Experiment List
1. Speed control of wound rotor (slip-ring) induction motor by rotor resistance
variation.
2. To determine the efficiency Vs load, speed Vs load & torque Vs load
characteristics of a D.C. series motor and predict the speed torque
characteristics.
3. Determination of speed load efficiency load characteristics of a D.C. shunt and
compound motor.
4. Determination of characteristics of 3 phase induction motor by load test.
5. Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a single-phase transformer.
6. Analysis of AC Servomotor control
7. Analysis of Stepper Motor for Precise Motion Control
8. Simulation of Closed-Loop Control of Mechatronic Aeropendulum
using PID controller.
MACHINE LAB
1
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Object: Speed control of wound rotor (slip-ring) induction motor by rotor
resistance variation.
Theory:
An induction motor is essentially a shunt characteristics machine. The speed being
intimately related with its synchronous speed. For many industrial drives speed
control of the motor is needed. The speed depends upon the total resistance in the
rotor circuit. For wound rotor, additional resistance can be inserted in the circuit to
reduce the speed. The speed of three phase induction motor is given by:
N = Ns (1-s) r.p.m. where
s = fractional slip
f = frequency of supply in Hz
P = poles for which the stator is wound
Ns = 120 f / P r.p.m. = Synchronous speed in rpm
For induction motor loading a dc generator is mechanically coupled to the motor.
Thus motor is electrically loaded through the dc generator.
The stator of the induction motor is connected to the supply and the slip rings of
rotor are shorted through variable resistance for starting and for further speed
control of the set.
Procedure:
2
(i) Note down the supply frequency.
(ii) Connect the induction motor and the dc generator as shown in the circuit
diagram, fig. 1.
(iii) Start the motor with maximum resistance in the rotor circuit (step 1).
(iv) Adjust the dc generator voltage at 110 volt by varying resistance in field
circuit.
(v) Vary the load current (lamp load) of the generator and note down the speed
for each setting of the external resistance (keep the voltage constant at
110V).
(vi) Change the external rotor resistance (step 2) and repeat the above procedure.
Observations:
DC Generator Voltage – 110V
Rotor resistance Frequency Speed of motor Load current of dc
generator
(step)
Report:
i) Discuss methods of speed control of 3-phase induction motor.
ii) Draw the graph of speed Vs torque for different resistance steps.
0-5A
3
4
Figure-1
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Object: To determine the efficiency Vs load, speed Vs load & torque Vs load
characteristics of a D.C. series motor and predict the speed torque characteristics.
Theory: Ref: PP. 318, Electrical Machines by Nagrath & Kothari.
Formula used: Input to the motor = V.I watts.
2πN (T1 - T2) R.g.
Motor = ------------------------- Watts, where T1 and T2 are the values of
60
tension in the belt on tight and slack side respectively
R= effective radius of the pulley (m)
N= speed of the motor (rpm)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2 )
Output
Threfore Efficiency of the motor = ------------ *100 %
Input
and Torque developed = (T1 - T2) Rg (N-m)
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in figure.
2. Put some load on the shaft of the motor by tightening the brake belt.
3. Keeping the drum handle at OFF position, release the ON contact of the starter
which makes out supply available at the controller.
4. Start the motor by moving the drum handle to position No. 1 and then
gradually cut out all the starting resistance by moving handle up to position
No. 5.
5. Increase the load on the motor shaft by tightening the belt till full load current
flows in the motor. Note down the supply voltage, armature current, tension
on two sides of belt and speed of motor. Now decrease the load in steps such
that motor draws a current of about 50% of its rated value. Note down various
values for each load.
Observations:
Effective radius of the pulley R =
S. No. V (Volt) I (Amp) T1 (Kgf) T2 (Kgf) N (rpm)
5
Report:
1. Why do the dc series motors give high starting torque?
2. Mention industrial applications of dc series motors.
Circuit Diagram:
-- L
S e r ie s
F ie ld
T h ro u g h
--
S ta rte r
--
LL
6
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Object: Determination of speed load and efficiency load characteristics of a d.c.
shunt and compound motor.
Theory: The speed load characteristics of a d.c. motor mainly depends upon the type
of excitation provided. The speed of a d.c. shunt motor is given by the equation.
V – Ia Ra
N=k( )
Where V = applied voltage
Ia = armature current
Ra = armature resistance
= flux/pole
K = constant of the machine
Thus with an increase in armature current the armature resistance drop (Ia Ra)
increases and the speed decreases, but this is countered by a decrease in flux caused
by the armature reaction. Since Ia Ra drop predominates, the speed will fall
somewhat with load and a drooping characteristic is obtained.
The drooping can be increased or reduced by cumulatively or differentially
compounding the motor. Cumulative compounding means that the series field aids
the shunt field so that the flux/pole increases with the armature current and as a
consequence the speed decreases more rapidly as compared to a shunt motor. In a
differentially compounded motor the series field opposes the shunt field so that the
flux/pole decreases with an increase in the armature current resulting in a higher
motor speed as compared to a shunt motor. For the calculation of efficiency, the
d.c. motor is used to drive a d.c. generator which is connected to an electric load.
Thus the output of the motor and hence its efficiency can be determined by
measuring the power input to motor, power output from generator and assuming a
suitable value of generator efficiency (let it be 85%).
Procedure:
i) Connect the machines as shown choosing appropriate instruments and
keeping the motor in the first instance as shunt excited.
ii) Start the motor with the help of starter.
iii) Adjust the speed of the d.c. motor to its no load speed with the help of
rheostat Rh1
iv) Adjust the no load voltage of the d.c. generator to its rated value with the
help of rheostat Rh2
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v) Gradually increase the electrical load on the generator simultaneously noting
down the input to the motor, the output of the generator and speed while
keeping the generator output voltage constant.
vi) Repeat with the motor cumulatively compounded.
vii) Repeat with the motor differentially compounded.
Observations:
S.No. Input to motor Output from generator Speed
V I V I N
(Volts) (Amp) (Volts) (Amp) (Amp)
Note: i) For differential compounding inter change Y & YY terminals of the
motor.
ii) for shunt excitation series fld wdg (Y –YY) of the motor is to be left out
of the circuit.
Report:
1. Explain why dc shunt motors are regarded as constant speed motors.
Mention industrial applications of shunt motors.
2. Why the starting torque of cumulatively compounded motor is better than
shunt motor?
Circuit Diagram:
L F A
+ - + -
+ A A
Y YY
Rh1 + Load
+
230 V
D.C. V V
Supply Z A
M Rh2 Z -
_
G
ZZ AA AA ZZ
Differentially / Cumulatively Compounded D.C. Motor
8
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Object: Determination of characteristics of 3 phase induction motor by load test.
Theory: When three phase supply having time phase difference of 1200 are fed into
three phase windings having space displacement of 1200, a rotating magnetic field
is produced, which rotates at synchronous speed given by the expression:
120f
Ns =----------- r.p.m.
P
Where: f – supply frequency in Hz.
P – Number of poles.
Ns – Synchronous speed in rpm.
If an armature, whose conductors form close circuits, be placed in this rotating field,
it will develop torque because of the induced currents acting in conjunction with the
rotating magnetic field. The armatures can never attain the speed of the field; for if
it did, there will be no relative motion between the rotor conductors and field and
hence no induced emf and current in the rotor conductors and thus no torque will be
developed.
The difference between the speed of the rotating field and that of the rotor is called
the absolute slip. It is more convenient to express the slip as a fraction of the
synchronous speed.
If the speed of rotor is N and synchronous speed is Ns, then the fractional slip
NS - N
S=
NS
Efficiency of the machine is defined as the ratio of output to input power. Output
power may be measured by using belt braking (with tension say T1 and T2) and input
may be measured by using a wattmeter. In this case efficiency may be given as
follows:
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where T1 and T2 are in kg, The diameter of the pulley D in m, w1 &w2 are the reading
s of the wattmeter in watts, and g the acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/Sec2.
Procedure: First make the connection as shown in the diagram then increase the
input voltage gradually with help go auto-transformer up to motors rated value. Now
gradually load the motor by tightening the belt and note down the readings of the
meters, tension of the belt-sides and speed of the motor for each load.
Observation & Result:
S. No. Voltage (V) Current (I) Wattmeter reading Tension (T) Speed Frequency
volts Amp. (Watts) (Kgf) (N) (f) Hz
rpm
W1 W2 T1 T2
Result Table:
S. No. Load Current Speed Input power Torque Output Power %
(I) Amp. (N) (W1+ W2) N-m (Watts) efficiency
rpm watts
Report: Plot the following characteristics:
1. Efficiency VS Load.
2. Torque VS speed.
3. Speed VS Load.
Circuit Diagram:
P
230 V
3 - ph
LOAD TEST ON 3- PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
10
CONTROL LAB
