Economics

Chapter – 1
Development
1. What is development for one may not be development for the other? Explain
by giving example.
OR
With example show two groups may have different notions of development.
OR
Why do different persons have different notions of development?
OR
What is development?
Development means progress or improvement in life style or in the
society.
i. Different people have different opinion about development and may
have different development goals.
ii. Some times what is development for one may not be development for
the other.
iii. At times two persons of a group may have developmental goals which
are conflicting. It may be also destructive for the other.
iv. For example, to get more electricity industrialists may want more dams.
v. But this may submerge the land and affect the lives of the people who
live there.
vi. So, they might oppose the building of big dams and may prefer check
dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
2. “The developmental goals people have, are not only about better income but
also other important things in life” Explain.
OR
“The quality of our life depends on the non-material things” Justify the
statement.
OR
Explain how non material factors are important for development?
OR
Give some examples where, other than income are important aspects of our
lives
i. Income or money is an important component of development.
ii. For example, people look for common things like regular work, better
wages, good prices for their products etc….
iii. These are material things, one factor on which our life depends.
iv. Other things important for development are non-material things like
equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others.
v. For some people non- material things are more important than material
things.
3. Mention the different characteristics or features or factors of development.
i. Different people have different developmental goals.
ii. Development for one may not be development for other. It may
be destructive for the other.
 iii. Income or money or materials are important for development.
But along with it people also look for non-material things like
equal treatment, freedom, respect of others, good health,
education etc.
iv. People also look at a mix of goals for development.
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4. A girl from rich urban family has some developmental goals for her. State any
three such goals.
i. She wants to get as much freedom as her brother.
ii. She should be able to decide what she wants to do in life.
iii. She also wants her brother to share the household works.
iv. She should be able to pursue her studies abroad.
5. Why is that total income is not a very useful measure for comparison
between countries?
OR
What is national development? What is national income or total income of a
country?
i. The income of all the residents of a country is called national
income.
ii. Progress in standard of living, good health facilities and other
essential facilities of a country is called as national development.
iii. For comparing development of countries, the income is considered
an important characteristic.
iv. The countries with higher income are considered more developed
than the countries with less income.
v. But this is not a very useful measure since countries have different
population.
vi. Comparing countries with total income will not tell us what an
average person likely to earn.
6. What is per capita income? What are its limitations in comparing
development of countries?
OR
Why do we use averages? And why do you think that average income is an
important criterion for development?
 Per capita income is the total income of a country divided by its
population.
 Per capita income is also called as average income.
 For measuring development, average income is very important because
countries will have different population
Its limitations:
i. It hides disparities.
ii. It covers only the economic aspect and avoids non material
aspects like good health facilities, good educational facilities
etc…….
iii. This method does not provide us with the real distribution of
income.
 7. What is the main criterion used by World Bank in classifying different
countries? India comes under which category?
i. World Bank uses per capita income to classify countries into rich and low
income countries.
ii. It publishes every year a report called “World Development Report”
iii. According to this report,Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300
per annum and above in 2019, are called high income or rich countries.
iv. And those countries with US $ 2500 or less per annum in 2019 are called
low income countries
v. According to world development report of 2019, India's per capita income
was US$ 6700 per annum. India is considered to be low middle-income
country
8. Explain the following term
A. Infant mortality Rate (IMR)
B. Literacy Rate
C. Net attendance Ratio
A. Infant mortality Rate (IMR) : Number of children that die before the age of
one for every 1000 children born alive in that particular year.
B. Literacy Rate: Number of literate people in a country in the 7 and above age
group.
C. Net attendance ratio: it is the percentage of number of children of age
group14 and 15 attending the school of all the children in the same age
group.
9. Why in Kerala there is less infant mortality rate?
OR
Why Kerala has high Human Development Index than Haryana in spite of low
per capita income?
i. It has good health care facilities
ii. It also has good educational facilities.
iii. Net attendance ratio also is very high in Kerala
iv. Its public distribution system functions well.
10. “Money in your pocket can not buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live well.” Explain.
OR
Increase in income alone is not sufficient for development of a nation.
Explain
I. Increase in income alone is not enough for the development of a state
or a nation.
II. For example, an average person in Haryana has more income than an
average person in Kerala.
III. Yet Haryana is far behind Kerala in infant mortality rate, net attendance
ratio, literacy rate etc…….
IV. This shows that money in one’s pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that one needs.
V. For example, money in the pocket cannot buy a pollution free
environment or protect people from infectious diseases.
11. What do you mean by public facilities? Why are they important? What
are the advantages of public facilities? Name some public facilities?
OR
Why are public facilities needed for development of the countries?
i. Public facilities are the basic and essential facilities provided by the
government or the society for the benefit of all.
ii. They are important because basic and essential services like education,
health care etc… become cheap and affordable if provided collectively.
iii. For example, if government provides school in a locality all the children
in the locality will have a chance to study.
iv. Some public facilities are government schools, public transport and
public offices.
12. What is public distribution system? What are its advantages?
It is a system through which the government distributes ration to the poor
people at a reasonable rate through the ration shops
Its advantages are
i. Poor people get food items at very less price.
ii. Health and nutritional status of people become better.
iii. It reduces poverty in the country.
13. What do you understand by human development? What contributes to
human development?
OR
Human development is essential for social development. Explain.
i. Human development is improving the well-being and abilities of people
so that they can live good, healthy and creative life. It is people, their
health, their well-being, that is most important
ii. The things that contribute to human development are education,
health status, per capita income etc……
iii. It is a better method than the method used by the World Bank to
compare countries because World Bank uses only per capita income to
compare countries.
14. In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
OR
What is the difference in the criterion used by the World Bank and that of
UNDP for measuring development? Which do you think is better method and
why?
i. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is an organisation
that works to remove poverty and reduce inequalities through
sustainable development
ii. UNDP publishes a report every year called Human Development Report
iii. Human Development report compares countries based on the
educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita
income.
iv. But World Bank compares countries only on the basis of per capita
income
v. The criteria used by UNDP are better.
 vi. Because while per capita income is important for development for
people, their health, their educational level and their wellbeing are also
very important.
15. What is Human Development Index (HDI)? Compare India and Sri Lanka
on the basis of any three indicators of the Human Development Index?
i. HDI is a measure developed by United Nations to compare countries
based on educational levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income.
ii. Sri Lanka is much ahead of India in Human Development Index because it
is better than India in per capita Income, life expectancy at birth, literacy
rate etc………..
iii. Gross National Income per capita: In Sri Lanka GNI is higher than India.
The GNI of India is about $ 6,681 where as it is $12,707 for Sri Lanka, as
per the Human development report of 2020.
iv. Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth in Sri Lanka is 77 years
where as in India it is about 69.7.
v. And Sri Lanka’s HDI rank in the world is 73 while India’s it is 130.

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16. What is BMI? How is it useful?
i. Body Mass Index is one of the measures used to find out if person is under
nourished or not
ii. To calculate it, take the weight of a person in kilogram and height in
meters.
iii. Divide the weight by the square of the height. The figure that we get here
is called BMI
iv. For example, if a girl student is 14 years and 8-month-old and the BMI is
15.2, then she is undernourished. Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged 15
years and 6 months is 28, then he is overweight
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17. What is sustainability of development? What is the scientists view about
the present type of development? What can be done to make
development sustainable? Explain it by taking the case study of water
i. Sustainable development is a process of development of a country in such
a way that it helps in maintaining the quality of life of both present and
future generations without harming the natural resources and
environment.
ii. From second half of the 20th century scientists have been warning that the
present type and levels of development are not sustainable
Following are the measures to make development sustainable:
a. Avoid indiscriminate use of resources.
b. Find alternatives to nonrenewable resources
c. Use resources that can cause less pollution to the environment
Ground water is a natural resource which is replenished by
nature. People of a particular generation must use water in such a way
that people of future generation may also be able to use the ground
water.
 18. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
i. It improves the quality of life.
ii. It cares for the needs of the future generation.
iii. It helps in the efficient use of natural resources.
iv. It helps in creating a pollution free environment.
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19. "The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough
to satisfy the greed of even one person." How is this statement relevant
to the discussion of development? Discuss
 The earth has enough to satisfy our needs but man is not satisfied
because of his unlimited want.
 More the income of the people more are their demands
 We need to avoid reckless use of resources and preserve them for the
future.
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20. List few examples of environmental degradation that we have observed
around us
 Air pollution
 water pollution
 noise pollution
 Land degradation
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