZ q
yzdS = yz 1 + z2x + z2y dA
S D
Z 2 Z 2−x √
= 3y(2 − x − y)dydx
0
√ 0
= 2 3/3.
5.14. PROBLEM SET 15 269

where F = xzi + xj + yk, S is the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 25, y ≥ 0, oriented in

RR
1. S F · dS,
the direction of the positive y-axis.
Surface S

4
5
4 2
3 D

y
0

z
2
1
−2
0
4 D
2 4 −4
0 2
−2 0
−4 −2 −4 −2 0 2 4
−4
z x x

Since
p
y = 25 − x2 − z2
x
yx = −√
25 − x2 − z2
z
yz = −√ ,
25 − x2 − z2

we obtain
x2 z
ZZ  
zy
ZZ
F · dS = x+ √ +√ dA
S 25 − x2 − z2
D 25 − x2 − z2
x2 z
ZZ  
= x+ √ + z dA
D 25 − x2 − z2
r3 cos2 θ sin θ
Z 2π Z 5  
= r cos θ + √ + r sin θ rdrdθ
0 0 25 − r2
= 0.

Group 3:
√
1. Find a parametric representation for the cone y = 4x2 + 9z2 .

1 1
r(u, v) = v cos ui + vj + v sin uk, v ≥ 0.
2 3

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface r(u, v) = sin ui + cos u sin vj + sin vk at the
point with u = π/6, v = π/6.
Surface of r(u, v) = <sin u, cos u sin v, sin v>

0.5
z

−0.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
y 0 0
x
270 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Since

ru (u, v)|(π/6,π/6) = [cos ui − sin u sin vj + 0k](π/6,π/6)

√
3 1
= i − j + 0k,
2 4
rv (u, v)|(π/6,π/6) = [0i + cos u cos vj + cos vk](π/6,π/6)
√
3 3
= 0i + j + k,
4 2

the normal vector of the tangent plane is

i
√
j k
3
n = 2 − 41 0
√
3 3
0 4 2
√ √
3 3 3 3
= h− ,− , i.
8 4 8

Also,
√
1 3 1
r(π/6, π/6) = i + j + k.
2 4 2

So the equation of the tangent plane is

√ √ √
− 3(x − 1/2) − 6(y − 3/4) + 3 3(z − 1/2) = 0.

1. Find the surface integrals:

(a) The area of the surface of the part of paraboloid z = x2 + y2 , for 0 ≤ z ≤ 4.

Surface of z = x2+y2

1.5
4
1
3 0.5
D
2 0
y
z

1 −0.5

0 −1
D −1.5
1 2
0 1
−1 0
−1 −1 0 1 2
y x x

Since

zx = 2x
zy = 2y,
5.14. PROBLEM SET 15 271

we obtain
ZZ
S = dS
q ZZS
= 1 + z2x + z2y dA
D
ZZ p
= 1 + 4x2 + 4y2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 2 p
= r 1 + 4r2 drdθ
0
√0
= π(17 17 − 1)/6.

where F = xi − zj + yk, S is the part of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 in the first octant

RR
1. S F · dS,
with orientation toward the origin.
Surface S
2

2
1.5
1.5

1
z

y 1
0.5
D
0 0.5
2
D 2
1 1.5
1 0
0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2
y 0
x x

Since
p
z = 4 − x2 − y2
x
zx = −p
4 − x2 − y2
z
zz = −p ,
4 − x2 − y2

we obtain
" #
x2 zy
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = − y+ p −p dA
S 4 − x2 − y2
D 4 − x2 − y2
" #
ZZ
x 2
= − y+ p − y dA
D 4 − x2 − y2
Z π/2 Z 2 2
r cos2 θ
= − √ rdrdθ
0 0 4 − r2
= 4π/3.

Group 4:

1. Find a parametric representation for the cylinder x2 + y2 = 25.

r(u, v) = 5 cos ui + 5 sin uj + vk, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π.

272 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

1. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations

x = u + v, y = 3u2 , z = u − v

at the point (2,3,0).

Surface of r(u, v) = <u+v, 3u2, u−v>

z
0

−2 4
0
5 2
10
15 0
y x

At the point (2,3,0), we have u = v = 1. Since

ru (u, v)|(1,1) = [i + 6uj + k](1,1)

= i + 6j + k,
rv (u, v)|(1,1 = i + 0j − k,

the normal vector of the tangent plane is

i j k
n = 1 6 1
1 0 −1
= h−6, 2, −6i.

So the equation of the tangent plane is

−6(x − 2) + 2(y − 3) − 6z = 0.

1. Find the surface integrals:

(a) The area of the part of the plane 3x + 2y + z = 6 that lies in the first octant.
Surface of z = 6−3x−2y
3

2.5
6

2
4
z

1.5
y

2
1
0 D
3 0.5
2 D 2
1 1 0
0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y x x

Since

zx = −3
zy = −2,
5.15. LECTURE 40: THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM 273

we obtain
ZZ
S = dS
ZZS q
= 1 + z2x + z2y dA
D
Z 2 Z 6−3x √
= 14dydx
0 0
√
= 3 14.

where F = xyi + yzj + zxk, S is the part of the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y2 that lies
RR
1. S F · dS,
above the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, and has the upward orientation.
Surface S
1

4 0.8

3
0.6
2 D
z

y
1 0.4

0
1 D 0.2
1
0.5
0.5 0
0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y x x

Since

zx = −2x
zz = −2y,

we obtain
ZZ ZZ 
xz + 2x2 y + 2y2 z dA

F · dS =
S D
ZZ
x(4 − x2 − y2 ) + 2x2 y + 2y2 (4 − x2 − y2 ) dA
 
= −
D
Z 1Z 1
x(4 − x2 − y2 ) + 2x2 y + 2y2 (4 − x2 − y2 ) dxdy

= −
0 0
= 713/180.

5.15 Lecture 40: The Divergence Theorem

• Read Sections 15.7 and 15.8 from the textbook.
• Do Exercise 15.7, problems 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 from the textbook.
• Outline

1. Divergence theorem
2. Stokers’s theorem
3. Examples
274 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

• Green’s Theorem. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in

the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. Then
ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
I
Pdx + Qdy = − dA
C ∂x ∂y
D

• The Divergence Theorem in the plane. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth,

simple closed curve in the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. Then
I ZZ
F · nds = div FdA
C
D

• The Divergence Theorem in the space. Let S be the boundary of a simple solid region E,
given with positive (outward) orientation. Then
ZZ ZZZ
F · ndS = div FdV
S E

• Example. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the flux of the vector field F = zi + yj + xk
across the unit sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
Using the Divergence Theorem, we obtain
ZZ ZZZ
F · ndS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= dV
E
Z 2π Z π Z 1
= ρ 2 sin φ dρdφ dθ
0 0 0
4π
=
3
RR
• Example. Use the Divergence Theorem to find F · ndS, where F = xi + yj + zk and S is the
S
boundary of the solid region enclosed by the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y2 and the plane z = 0.
Using the Divergence Theorem, we obtain
ZZ ZZZ
F · ndS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= 3dV
E
Z 2π Z 1 Z 1−r2
= 3 rdzdrdθ
0 0 0
3π
=
2
5.16. PROBLEM SET 16 275
RR
• Example. Use the Divergence Theorem to calculate the surface integral F · ndS, where
S
F = (cos z + xy2 )i + xe−z j + (sin y + x2 z)k and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the
paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4.
Using the Divergence Theorem, we obtain
ZZ ZZZ
F · ndS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= (x2 + y2 )dV
E
Z 2π Z 2 Z 4
= r3 dzdrdθ
0 0 r2
32π
=
3

• Stokes’ Theorem. Let C be the boundary of the surface S. Then

Z ZZ
F · dr = curl F · ndS
C
S
RR
• Exercise. Use the Divergence Theorem to calculate the surface integral F · ndS, where
S
F = xyez i + xy2 z3 j − yez k and S is the surface of the box bounded by the coordinate planes
and the planes x = 3, y = 2, z = 1.

5.16 Problem Set 16

Group 1:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = (x3 + y3 )i + (z3 + y3 )j + (x3 + z3 )k, S is the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4.

(b) F = x4 i − x3 z2 j + 4xy2 zk, S is the surface of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1
and the planes z = x + 2 and z = 0.
Group 2:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x = 0,

x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.
2 2
p= x i − 2xyj + xyz k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: z =
(b) F
a2 − x2 − y2 , z = 0.
Group 3:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.
276 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

(a) F = x2 z2 i − 2yj + 3xyzk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x = 0,
x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.
F = xyi + yzj − yzk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: z =
(b) p
a2 − x2 − y2 , z = 0.
Group 4:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = xi + y2 j − zk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x2 + y2 = 25,
z = 0, z = 7.
(b) F = (xy2 + cos pz)i + (x2 y + sin z)j + ez k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the
surfaces: z = 12 x2 + y2 , z = 8.

Answer Keys
Group 1:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = (x3 + y3 )i + (z3 + y3 )j + (x3 + z3 )k, S is the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 4.

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= 2 (x2 + y2 + z2 )dV
E
Z 2π Z π Z 2
= 2 ρ 4 sin φ dρdφ dθ
0 0 0
= 256π/5.

1. F = x4 i − x3 z2 j + 4xy2 zk, S is the surface of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y2 = 1 and
the planes z = x + 2 and z = 0.

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S ZZZE
= (4x3 + 4xy2 )dV
E
Z 2π Z 1 Z 2+r cos θ
= 4r4 cos θ dzdrdθ
0 0 0
= 2π/3.

Group 2:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x = 0,

x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.
5.16. PROBLEM SET 16 277

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= 2 (x + y + z)dV
Z a ZE aZ a
= 2 (x + y + z)dzdydx
0 0 0
4
= 3a .
F = x2 i − 2xyj + xyz2 k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: z =
1. p
a2 − x2 − y2 , z = 0.

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S E
ZZZ
= 2 (x − x + xyz)dV
E
Z 2π Z π/2 Z a
= 2 ρ 5 cos θ sin θ cos φ sin3 φ dρdφ dθ
0 0 0
= 0.

Group 3:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.
(a) F = x2 z2 i − 2yj + 3xyzk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x = 0,
x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S ZZZE
= (2xz2 − 2 + 3xy)dV
Z a ZE a Z a
= (2xz2 − 2 + 3xy)dzdydx
0 0 0
1 6 3 5
= a + a − 2a3 .
3 4
p
1. F = xyi+yzj−yzk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: z = a2 − x2 − y2 ,
z = 0.

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S ZZZE
= (y + z − y)dV
E
Z 2π Z π/2 Z a
= ρ 3 cos φ sin φ dρdφ dθ
0 0 0
= πa4 /4.
 278 CHAPTER 5. CHAPTER 15 VECTOR CALCULUS

Group 4:
RR
1. Use the Divergence Theorem to find the surface integral S F · dS.

(a) F = xi + y2 j − zk, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the surfaces: x2 + y2 = 25,
z = 0, z = 7.
Surface S

6 2

4 D

z
0

y
2
−2
0
4 D
2 4 −4
0 2
−2 0
−4 −2 −4 −2 0 2 4
−4
y x x

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S ZZZE
= (1 + 2y − 1)dV
E
Z 2π Z 5 Z 7
= 2r2 sin θ dzdrdθ
0 0 0
= 0.

1. F = (xy2 + cosp z)i + (x2 y + sin z)j + ez k, and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the
surfaces: z = 12 x2 + y2 , z = 8.
Surface S
15

8 10

6 5
D
4
z

0
y

2
−5
0
D −10
10
0 10
0 −15
−10 −10 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
y x x

ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S ZZZE
= (y2 + x2 + ez )dV
E
Z 2π Z 16 Z 8
= (r2 + ez )rdzdrdθ
0 0 r/2
8
= 2π(100e + 131052/5).

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