Advance Java

Java Basics: Introduction to Basic Concepts of Java

✅ 1. What is Java?
Java is a high-level, object-oriented, and platform-independent programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle).
🔥 Why Java is Popular?

 Simple and easy to learn

 Secure
 Portable (Write Once, Run Anywhere – WORA)
 Used in Android, Web Apps, Games, Banking Systems, etc.

✅ 2. Key Features of Java

Feature Meaning
Object-Oriented Everything is based on classes and objects
Platform Independent Run the same code on any system with JVM
Robust Strong memory management, exception handling
Secure No pointer access, runs in a sandbox
Multithreaded Can perform many tasks simultaneously
Portable Code is converted to bytecode → runs anywhere

✅ 3. Java Program Structure

public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, Java!");
}
}
Explanation:
Part Meaning
public class Hello Class named Hello
public static void main Starting point of program
String[] args Array of command-line arguments
System.out.println() Prints to the console
Output:

Hello, Java!

✅ 4. What is Bytecode?

 When you compile Java code using javac, it turns into bytecode (.class file).
 Bytecode is not machine code — it runs inside the JVM.

✅ 5. JVM vs JRE vs JDK

Term Full Form Use
JVM Java Virtual Machine Runs bytecode
Term Full Form Use
JRE Java Runtime Environment JVM + libraries (needed to run Java)
JDK Java Development Kit JRE + compiler + tools (for development)

✅ 6. Constructor and Class Concept in Java

6.1 What is a Class?

A class is like a blueprint or template for creating objects.
Example:
class Student {
int rollNo; // Data members (variables)
String name;

void display() { // Method

System.out.println(rollNo + " " + name);
}
}

6.2 What is an Object?

An object is an instance of a class. Once the class is defined, we can create multiple objects of
that class.
Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student(); // s1 is an object
s1.rollNo = 101;
s1.name = "Riya";
s1.display(); // Output: 101 Riya
}
}

6.3 What is a Constructor?

A constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created.
It is used to initialize objects.
✅ Important Points:

 Constructor name = class name

 No return type (not even void)

 Automatically called during object creation

6.4 Types of Constructors

Type Description Example
Default Constructor No parameters Student()
Parameterized
Takes parameters Student(int id, String name)
Constructor
Copies one object to another (manual in Student s2 = new
Copy Constructor
Java) Student(s1);
Example: All Constructors
class Student {
int rollNo;
String name;

// Default constructor
Student() {
rollNo = 0;
name = "Unknown";
}

// Parameterized constructor
Student(int r, String n) {
rollNo = r;
name = n;
}

// Display method
void display() {
System.out.println(rollNo + " " + name);
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student(); // Default constructor
Student s2 = new Student(101, "Riya"); // Parameterized constructor

s1.display(); // Output: 0 Unknown

s2.display(); // Output: 101 Riya
}
}

6.5 Constructor vs Method

Constructor Method
Same name as class Can have any name
No return type Has return type
Called automatically Called manually

✅ 7. Arrays in Java
(Concept of arrays of primitives and objects – 1D and 2D)

🔹 7.1 What is an Array?

An array is a collection of similar types of elements stored in contiguous memory locations.
🔑 Key Points:

Array size is fixed.

Arrays are indexed (starting from 0).

Arrays can hold primitive data types (like int, char, etc.) or objects.

🔹 7.2 One-Dimensional Array (1D)

✅ Syntax:
java
CopyEdit
dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[size];
📘 Example: 1D Array of Integers
java
CopyEdit
int[] marks = new int[5]; // Declaration + memory allocation
marks[0] = 90;
marks[1] = 80;// ...
💡 Shortcut Initialization:
java
CopyEdit
int[] marks = {90, 80, 85, 95, 88};
🔄 Traversing:
java
CopyEdit
for (int i = 0; i < marks.length; i++) {
System.out.println(marks[i]);
}

🔹 7.3 Two-Dimensional Array (2D)

A 2D array is like a table (rows and columns).
✅ Syntax:
java
CopyEdit
dataType[][] arrayName = new dataType[rows][columns];
📘 Example:
java
CopyEdit
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};
🔄 Traversing:
java
CopyEdit
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}

🔹 7.4 Array of Objects

You can also create arrays of class objects.
📘 Example:
java
CopyEdit
class Student {
int id;
String name;

Student(int id, String name) {

this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}

void display() {
System.out.println(id + " " + name);
}
}
java
CopyEdit
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student[] arr = new Student[2];
arr[0] = new Student(1, "Riya");
arr[1] = new Student(2, "Arya");

for (Student s : arr) {

s.display();
}
}
}
8. Inheritance in Java

🔹 8.1 What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism in Java where one class (child) can acquire properties and
behaviors (fields and methods)of another class (parent).
🔁 It allows code reusability and supports the "is-a" relationship between classes.

🔹 8.2 Real-Life Example

Think of a “Car” class and a “ElectricCar” class.

Car has common properties: speed, engine, wheels.

ElectricCar inherits those properties + adds its own: battery, charge time.

java
CopyEdit
class Car {
int speed = 100;
void drive() {
System.out.println("Driving at " + speed + " km/h");
}
}
class ElectricCar extends Car {
int battery = 80;
void charge() {
System.out.println("Charging with " + battery + "% battery");
 }
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ElectricCar e = new ElectricCar();
e.drive(); // inherited from Car
e.charge(); // own method
}
}

🔹 8.3 Syntax of Inheritance

java
CopyEdit
class Parent {
// fields and methods
}
class Child extends Parent {
// child-specific code
}

🔹 8.4 Types of Inheritance in Java

Type Supported in Java? Diagram
Single Inheritance ✅ Yes A→B
Multilevel Inheritance ✅ Yes A→B→C
Hierarchical Inheritance ✅ Yes A → B and A → C
Multiple Inheritance (with classes) ❌ No ✘ Not allowed directly (ambiguity)
Multiple Inheritance (with interfaces) ✅ Yes ✔️Allowed with implements

🔹 8.5 Types Explained with Diagrams

✅ Single Inheritance:
java
CopyEdit
class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("Dog barks"); }
}
🧠 Diagram:
nginx
CopyEdit
Animal
↓
Dog

✅ Multilevel Inheritance:
java
CopyEdit
class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("Eating"); }
}class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("Barking"); }
}class Puppy extends Dog {
void weep() { System.out.println("Weeping"); }
}
🧠 Diagram:
nginx
CopyEdit
Animal
↓
Dog
↓
Puppy

✅ Hierarchical Inheritance:
java
CopyEdit
class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animal sound"); }
}class Dog extends Animal {}class Cat extends Animal {}
🧠 Diagram:
markdown
CopyEdit
Animal
/ \
Dog Cat

❌ Multiple Inheritance (via class – Not allowed):

java
CopyEdit
class A {}class B {}class C extends A, B {} // ❌ Error in Java

✅ Multiple Inheritance using Interfaces:

java
CopyEdit
interface A { void methodA(); }interface B { void methodB(); }
class C implements A, B {
public void methodA() { System.out.println("A"); }
public void methodB() { System.out.println("B"); }
}

🔹 8.6 Why Inheritance?

Reusability

Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

Cleaner Code (DRY Principle)

🔹 8.7 Access Modifiers & Inheritance

Modifier Accessible in child?
public ✅ Yes
protected ✅ Yes
default 🚫 (only in same package)
private ❌ No

✅ 9. Exception Handling in Java

🔹 9.1 What is an Exception?

An exception is an unexpected error that occurs during runtime (while your code is running),
which disrupts the normal flow of your program.
📌 Example: Dividing by zero, accessing an invalid array index, file not found, etc.

🔹 9.2 Real-Life Example

Imagine:

You're making a payment online.

Suddenly internet disconnects.

This "internet disconnection" is like an exception in your program that must be handled to
avoid crashing or data loss.

🔹 9.3 Why Exception Handling?

Prevents program crash

Allows us to give a user-friendly message

Helps to debug easily

🔹 9.4 Types of Exceptions

Java exceptions are broadly divided into two:
Type Description Example
Compiler checks
them. You must
✅ Checked
handle them IOException, SQLException, FileNotFoundException
Exception
using try-catch o
r throws.
Compiler doesn't
check. Happens
✅ Unchecked
due to ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, NullPointerException
Exception
programming
bugs.

🔹 9.5 Exception Hierarchy (Diagram)

php
CopyEdit
Object
↓Throwable
↓ ↓Exception Error (We don’t handle errors)
↓RuntimeException

🔹 9.6 Java Exception Handling Keywords

Keyword Use
try Code that might throw exception
catch Code to handle exception
finally Code that always runs (like closing files)
throw Used to manually throw an exception
throws Used in method signature to declare exception

🔹 9.7 Example: Basic try-catch

java
CopyEdit
public class TryCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");
}
}
}
Output:
csharp
CopyEdit
Cannot divide by zero!

🔹 9.8 Example: finally block

java
CopyEdit
try {
int a[] = new int[5];
a[5] = 100; // ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Handled: " + e);
} finally {
System.out.println("This always runs!");
}

🔹 9.9 throw and throws example

👉 throw (manually throw exception):
java
CopyEdit
throw new ArithmeticException("You can't divide by zero!");
👉 throws (used in method header):
java
CopyEdit
void readFile() throws IOException {
 // file reading code
}
✅ 10. Collection Framework in Java

🔸 10.1 What is Collection Framework?

Collection Framework is a unified architecture (well-structured system) in Java to store,
manipulate, and retrieve data efficiently.
🔍 Think of it like:
Just like we use shelves, boxes, or containers to organize physical items — Java
Collections provide containers to store multiple objects dynamically.

✅ Why do we need it?

Before Java 1.2, we used Arrays, Vector, or Hashtable, but:

They were fixed in size

Not consistent

No built-in sorting/searching features

➡ Java introduced Collection Framework to solve this — dynamic, flexible, powerful.

🔸 10.2 Key Interfaces in Collection Framework

yaml
CopyEdit
Iterable
|
Collection _______|________
| | |
List Set Queue
| ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector

Iterable → root interface to iterate (loop)

Collection → base interface for all collections

List → stores ordered, duplicate-allowed data

Set → stores unique data

Queue → stores in FIFO order

🔸 10.3 Key Classes

Interface Implementing Classes
List ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector
Interface Implementing Classes
Set HashSet, TreeSet, LinkedHashSet
Queue PriorityQueue, LinkedList
Map* HashMap, TreeMap
Map is not part of Collection but still used similarly.

🔸 10.4 List Interface in Detail

List allows:

Ordered data

Duplicates

Indexing (you can access using index like array)

🔹 A. ArrayList

Resizable array

Fast for searching, slow for inserting/deleting in middle

📘 Code:
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Riya");
list.add("Arora");
list.add("Riya"); // Allows duplicate
System.out.println(list); // [Riya, Arora, Riya]
}
}
📌 Key Points:

Maintains insertion order

Access by index

Duplicates allowed

🔹 B. LinkedList

Doubly linked list

Fast for insertion/deletion

Implements both List and Queue

📘 Code:
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LinkedList<Integer> nums = new LinkedList<>();
nums.add(10);
nums.addFirst(5); // adds at beginning
nums.addLast(20); // adds at end
System.out.println(nums); // [5, 10, 20]
}
}
📌 Key Points:

Good for frequent add/remove

Slightly slower search than ArrayList

🔹 C. Vector

Synchronized (thread-safe)

Similar to ArrayList but slower due to synchronization

📘 Code:
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.Vector;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();
v.add("A");
v.add("B");
System.out.println(v); // [A, B]
}
}
📌 Key Points:

Rarely used now, replaced by ArrayList + manual sync if needed

🔸 10.5 Collection Framework Diagram (Hierarchy)

Iterable
|
 Collection ______|________
| | |
List Set Queue
| ___________________________
| | |ArrayList LinkedList Vector
✅ 11. Collection Classes

🔸 11.1. Iterable & Collection Interface

Iterable is the top-level interface → anything that can be looped using a for-each loop.

Collection interface extends Iterable and provides methods to manipulate a group of objects.

java
CopyEdit
Collection<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
This allows use of polymorphism (you can switch implementation later).

🔸 11.2. Common Methods of Collection Interface

Method Purpose
add(E e) Adds element
remove(E e) Removes element
clear() Removes all elements
size() Returns number of elements
contains(E e) Checks if element exists
isEmpty() Checks if collection is empty
iterator() Returns an iterator for traversal

🔸 11.3. Properties of List Collection (ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector)

Property Description
Ordered Maintains insertion order
Indexing Can access using index (like array)
Duplicates Allowed
Null Values Allowed

🔸 11.4. ArrayList vs LinkedList

Feature ArrayList LinkedList
Internal storage Dynamic array Doubly linked list
Access time Fast (O(1)) for get() Slow (O(n)) for get()
Insertion/Deletion Slow in middle (O(n)) Fast (O(1) if node known)
Memory Less overhead More (because of pointers)
Use case Frequent read Frequent insert/delete
📘 Program Example for Comparison
java
CopyEdit
ArrayList<String> a = new ArrayList<>();
a.add("Riya");
System.out.println(a.get(0)); // Fast access
LinkedList<String> l = new LinkedList<>();
l.add("Riya");
System.out.println(l.get(0)); // Slower than ArrayList

🔸 11.5. Conversions Between Collections

A. ArrayList to Vector
java
CopyEdit
ArrayList<String> al = new ArrayList<>();
al.add("Java");
Vector<String> v = new Vector<>(al);
B. Vector to LinkedList
java
CopyEdit
Vector<String> v = new Vector<>();
v.add("Data");
LinkedList<String> ll = new LinkedList<>(v);
✅ These conversions are useful when using legacy code or multithreading (Vector is
synchronized).

🔸 11.6. Traversing Collections

There are 4 ways to traverse:
1. For-each loop
java
CopyEdit
for (String s : list) {
System.out.println(s);
}
2. Traditional for loop
java
CopyEdit
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(list.get(i));
}
3. Iterator
java
CopyEdit
Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();while (it.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(it.next());
}
4. ListIterator (Only for Lists – forward + backward)
java
CopyEdit
ListIterator<String> lit = list.listIterator();while (lit.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(lit.next());
}
✨ Smart Tip for Exams:
Use ListIterator when backward traversal is needed — it is not available in Sets.

🔸 11.7. Stack in Java

Stack works on LIFO: Last-In, First-Out.

Java provides Stack<E> as part of Collection.

📘 Code Example
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.*;
public class StackExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>();
s.push(10); // add
s.push(20);
s.pop(); // remove top
System.out.println(s.peek()); // view top
}
}
Method Use
push() Add element
pop() Remove top element
peek() See top element
isEmpty() Check if stack is empty

🔸 11.8. Important Specific Methods of List

Method Purpose
add(index, element) Add element at specific position
remove(index) Remove element by index
set(index, element) Update element at index
indexOf(element) Returns index of element
lastIndexOf() Returns last index
📘 Smart Example
java
CopyEdit
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Riya");
list.add("Arora");
list.set(1, "AI Engineer");
System.out.println(list); // [Riya, AI Engineer]
✅ 12. Collection Classes (Part 2)
Focus: Deque Interface, HashSet & TreeSet, ListIterator
Goal: Complete theory + practical code + smart comparisons so you can write 10-mark
answers easily.

🔶 12.1 Deque Interface: Supports Both LIFO and FIFO

Deque stands for Double-Ended Queue → allows insertion/removal at both ends.

FIFO → First In First Out → like a queue

LIFO → Last In First Out → like a stack

Implemented by classes: ArrayDeque, LinkedList

📌 Methods of Deque
Method Purpose
addFirst(e) Inserts at the front (LIFO)
addLast(e) Inserts at the back (FIFO)
removeFirst() Removes from front
removeLast() Removes from back
peekFirst() Returns front without removing
peekLast() Returns last without removing
📘 Java Example:
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.*;
public class DequeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Deque<String> dq = new ArrayDeque<>();

// FIFO
dq.addLast("Java");
dq.addLast("Python");
System.out.println(dq.removeFirst()); // Java

// LIFO
dq.addFirst("C++");
dq.addFirst("HTML");
System.out.println(dq.removeFirst()); // HTML
}
}
✅ Best Use: Browser history (back-forward), undo-redo systems

🔶 12.2 Set Usage: HashSet and TreeSet

Both are part of the Set interface, but they behave differently.
🔹 HashSet

Unordered, stores unique elements

Fast (uses hashing)

java
CopyEdit
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add("Java");
set.add("Python");
set.add("Java"); // Duplicate - ignored

System.out.println(set); // Unordered output

🔹 TreeSet

Sorted set (natural order like alphabetic or numeric)

Slower than HashSet

Cannot store null if using comparison

java
CopyEdit
Set<String> set = new TreeSet<>();
set.add("Zebra");
set.add("Apple");
System.out.println(set); // Apple, Zebra
✅ Use TreeSet when sorting is important (like leaderboard, dictionary)

🔶 12.3 ListIterator (vs Iterator)

📌 ListIterator is a bi-directional iterator → only used for List-based
collections
🛑 Cannot be used on Set or Map.
🔹 Key Features:
Feature Iterator ListIterator
Forward traversal ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
Backward traversal ❌ No ✅ Yes
Can modify during loop ❌ No ✅ Yes (with add(), remove(), set())
Index access ❌ No ✅ Yes
📘 Java Example:
java
CopyEdit
import java.util.*;
public class ListIteratorExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>(List.of("Riya", "Arora", "AI"));

ListIterator<String> li = names.listIterator();
System.out.println("Forward:");
while (li.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(li.next());
}

System.out.println("Backward:");
while (li.hasPrevious()) {
System.out.println(li.previous());
}
}
}
✅ Use ListIterator when you want full control of direction and editing while iterating.

✨ Smart Chart for Exams

Feature HashSet TreeSet Deque ListIterator
✅ Maintains
Order ❌ Unordered ✅ Sorted ❌ Optional
order
❌ No
Null Allowed ✅ Yes ✅ Yes ✅ Yes
(NullPointerException)
❌ Not
Duplicate ❌ Not allowed ✅ Allowed ✅ Allowed
allowed
Backward ❌ No ❌ No ✅ removeLast() ✅ hasPrevious()
Feature HashSet TreeSet Deque ListIterator
Move
Index Access ❌ No ❌ No ❌ No ✅ Yes
✅ 13. AWT Components & Layout Manager

🔶 13.1 AWT Basics

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is a part of Java for creating Graphical User Interfaces
(GUI).

Belongs to: java.awt package

Platform-dependent (uses OS components – called heavyweight)

Used to build windows, buttons, text fields, labels, etc.

🧩 Common AWT Classes:

Class Use
Frame Main window
Button Clickable button
Label Displays static text
TextField Input box for a single line
TextArea Multiline input
Checkbox Box for yes/no option

🔶 13.2 AWT Hierarchy (Diagram)

mathematica
CopyEdit
java.lang.Object
↳ java.awt.Component
↳ java.awt.Container
↳ java.awt.Panel
↳ java.awt.Window
↳ java.awt.Frame
↳ java.awt.Dialog
Component: Base class for all UI elements

Container: Can hold multiple components

Frame: Main top-level window

Panel: A blank space to hold components

🔶 13.3 Component Class

All GUI elements like Button, Label, etc., inherit from Component class.
Key Methods of Component class:
Method Description
setSize() Set width and height
setLayout() Set layout manager
setVisible() Show/hide the component
setBackground() Set background color

13.4 Layout Managers

Used to arrange components automatically inside a container (like Frame or Panel).
1. BorderLayout (Default for Frame)

Divides container into 5 areas:

North, South, East, West, Center

setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);

2. FlowLayout (Default for Panel)

Places components in a row, left to right.

Wraps to next line if space ends.

setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(new Button("A"));
add(new Button("B"));

3. GridLayout

Makes a grid of equal-sized cells.

You specify rows and columns.

setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 3)); // 2 rows, 3 columns

Mini Sample Code
import java.awt.*;
public class LayoutDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Frame f = new Frame("AWT Layout Example");
f.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

f.add(new Button("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);

f.add(new Button("South"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f.add(new Button("East"), BorderLayout.EAST);
f.add(new Button("West"), BorderLayout.WEST);
f.add(new Button("Center"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

f.setSize(300, 200);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
✅ 14. Swing in Java

🔶 14.1 What is Swing?

🔹 Swing is a part of Java used to create GUI (Graphical User Interface) apps.

Comes from javax.swing package

Lightweight: Doesn't depend on OS components

More powerful and flexible than AWT

Built on top of AWT but with pluggable look and feel

📌 AWT vs Swing
Feature AWT Swing
Platform OS dependent Pure Java (cross-platform)
Weight Heavyweight Lightweight
Package java.awt javax.swing
Look & Feel Native Customizable

🔶 14.2 Swing Class Hierarchy

markdown
CopyEdit
java.lang.Object
↳ java.awt.Component ↳ java.awt.Container
↳ javax.swing.JComponent
↳ javax.swing.JFrame
↳ javax.swing.JPanel
↳ javax.swing.JButton
↳ javax.swing.JLabel
↳ javax.swing.JTextField
JComponent: Base class for all Swing components (buttons, labels, etc.)

JFrame: Top-level window

JButton, JLabel, JTextField → Visual components added to frame

🔶 14.3 Common Swing Components

Component Description
JFrame Window to hold components
JLabel Text display (read-only)
JButton Clickable button
JTextField Single-line text input
JTextArea Multi-line text input
JCheckBox Box for multiple options
JRadioButton One selection from many
JComboBox Drop-down menu
JList List of selectable items

🔶 14.4 JComponent Class – Important Methods

JComponent provides common behavior to all Swing components.
Useful methods:
Method Use
setBackground(Color c) Set background color
setForeground(Color c) Set text color
setToolTipText(String) Help popup on hover
setFont(Font f) Change text font
setVisible(true/false) Show or hide
setEnabled(true/false) Enable/disable
🔶 14.5 How to Create a Frame in Swing
✅ Basic steps:

 Create a class extending JFrame

 Create components (JButton, JLabel, etc.)

 Add components to frame

 Set layout

 Set size, visibility

🧾 Example Code:
java
CopyEdit
import javax.swing.*;
public class MySwingFrame {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("My First Swing App");

JLabel label = new JLabel("Hello, Swing!");

JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");

frame.setLayout(null); // No layout manager

label.setBounds(50, 50, 100, 30);
button.setBounds(50, 100, 100, 30);

frame.add(label);
frame.add(button);

frame.setSize(300, 250);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
}
✅ 15. JComponent & Swing Components

🔶 15.1 What is JComponent?

JComponent is the base class for all Swing UI components like buttons, labels, etc.

It extends Container and adds features like:

 Tooltips
 Borders

 Double-buffering

 Custom painting

All Swing widgets like JButton, JLabel, etc. inherit from JComponent.

🔶 15.2 Important Swing Components from JComponent

Let’s learn one-by-one with example code.

🔹 1. JButton – Button component

Used to perform an action when clicked.
java
CopyEdit
JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
🧠 Methods:

setText("...")

setEnabled(true/false)

addActionListener(...) → For handling clicks

🔹 2. JLabel – Displays text

java
CopyEdit
JLabel label = new JLabel("Welcome!");
🧠 Use: Display non-editable text, messages, or output.

🔹 3. JTextField – Single-line text input

java
CopyEdit
JTextField textField = new JTextField(20); // 20 columns width
🧠 Use: Input from user
🧠 Methods:

getText() → Get input

setText(...) → Set value

🔹 4. JCheckBox – Multiple selections possible

java
CopyEdit
JCheckBox box1 = new JCheckBox("C++");JCheckBox box2 = new JCheckBox("Java");
🧠 Use: Choose multiple options (like "interests")
🧠 Method: isSelected() → returns true if selected

🔹 5. JRadioButton – Only one selected in a group

java
CopyEdit
JRadioButton male = new JRadioButton("Male");JRadioButton female = new
JRadioButton("Female");ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(male);
bg.add(female);
🧠 Use: Choose one among many (like Gender)

🔹 6. JComboBox – Drop-down list

java
CopyEdit
String[] languages = {"C++", "Java", "Python"};
JComboBox<String> combo = new JComboBox<>(languages);
🧠 Use: Select one from dropdown
🧠 Method: getSelectedItem()

🔹 7. JList – Scrollable list of items

java
CopyEdit
String[] cities = {"Delhi", "Mumbai", "Pune"};
JList<String> list = new JList<>(cities);
🧠 Use: List multiple options
🧠 Method: getSelectedValue()

🔸 GUI Example with All Components

java
CopyEdit
import javax.swing.*;
public class AllComponentsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Components");
frame.setLayout(null);

JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter Name:");

label.setBounds(20, 20, 100, 30);

JTextField tf = new JTextField();

tf.setBounds(120, 20, 150, 30);

JCheckBox cb1 = new JCheckBox("C++");

cb1.setBounds(20, 60, 100, 30);
JCheckBox cb2 = new JCheckBox("Java");
cb2.setBounds(120, 60, 100, 30);

JRadioButton rb1 = new JRadioButton("Male");

rb1.setBounds(20, 100, 80, 30);
JRadioButton rb2 = new JRadioButton("Female");
rb2.setBounds(120, 100, 80, 30);
 ButtonGroup gender = new ButtonGroup();
gender.add(rb1);
gender.add(rb2);

JButton btn = new JButton("Submit");

btn.setBounds(20, 140, 100, 30);

frame.add(label); frame.add(tf);
frame.add(cb1); frame.add(cb2);
frame.add(rb1); frame.add(rb2);
frame.add(btn);

frame.setSize(300, 250);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
}

🔶 15.3 AWT vs Swing (Must Write Table)

Feature AWT Swing
Package java.awt javax.swing
Platform Dependence Dependent on OS GUI Fully written in Java (cross-platform)
Components Heavyweight (native) Lightweight (non-native)
Look and Feel Native OS Pluggable look and feel
Thread Safety Not guaranteed Mostly thread safe
Features Basic UI Advanced features (tooltips, borders)
✅ 16. Event Handling in Java

🔶 16.1 What is Event Handling?

In GUI apps, when the user clicks a button, moves the mouse, or types something, Java
detects and handles it — this is event handling.

🔶 16.2 Event Delegation Model (EDM)

This is Java’s mechanism to handle events.
🧠 Delegation means passing responsibility to another object.
🔁 In EDM:

Source: Component that generates event (e.g., JButton)

Listener: Object that listens and reacts (e.g., class implementing ActionListener)

🧩 Think of it like:
User clicks → Button creates event → Listener handles event
📌 Example:
java
CopyEdit
JButton b = new JButton("Click");
b.addActionListener(new MyListener());

🔶 16.3 Event Classes

Event objects carry info about what happened (who clicked, what key pressed, etc.)
Event Class Description
ActionEvent Button clicks, menu selection
MouseEvent Mouse click, move, press, release
KeyEvent Key press, release
ItemEvent Checkbox, ComboBox selection change
WindowEvent Window opened, closed

🔶 16.4 Event Source

A source is any UI component that can generate events.
Examples:

JButton → generates ActionEvent

JTextField → generates ActionEvent

JCheckBox → generates ItemEvent

🔶 16.5 Event Listener Interfaces

Listeners are interfaces with methods that handle events.
Listener Interface Method(s) Used For
ActionListener actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) Button click
MouseListener mouseClicked, mousePressed, etc. Mouse events
KeyListener keyPressed, keyReleased Keyboard events
ItemListener itemStateChanged Checkbox, combo box
WindowListener windowClosing, windowOpened Window actions
🧠 All these are functional interfaces → you implement them or use lambda.

🔶 16.6 Code Example – ActionListener with JButton

java
CopyEdit
import javax.swing.*;import java.awt.event.*;
public class ButtonExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Event Demo");
JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.setBounds(100, 100, 100, 40);

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});

frame.add(button);
frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
}

🔶 16.7 Adapter Classes

If you implement MouseListener, you have to override all 5 methods even if you need just
one.
To solve this, Java provides Adapter classes (like MouseAdapter, KeyAdapter).
🧠 Adapter = Partial listener (you override only needed methods)
🔁 Example with MouseAdapter:
java
CopyEdit
frame.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
System.out.println("Mouse clicked at " + e.getX() + "," + e.getY());
}
});
✅ Saves time and code
✅ 18. JDBC Connectivity: Application

🔶 18.1 Recap: Basic Flow of JDBC

 Load driver

 Connect to DB

 Write and execute SQL

 Get results

 Close everything

Now let’s go deeper into:

🔹 18.2 SQL Statements in JDBC

There are two main ways to execute SQL:
Type Use For Secure?
Statement Simple, fixed queries ❌ Not secure (SQL injection risk)
PreparedStatement Dynamic queries with input ✅ Secure and fast

🔸 A. Using Statement
java
CopyEdit
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM
users");

Best for static/fixed queries

Risk of SQL injection if user input is added directly

🔸 B. Using PreparedStatement (Recommended ✅)
java
CopyEdit
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");
pstmt.setInt(1, 101); // Set value for '?'ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
✅ Why better?

Avoids SQL injection

Automatically escapes user inputs

Used for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT

🔶 18.3 Inserting Data – Example

java
CopyEdit
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO users VALUES (?, ?)");
pstmt.setInt(1, 102);
pstmt.setString(2, "Riya");int i = pstmt.executeUpdate();
System.out.println(i + " record inserted.");

executeUpdate() is used for insert/update/delete

It returns the number of rows affected

🔶 18.4 Retrieving Data – Full Example

java
CopyEdit
PreparedStatement pstmt = con.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM users");ResultSet rs =
pstmt.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()) {
int id = rs.getInt("id");
String name = rs.getString("name");
System.out.println(id + " - " + name);
}

rs.next() → moves the pointer to next row

rs.getInt("column_name") → get column value

🔖 Key Points to Write in Exams (10 marks answer)

Brief JDBC intro

Mention of Statement vs PreparedStatement

Code of:

INSERT

SELECT

Clear explanation of ResultSet

Proper closing of resources:

java
CopyEdit
rs.close();
pstmt.close();
con.close();