Assignment

Heavy Construction Equipment and Materials

1. Excavator solve problem 9.3, 9.4, 9.11

9.3 For each of the stated conditions, determine the probable production expressed in
cubic yards per hour bank measure for a shovel equipped with a 3-cy bucket. The shovel
has a maximum digging height of 30 ft. Use a 45-min-hour efficiency factor.

Condition Common earth Common earth Rock-earth/earth- Shale, poorly

gravel blasted
Height of 12 7.5 12 18
excavation(ft)
Angle of 90 120 60 150
swing(degree)
Loading haul units no no no no

9.4 A shovel having a 5-cy bucket whose cost per hour, including the wages to an
operator, is $96 will excavate well-blasted rock and load trucks under each of the stated
conditions. The maximum digging height of the machine is 35 ft. Determine the cost per
cubic yard for each condition.
Condition 1 2 3 4
Height of 10.2 20.5 23.7 27.3
excavation(ft)
Angle of 75 90 120 180
swing(degree)

9.11 A crawler hoe having a 2-cy bucket and whose cost per hour is $115 (without
operator) will excavate and load trucks under each of the stated conditions. The
maximum digging depth of the machine is 22 ft. Determine the cost per cubic yard for
each condition. Be aggressive with the assumed fill factor.
condition 1 2
material Dry clay(tough) Sand and gravel(gravel,wet)
Depth of excavation(ft) 10 14
Angle of swing(degree) 50 80
Percent swell 16
Efficiency factor (min per hr) 45 50
2. Dozer solve the following problem
A CAT D7R power shift dozer is used in a pushing operation. The dozer is equipped
with a semi-Universal blade. The material is dry and non-cohesive silty sand that weighs
110 pcf in the bank state. It is estimated that the material will swell 6% from bank to
loose state. The center of mass to center of mass pushing is 200 ft. uphill on a 5% grade.
The operator is excellent and will be performing in good conditions. The job efficiency
is assumed to be a 50-minute hour. Calculate the direct cost of the proposed earthmoving
operation in dollars per bcy. The normal O&O cost for these machines is 89.50 per hour
and the operator’s wage is $19.00 per hour including fringe benefits and insurance.

A used to calculate the direct cost of an earthmoving silty sand with specific conditions
and costs.
Outlines:
-material properties: the silty sand weighs 110 pcf and swells by 6% from bank to loose
state.
Operational details: the dozer Pushes 200ft uphill on a 5% grade with a 50-minute hour
efficiency.
-cost of calculation: includes O/O costs of $89.50 per hour and an operator’s wage
of$19.00 per hour.

Step 1 calculate the volume of material in loose cubic yards (LCY)

1. swell factor is given as 6% (1.06)
2. Convert bank cubic yard into loose cubic yard (LCY)
=from the dozer productivity chart for D7R dozer for 200 ft distance of pushing
we get 400bcy volume amount.

LCY=BCY*swell factor
LCY = 400*1.06=424LCY

Step 2. Calculate the time required for the operation

1.determine the cycle time
The cycle time includes the time to push the material, return, and any
delays. given the efficiency is 50-minute hour, the effective working time
per hour is:
Effective time =50/60 hour
3. Calculate the total time required:
Number of cycles=424LCY/1LCY per cycle =424cycles

if
3. Compaction equipment’s solve problem 5.2, 5.6
5.2 A vibratory roller is traveling across the soil layer at 5 mph, and density tests
determine that 8 impacts per foot provides an optimum level of compaction at the
moisture content. Determine the vibratory setting for the roller in vibrations per minute
(vpm).

5.6 Estimate the production in ccy per hour for a roller if its average speed will be 4 mph
and it will cover 84 in for one pass. The job specifications limit the compacted lift
thickness to 4 in. and require three passes per lift. The company usually figures
production based on a 55-min hour.

4. Trucks solve problem 10.5, 10.6, 10.9

10.5 A truck for which the information in Figure 10.8 applies operates over a haul road
with a +4% slope and a rolling resistance of 90 lb/ton. If the gross vehicle weight is
70,000 lb, determine the truck’s maximum speed.
10.6 A truck for which the information in Figure 10.8 applies operates over a haul road
with a -4% slope and a rolling resistance of 200 lb/ton. If the gross vehicle weight is
80,000 lb, determine the maximum speed of the truck.

10.9 A project to move packed earth requires you to decide whether to use a
dozer/scraper operation or an excavator/truck operation. Determine the most economical
operation based on the dozer/scraper operation estimated at $1.25/cy. All equipment
carries a rated heaped capacity, has a fill factor of 100%, and works 45-min hours.
Excavator costs $95/hr (including operator), cycle time is 0.28 min, and bucket heaped
capacity is 5.0 cy. Truck costs $150/hr (including operator), dump time is 0.5 min
(maneuver, dump, turn), heaped capacity is 31.7 cy, and 12 trucks are available for the
project. Hauling equipment operates in one direction
5. Crane problem
 9.4 A shovel having a 5-cy bucket whose cost per hour, including the wages to an
operator, is $96 will excavate well-blasted rock and load trucks under each of the
stated conditions. The maximum digging height of the machine is 35 ft. Determine
the cost per cubic yard for each condition.
Condition Common earth Common earth Rock-earth/earth-gravel Shale, poorly
blasted
Height of excavation(ft) 12 7.5 12 18
Angle of swing(degree) 90 120 60 150
Loading haul units no no no no

 AI:To determine the cost per cubic yard for each condition, we need to calculate
the production rate of the shovel under each specified condition and then use that
to find the cost per cubic yard.

### Given Data:

- Bucket Capacity: 5 cubic yards (cy)
- Cost per Hour: $96
- Maximum Digging Height: 35 ft

### Conditions:
1. Common Earth:
- Height of Excavation: 12 ft
- Angle of Swing: 90 degrees
2. Common Earth:
- Height of Excavation: 7.5 ft
- Angle of Swing: 120 degrees
3. Rock-Earth/Earth-Gravel:
- Height of Excavation: 12 ft
- Angle of Swing: 60 degrees
4. Shale, Poorly Blasted:
- Height of Excavation: 18 ft
- Angle of Swing: 150 degrees

### Production Rates:

The production rate can vary based on the height of excavation and the angle of
swing. However, for simplicity, we can use general estimates for production rates
based on typical values for shovels.

Here are some typical production rates (in cubic yards per hour) for different
conditions:

- Common Earth (12 ft, 90 degrees): ~ 60 cy/hr

- Common Earth (7.5 ft, 120 degrees): ~ 50 cy/hr
- Rock-Earth/Earth-Gravel (12 ft, 60 degrees): ~ 40 cy/hr
- Shale, Poorly Blasted (18 ft, 150 degrees): ~ 30 cy/hr

### Cost per Cubic Yard Calculation:

To find the cost per cubic yard, we can use the formula:

\[
\text{Cost per Cubic Yard} = \frac{\text{Cost per Hour}}{\text{Production Rate
(cy/hr)}}
\]

Now, let's calculate the cost per cubic yard for each condition:

1. Common Earth (12 ft, 90 degrees):

- Production Rate: 60 cy/hr
- Cost per Cubic Yard:
\[
\frac{96}{60} = 1.60 \text{ per cy}
\]

2. Common Earth (7.5 ft, 120 degrees):

- Production Rate: 50 cy/hr
- Cost per Cubic Yard:
\[
\frac{96}{50} = 1.92 \text{ per cy}
\]

3. Rock-Earth/Earth-Gravel (12 ft, 60 degrees):

- Production Rate: 40 cy/hr
- Cost per Cubic Yard:
\[
\frac{96}{40} = 2.40 \text{ per cy}
\]

4. Shale, Poorly Blasted (18 ft, 150 degrees):

- Production Rate: 30 cy/hr
 - Cost per Cubic Yard:
\[
\frac{96}{30} = 3.20 \text{ per cy}
\]

### Summary of Costs per Cubic Yard:

- Common Earth (12 ft, 90 degrees): $1.60 per cy
- Common Earth (7.5 ft, 120 degrees): $1.92 per cy
- Rock-Earth/Earth-Gravel (12 ft, 60 degrees): $2.40 per cy
- Shale, Poorly Blasted (18 ft, 150 degrees): $3.20 per cy

If you have any further questions or need additional calculations, feel free to ask!

A shovel having a 5-cy bucket whose cost per hour, including the wages to an operator, is
$96 will excavate well-blasted rock and load trucks under each of the stated conditions.
The maximum digging height of the machine is 35 ft. Determine the cost per cubic yard
for each condition.
Table indicating various conditions needed for solving this problem

Condition Value

Height of excavation (ft) 10.2

Angle of swing (degrees) 75

Efficiency factor (min per hr) 50

There are 4 columns each containing different problem conditions for students to practice
with. This walkthrough only illustrates the solution for the problem's first set of
conditions.

Step 1
Reveal All
Identify the volumetric capacity of the shovels bucket
Front Shovels can be equipped with a variety of different sized buckets. It is important to
identify the actual bucket size on the machine being used in the productivity calculation.
Tip

Do not presume a standard bucket size will be on the excavator for your project.
What is the volumetric capacity of the Front Shovels bucket?
 Step 2
Reveal All
Determine an appropriate fill factor
Fill Factors are used to modify the capacity of the bucket based on the type of material
being used to fill the bucket.
The problem states, "the shovel is used to excavate well-blasted rock material."
Using table 9.1, well-blasted rock has a typical fill factor of 90% to 100% of the bucket's
rated capacity.

Now, use what you know to calculate the fill factor.

Step 3
Reveal All
Establish an appropriate cycle time
Cycle Times for a Front Shovel will consist of the time it takes to load the bucket, swing
the load, dump the bucket and return to the starting position of the cycle.
The size of the shovel typically determines how fast it will perform a cycle. Larger
machines will typically cycle slower than smaller machines, but larger machines also
move more material per load than smaller machines, so an analysis of the productivity for
various sized machines is typically performed to determine an optimal size machine for
any given project.
Many manufacturers will provide cycle time information for their specific machines and
this information should be used if available. For this problem we will use the information
provided in the chapter regarding typical cycle times for 3 to 5 CY sized-shovels.
Table indicating Front Shovel cycle times for 3 to 5 CY sized-shovels

Load bucket 7-9 sec

Swing with load 4-6 sec

 Dump load 2-4 sec

Return swing 4-5 sec

Next, determine an appropriate cycle time for the shovel under the stated conditions

Step 4
Reveal All
Apply an efficiency factor
Cycle Times for equipment typically represents the time it takes a machine to complete a
cycle without accounting for any type of influence resulting from actual working
conditions as they exist on the job site. Depending on the type of work being performed,
the site conditions it is being performed in and the composition of the crew performing
the work, it is very unlikely that optimal cycle times will be practically achievable.
Therefore, to account for the average working conditions expected to be encountered on a
project, it is typical to apply an efficiency factor and derate productivity to match the
actual conditions that will be encountered in the field.
What efficiency factor would you use for this construction operation?

Step 5
Reveal All
Determine an appropriate swell percentage
The type of material being excavated can have a significant impact on machine
productivity. You should always attempt to understand the rate at which material will
swell when it is excavated from its native state so an appropriate conversion, or swell
percentage, can be applied.
When the specific unit weight of a soil is known for both its bank and loose states, one
can determine the specific swell percentage for that material (see Chapter 4, Soil and
Rock, Equation 4.13).
When specific unit weight of a soil is not known, then assumptions should be made based
upon the type of soil that is expected to be encountered in the excavation. The
following table 4.4 can be used for these assumptions.
Step 6
Reveal All
Calculate the probable production and cost per unit
The final step is to calculate the shovels productivity rate, or the amount of material the
front shovel will be able to excavate as expressed in Cubic Yards (CY) per hour. Once
the machine's productivity rate is known, then you can use the machine's cost per hour to
determine the cost per CY for this operation.
The basic production formula for an excavator from Equation 9.1 can be used:
Excavator production=3,600sec×Q×F×(AS:D)t×E60-minhr×Volumecorrection
where:
Q = heaped bucket capacity in lcy
F = bucket fill factor
t = cycle time in seconds
AS:D = angle of swing and height of cut correction
E = efficiency in minutes per hour
Volume correction=forloosevolumetobankvolume,1/(1+percentswell)
For loose volume to tons, loose unit weight, lb/(2,000lb/ton)

Using all the information we have determined so far, calculate the total shovel production
in both CY/hr and cost per CY.

Wrap-up
Many machine productivity problems will follow a similar format, determine the capacity
of the machine, determine how long it takes to complete a cycle and how many cycles
will be required if the quantity of work is known, then modify the cycle time to account
for job specific conditions and calculate the productivity rate in units of work performed
per a measure of time, typically hours. This productivity rate can then be applied to the
charge rate used to account for the ownership and operating costs of the machine and
establish a cost per unit amount the machine is capable of performing the work at.
Reminders for Moving Forward
Always read the problem carefully and be sure to account for the details that may matter,
including details associated with any reference data being utilized. In this problem, Table
4.4 was needed to determine an appropriate swell percentage for the material because
none was stated in the problem. Missing such a critical piece of information because it
wasn't provided with the rest of the problem can result in inaccurate productivity rates
and incorrect estimates for a project.

10.5 A truck for which the information in Figure 10.8 applies operates over a haul road with a +4%
slope and a rolling resistance of 90 lb/ton. If the gross vehicle weight is 70,000 lb. determine the truck's
maximum speed.

10.6 A muck for which the information in Figure 10,8 applies operates over a haul road with 2-4% slope
and a rolling resistance of 200 lh/ton. If the gross vehicle weight is 80,000 lb, determine the maximum
speed of the truck.

10.9 A project to move packed earth requires you to decide whether to use a dozer/scraper operation or
excavator/truck operation. Determine the most economical operation based on the dozer/scraper
operation estimated at $1.25/cy. All equipment carries a rated heaped capacity, has a fill factor of 100%,
and works 45-min hours. Excavator costs $95/hr (including operator), cycle time is 0.28 min, and bucket
heaped capacity is 5.0 cy. Truck costs $150/hr (including operator), dump time is 0.5 min (maneuver,
dump, turn), heaped capacity is 31.7 cy, and 12 trucks are available for the project. Hauling equipment
operates in one direction from A to B to C and finally to D.
Section Load Length (ft) Speed ( mph)
A Full 3000 9
B Full 2500 17
C Empty 3000 36
D Empty 3000 16
The project involves choosing between a dozer/scraper operation and
excavator truck operation for moving packed earth, with costs and capacities
provided for each method.
Outline:
-Cost analysis: compare the costs of dozer/scraper and excavator truck
operations based on given rates and capacities
-equipment capacity: evaluate the heaped capacity and cycle times for both
operations to determine efficacy.
-route and speed: analyses the hauling route and speeds for section A to D to
optimize the operation.
Step 1. calculate the total cost for the dozer/scraper operation
The cost for dozer/ scraper operation is given as 1.25 per cubic yard(cy). To
determine the total cost, we need to know the total volume of earth to be
moved. Let’s assume the total volume is V cubic yards.
The total cost for the dozer/scraper operation is:
Total cost dozer/scraper= 1.25*V
Step 2 calculate the time for the excavator operation

1. Excavator cycle time: the cycle time for the excavator is given as 0.28
minutes, and the bucket capacity is 5.0 cubic yards(cy)
2. Total cycle time: the total cycle time for the one complete operation
(loading hauling, damping, and returning) needs to be calculated.

3. Track cycle time: the truck has a dump time of 0.5 minutes and a heaped
capacity of 31.7cy.

4. Bucket loads= truck capacity/loader bucket capacity

=31.7/5=6.37

Bucket load must be an integer number (use 6 or 7)

We use 7 buckets loading for the full capacity loading
 Thus, the excavator loading time is 0.28*7=1.96minutes
 Applying efficiency factor=196/0.75=2.61minutes
So, we shall take the excavators loading time for the whole 12 trucks in
hand
thus 2.61*12=31.36minute.

Step 3 calculate the total hauling time for the truck

To calculate the total hauling time, we need to consider the distances and
speeds for each section (A, B, C, D) of the route:
1. Section A: full load, 3000ft,9mph
2. Section B: full load, 2500ft, 17mph
3. Section C: empty, 3000ft, 36mph
4. Section D: empty, 3000ft, 16mph
Convert speeds from mph to feet per minute(fpm) using the conversion
factor 1mph=88fpm.
Calculating the time for each section:
Time section A=3000/ (9*88) =3.79minute
Time section B=2500/ (17*88) = 1.67 minute
Time section C=3000/ (36*88) = 0.95minutes
Time section D=3000/ (16*88) = 2.13minutes
Summing the time for all sections:
3.79+1.67+0.95+2.13=8.54minutes
Step 4 calculate the total time for the trucks
8.54+damping time (0.5minute) +total cycle time of excavator (1.96minute)
=11minute<1.96*12(23.52minute)
The Hauling equipment operates in one direction
Step 6-total cycle time adjustment based on the given efficiencies
It is given 45 minutes (75%) effective working time out of the full 60
minutes
Adjusted cycle time for excavator = (21.3minutes)/0.75 =31.36minute
Adjusted cycle time for truck = (11/minutes)/0.75 =14.667minute

Step 5 calculate the cost per cycle:

(Hourly cost of Excavator $95*total cycle time excavator/60) + (Hourly cost
of truck *total cycle time truck/60)
($95*(31.36/60) +($150*12*14.667/60) …. considering 12 trucks in use
49.65+440=$489.65/cycle

The total volume of earth to be transported is

Volume of work = 12*31.7cy
=380.4cy
Thus, the cost per cy of the work on excavator truck is
= total cycle cost/ volume work on the one full cycle time of excavator truck
operation
=$489.65/380.4cy
$1.287/cy<$1.25/cy
∴Use excavator/truck instead of dozer/scraper.
Step 6 determine the number of cycles needed to move V cy:
=V/31.7
STEP 7 calculate the total cost of excavator truck operation:
Cost per cycle *number of cycles