University of Vermont - Summer 2022

French 209, Chapter 8 Syllabus

Professor Allen, Section 2

December 03, 2022

As a result, Only certain types of equipment and supplies are covered, and within categories

only approved models of equipment from approved vendors are covered, and vendors may

not charge more than specified prices established by the government. ==== Nursing homes

and home care ====

Home care is an "extended" service, and is therefore not an insured service under the

Canada Health Act.

Class Date: 6/10/2024

Professor’s Comment: The methodology section needs further elaboration.

GENERIC CONTENT:

## Discussion

: 10 Home care is not considered to be a medically necessary service, like hospital and

physician services, and provincial and territorial governments are under no obligation to

provide home care services. : 9 In their 2009 report on home care in Canada, the Canadian

Healthcare Association (CHA ) said that there was an increase in chronic disease rates as
Canada's population aged. : 9 Home care is generally considered to be a lower cost

alternative at a time when governments are concerned about the cost of healthcare and is

generally the preferred option for seniors. : 9

One in four caregivers provide care related to aging.

## Background (List)

- A 2016 study published in the Journal of Canadian Studies said that with an increasing

elder population, in Canada, the supply of home care aids (HCA)s was not meeting the

demand required to provide adequate nursing home care and home care in an increasingly

complex care system.

- Home care aids face intense job precarity, inadequate staffing levels as well as increasingly

complex needs including different types of routinized, assembly-lines types of work, and

cost-cutting on equipment and supplies.

- They also work in situations where there are more occupational hazards, which can

include aggressive pets, environmental tobacco smoke, oxygen equipment, unsafe

neighborhoods, and pests.

## Analysis (List)

- As the role of home care aids evolves, so does the need for more training and instruction.

- Nurses and HCAs are expected to think critically and execute real-time, and make

evidence-based care decisions.

- == Indigenous peoples ==

The largest group the federal government is directly responsible for is First Nations.
## Conclusion (List)

- Native peoples are a federal responsibility and the federal government guarantees

complete coverage of their health needs.

- For the last twenty years and despite health care being a guaranteed right for First Nations

due to the many treaties the government of Canada signed for access to First Nations lands

and resources, the amount of coverage provided by the Federal government's Non-Insured

Health Benefits program has diminished drastically for optometry, dentistry, and medicines.

## Findings (List)

- Status First Nations individuals qualify for a set number of visits to the optometrist and

dentist, with a limited amount of coverage for glasses, eye exams, fillings, root canals, etc.

- For the most part, First Nations people use normal hospitals and the federal government

then fully compensates the provincial government for the expense.

- The federal government also covers any user fees the province charges.

- The federal government maintains a network of clinics and health centers on First Nations

reserves.

## Discussion (List)

- At the provincial level, there are also several much smaller health programs alongside

Medicare.

- The largest of these is the health care costs paid by the workers' compensation system.
## Background

Regardless of federal efforts, healthcare for First Nations has generally not been considered

effective. Despite being a provincial responsibility, the large health costs have long been

partially funded by the federal government. == Healthcare spending ==

While the Canadian healthcare system has been called a single payer system, Canada "does

not have a single health care system" according to a 2018 Library of Parliament report.

## Analysis

The provinces and territories provide "publicly funded health care" through provincial and

territorial public health insurance systems. The total health expenditure in Canada includes

expenditures for those health services not covered by either federal funds or these public

insurance systems, that are paid by private insurance or by individuals out-of-pocket. In

2017, the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that healthcare spending is

expected to reach $242 billion, or 11.5% of Canada's gross domestic product for that year.

The provinces and territories health spending accounted for approximately "64.2% of total

health expenditure" in 2018.

## Conclusion

Public sources of revenue for the public healthcare system include provincial financing

which represented 64.2% of the total in 2018. This includes funds transferred from the

federal government to the provinces in the form of the CHT. Direct funding from the federal
government, as well as funds from municipal governments and social security funds

represented 4.8% in 2018.: 11

According to the CIHI 2019 report, since 1997, the 70–30 split between public and private

sector healthcare spending has remained relatively consistent with approximately 70% of

Canada's total health expenditures from the public sector and 30% from the private sector.

Public-sector funding, which has represented approximately 70% of total health

expenditure since 1997, "includes payments by governments at the federal,

provincial/territorial and municipal levels and by workers' compensation boards and other

social security schemes". : 11

== Private sector funding ==

Private sector funding is regulated under the Canada Health Act, (CHA) which sets the

conditions with which provincial/territorial health insurance plans must comply if they

wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government.

## Findings

The CHA does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services (defined as

medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians). Most provinces have

responded through various prohibitions on such payments.

References / Works Cited:

1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikipedia.org/