Internet
Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information
over the web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer
networks.
Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which
identifies a computer location.
A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give
name to the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a
name.
For example, a DNS server will resolve a name
http://www.flipkart.com to a particular IP address to
uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Advantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we
will discuss some of the advantages of Internet:
Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at
remote locations. There are various apps available on the wed
that uses Internet as a medium for communication. One can
find various social networking sites such as:
o Facebook
o Twitter
o Yahoo
o Google+
o Flickr
o Orkut
One can surf for any kind of information over the internet.
Information regarding various topics such as Technology,
Health & Science, Social Studies, Geographical Information,
Information Technology, Products etc can be surfed with help
of a search engine.
Apart from communication and source of information, internet
also serves a medium for entertainment. Following are the
various modes for entertainment over internet.
o Online Television
o Online Games
o Songs
o Videos
o Social Networking Apps
Internet allows us to use many services like:
o Internet Banking
o Matrimonial Services
o Online Shopping
o Online Ticket Booking
o Online Bill Payment
o Data Sharing
o E-mail
Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that
allows the business deals to be conducted on electronic
systems
Disadvantages
However, Internet has prooved to be a powerful source of information
in almost every field, yet there exists many disadvanatges discussed below:
There are always chances to loose personal information such as name,
address, credit card number. Therefore, one should be very careful while
sharing such information. One should use credit cards only through
authenticated sites.
Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming corresponds to the
unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of entire system.
Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such
virus attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may
get deleted.
Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are many
pornographic sites that can be found, letting your children to use internet
which indirectly affects the children healthy mental life.
There are various websites that do not provide the
authenticated information. This leads to misconception among
many people.
The Internet's history began in the 1960s with the US Department of
Defense's ARPANET, designed for research and communication. The
development of TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s allowed different networks
to connect, and the World Wide Web, created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee,
popularized the Internet for the general public. This led to its rapid growth
and commercialization in the 1990s, transforming it into the global
network we know today.
Here's a more detailed look:
Early Development (1960s-1970s):
ARPANET:
The US Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) created ARPANET, the first operational packet-switching network,
in 1969.
Packet Switching:
This technology, essential for ARPANET, broke down data into packets for
efficient transmission, a key innovation.
TCP/IP:
The development of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) in the 1970s standardized communication between networks,
enabling them to connect and form the Internet.
The World Wide Web and Growth (1989-1990s):
Tim Berners-Lee:
At CERN in Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web
in 1989, introducing HTML, HTTP, and a web browser.
Mosaic Browser:
The Mosaic browser, developed in 1993, made the web accessible to a
wider audience with its user-friendly interface.
Commercialization:
The Internet became commercialized in the 1990s, with the rise of
internet service providers and e-commerce.
The Internet Today:
Global Network:
The Internet has grown into a vast global network, connecting billions of
people and devices worldwide.
Ubiquitous Technology:
It has become an essential tool for communication, information access,
entertainment, and commerce.
Ongoing Evolution:
The Internet continues to evolve with new technologies like the Internet
of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence, shaping the future of
connectivity
World Wide Web, a system of interconnected documents and other
resources accessed via the internet. It's essentially the part of the internet
that most people interact with when they browse websites, view images,
and watch videos. While often confused with the internet itself, the World
Wide Web is actually a service built on top of the internet infrastructure.
The Internet:
The global network of interconnected computer networks that allows
devices to communicate.
The World Wide Web (WWW):
A system of information sharing using hypertext and hyperlinks, accessed
through web browsers.
Key Components:
Hypertext: Text that contains links to other text.
Hyperlinks: Links that connect different webpages or resources.
Websites: Collections of interconnected webpages.
Web Browsers: Software used to access and display webpages (e.g., Chrome,
Firefox, Safari).
Web Servers: Computers that store and deliver web content.
In essence, the World Wide Web is a vast, interconnected collection of
information made accessible through the internet.
Server:
The software that distributes the information and the machine
where the information and software reside is called the server.
provides requested service to client
e.g., Web server sends requested Web page
Client:
The software that resides on the remote machine,
communicates with the server, fetches the information,
processes it, and then displays it on the remote machine is
called the client.
initiates contact with server (“speaks first”)
typically requests service from server
Web: client implemented in browser
Web server:
Software that delivers Web pages and other documents to
browsers using the HTTP protocol
Web Page:
A web page is a document or resource of information that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through
a web browser.
Website:
A collection of pages on the World Wide Web that are accessible
from the same URL and typically residing on the same server.
URL:
Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address which identifies
a resource on the Internet for routing purposes.
Web system architecture refers to the overall structure of how a website
or web application is designed, implemented, and deployed. It
encompasses the technologies, protocols, and components that enable
users to interact with the application and receive information. This includes
the client-side (front-end), server-side (back-end), databases, and the
network that connects them.
1. Client-Side (Front-End):
User Interface (UI):
This is what users see and interact with directly. It's built using
technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Responsibilities:
Displaying information, handling user input, and interacting with the
server through the browser.
2. Server-Side (Back-End):
Web Server: Handles requests from the client (browser), processes them,
and sends back the requested content.
Application Logic: This includes the code that handles user authentication,
data processing, and other business logic.
Database: Stores and manages the application's data.
Programming Languages: Common languages used on the server-side
include Python, Java, and Ruby.
3. Networking:
Protocols: TCP/IP, HTTP, and HTTPS are essential for communication
between the client and server.
Addressing: URIs and URLs help identify and locate resources on the
internet.
4. Architecture Patterns:
Multi-Tier Architecture:
Often involves a presentation tier (UI), an application tier (logic), and a
data tier (database).
Load Balancing:
Distributes traffic across multiple servers to ensure high availability and
performance.
Microservices:
Decomposes the application into smaller, independent services that
communicate with each other.
5. Key Considerations:
Scalability: The architecture should be able to handle increasing amounts
of users and data.
Security: Protecting user data and preventing unauthorized access is
crucial.
Performance: The application should be responsive and efficient.
In essence, web system architecture provides a framework for building and
deploying applications that are functional, reliable, and user-friendly.
Basic internet protocols are the fundamental rules and standards that
govern how devices communicate over the internet. They ensure that data
is transmitted, received, and interpreted correctly. Some key protocols
include IP (Internet Protocol), TCP (Transmission Control Protocol),
HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure), DNS (Domain Name
System), and FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
Core Internet Protocols and Their Functions:
IP (Internet Protocol):
This is the fundamental protocol responsible for addressing and routing
data packets across networks. It assigns unique addresses to devices and
ensures data reaches its intended destination.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
TCP works with IP to provide reliable, ordered, and error-checked
delivery of data. It ensures that data packets are delivered in the correct
sequence and that any lost or corrupted packets are retransmitted.
HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure):
HTTP is the protocol used for transmitting web pages and other data over
the internet. HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts the data
transmitted between a client and a server, protecting sensitive
information.
DNS (Domain Name System):
DNS translates human-readable domain names (like google.com) into IP
addresses that computers can understand, making it easier to navigate the
internet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
FTP is used for transferring files between computers, allowing users to
upload, download, and manage files on remote servers.
Other Important Protocols:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Handles the sending and routing
of emails.
POP3/IMAP: Protocols used by email clients to retrieve emails from a
server.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Another transport layer protocol that
provides a connectionless, unreliable way to send data, often used for
streaming media and online gaming.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Automatically assigns IP
addresses to devices on a network, simplifying network configuration.
SSH (Secure Shell): Provides a secure way to remotely access and manage
devices.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Used for monitoring
and managing network devices.
These protocols work together to enable the complex communication that
happens on the internet, from browsing websites to sending emails and
transferring files.
