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Chapter 11 (Active Filter)

This chapter covers active filters, focusing on their classifications, design, and analysis. It explains low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-elimination filters, detailing their frequency-response characteristics and the use of op-amps in active filter circuits. The chapter also includes design procedures for various filter types and examples of calculating cutoff frequencies.

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29 views36 pages

Chapter 11 (Active Filter)

This chapter covers active filters, focusing on their classifications, design, and analysis. It explains low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-elimination filters, detailing their frequency-response characteristics and the use of op-amps in active filter circuits. The chapter also includes design procedures for various filter types and examples of calculating cutoff frequencies.

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eee0182220012131004
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a “ CHAPTER 11 Active Filters LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter on active fillers, you will be able to: * + Name the four general classifications of filters and sketch a frequeicy-response curve that shows the band of frequencies that they pass and stop. * Design or analyze circuits for three types of low-pass filters: -20 dB/decade, ~40 because it woul ron Based to build me 40 dBldecade. This would not be . a tite two op amps: In Section 11-21, itis shown how one op amp ca ; : Butterworth filter with a single op amp t0 give 2 —40-dBidecade oe ee ection 11-4, a —40-dBidecade filter is cascaded ‘with a 70-aBidecade filter (0 41~60-dBidecade filter. y 300 7 J Butterworth filters are not desi | quency. A basic low-pass filter igned to keep a constant phase Angle atthe ABldecade has a phase angle of - =e ae hase angle of —90° at w., anda aan -dB/decade Butterworth filter has a pl ine Tn ‘ a angle of —135° at «,, Therefgre, for each increase of S0-dBiic, the phase angle will incres a f= 20 ah y_=A3° at u,. We now proceed to a Butterworh Tae has a roll-off steeper than —20 dB/decade. WW uy Bode Plot ' dB 1.0 3aB 0.707 [-—Passband: =20dB ott i ~60 dBldecade 1.01 aa ota; o, 100, “FIGURE 11-3 Frequency-response plots for three types of low-pass Butterworth filters. 7 40-DB/DECADE LOW-PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER — a 11-3.1 Simplified Design Procedure ‘The circuit of Fig: 11-4(a) is one of the most a tolloff of —40 dB/decade; that is, after th commonly used low-pass filters. prs le Cutoff frequency, the magnitude of Ac de fess by 40 dB as w increases to 10. The solid line in Fi 11-4(b) shows the actu 4 frequency-response pl i hich is explained in more detail in Se 1 fscotineted fore unity gan) Resistor Ris included for dee 9-4, Since the op amp cient ig basically @ voltage _ Voltage across C, ction 1-32. The opan, tas exptained in Secon follower (unity.gain amplifies) te 1-€quals output voltage, V,. Pepe ee the low-pass filter of Fig. 11-4(a) is greatly simplified by making = R{Then there are ont y five steps in the design procedure. esign procedure oh 4. Choose the citotf 1c Frequency, wo off. : zs LP Pick Cy choose a costen eee Valug between 100 pF and 0.1 pE-—~ 223. Make C,=2¢,. PO To mm eee 4, : \u.> Fe ane Pe Vee a bo 3 AM pu 0701 . &.C : F Choose Ry = 2 ~ : oes oe Mal tag s i z ' 8 4 ' a % ol Ls 20 § 2 in gee 2 Slope = ~40dBlecale 3 001 Cle, o, 100, (0) Frequency-resprnse plo for the low-pass filter of pat (a), FIGURE 11-4 Circuit and frequency. plot for a low-pass filter of —40 dBidecade. = A Euample 4 inde prenine Ry and Ry in Fig. 11-4(a) for a cutoff frequency of, 1 kHz, Let C, = 0.01 pF. = Rfrom B13): Wi i Mion Pick Cy = 2¢,= 2(0.01 uF) = 0.02 UR. Select Ry = 0.707, " Saag ee (6281 x10 (0.01 x BBO ets Ry = (11,2582) = 22,516 2 302 _ Shap 11-3.2 Filter Response ‘The solid curve in Fig. 11-4(b) shows that the filter of Fig. 11-4(a) not only ie sical after than does Fig 1-2(9), but also remains at 0 dB amos yp oe (125 a The phase angles for te circuit of Fig. 11-4(a) range from Oat w= Orage Zenditon) to 180° as o approaches. (infinity). Table 11-2 comptres magritg ¢® phase angle foF the low-pass filters of Figs. {1-2@) and 11-4(@) from 0.10.10 10g, ‘The next low-pass filter cascades the filter of Fig.-11-2(a) with the filter of Fig, 1. 4(a) to form a roll-off of -60 dBAiecade. As will be shown, the resistors are the ofl va ues that have to be calculated, ‘TABLE 11-2. MAGNITUDE AND PHASE ANGLE FOR FIGS. 11-2(a) AND 11-4(a) Vacel Phase angle (deg) — a ax 20 dBidecade; 40 dBldecade; ° Fig. 11-2(0) Fig. 11-4(@) Bg. 11-20) Fie 1140) : 10 10 ~6 8 097, 0,998. <4 ~4 0.89 0.97 -3 0707 : o707 =) 044s 024 UT 025 0.053 = 10v, 01 oot it -DB/DECADE LOW-PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTER = emp ? -4,1 Simplified ‘Design Procedure The low-pass filtet of Fig. 11-5(a) is built using one low-pass filter of —40 dB/Aeeste cascaded with another of -20 dB/decade to give an overallroll-off of 60 aB/ecae- The overall closed-loop gain Acy is the gain of the first filter times the gain of the iter, or 4) Fora Butterworth filter, the inagitude of Ay must be 0.707 ate To guar tist frequency response is flat in the passband, use the following design steps. a dosion Procedure zon ie Choose the cutofPfrequency, w, or f-. 7A. Pick C3; choose a convenient yalue between 0.001 and 0.1 “3. Make 5 eee , : ‘ ale Ci=3Cy and Ch =2Cy Ve Ig 10 0 OWL A sae er eae ie a g 3 g Ol 20 4 < 3 a og 5 3 s > 001 Slope = -60 dBidecade 0.001 itn ge oo feuecy eps feria of FO and Argue 11-5 Low-pass filter designed for a rol-off of ~ 60 dB/decade corresponding frequency-response plot. ZL *4:Calculate A Make Ry = Ry : 3 = R, =R PRs RandR, Ee eanidey af Rous eer a ¢ "he value of is outs this rang, you should go back and pick a new SE * Example 11-5 For the - 60-dB/decade low-pass filter of Fig. 11-5(a), determine the values of and R fora cutoff frequency of 1 kHz, Let C3 = 0.01 pF. Cc, olution From Eq. (11-5), Cy = 3C3 = 30.01 uF) = 0.005 uF and Cy = 2C3= 2(0.01 uF) = 0.02 uF From Eq, (11-6), ‘i 1h Rete : j - ; =e 4b Ls (6.28)(1X 10°)(0.01 x-107$) 5915.0 we 6 1513-5 Example 11-5 shows that the value of R in Fig. 11-5(a) is different from thse o Fig. 11-4(@), although the cutoff frequency is the same. Phis is necessary so that |An,| remains at 0 dB in the passband until the cutft frequency is nearly reached: then [dal = 0.707 at @,. a vf 2 Filter Response 2 The solid line in Fig. 11-5(b) is the actual plot of the frequency response for Fig. 11500. ~ The dashed curve in the vicinity shows the straight-line approximation. Table 11-3 com pares the magnitudes of Ac;, for the three low-pass filters presented in this chapter. Noe that the |Acz| for Fig. 11-5(a) remains quite close to 1 (0 dB) until the cutoff fequeoch w,; then the steep roll-off occurs, j TABLE 11-3 | Ac,| FOR THE LOW-PASS FILTERS OF FIGS. 11-2le), 11-4(a), AND 11-5(a) é BEANO USN Gs Gh Sega ee ae ~20 dBléecade; 40 dB/decade; —60,dB/decaes ‘ Fig. 11-2(@) Fig. 11-4(@) Fig 1156) eRe Mt) Rete 15 10 10 10 f 097 9.998, 0.99% 089 »097 0992 0707 “0707 0707" P _ 0445 wy 0.124 - 025 0.053 0.022 ou oo 0.001 305 3 ve Filter les for the low-pass filter of Fi re phase angi -pass filter of Fig. 11-5(a) range fr sion 0 27088 Shapproneeg STONE 17} onal th age of ier + angles for the jgnal processing systems use a low-pass filter at the front end to att en “gaquenies above the Nyquist frequency, which is one-half the sampling ate TABLE 11-4. PHASE ANGLES FOR THE LOW-PASS FILTERS OF ee “figs. 11-22), 11-4la), AND 11-5te) =20 aBidecade, —40dBldecade; —60 dBidecade, L o Fig. 11-2): Fig. 11-4(a) Fig. 1150). + ° Ole -¢ 0 ge ge 0.250 4 11° cae 05a. 1 age fk et age oe fxd of aaa |S Bs Dey 63° -13r" Thee 4, 768" 143° Sap is ye 4? ea : 100, 42 ggg LBS “6 eee a sgn PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTERS” | 115.1 Introduction Ahigh-pass filter is a circuit that attenuates all signals below a specified cutoff frequency i cand passes ail signals whose frequency js above the cutoff frequency. Thus a high-pass fier performs the opposite function ofthe low pass filter Figure 11-6 is a plot of the magnitude of the €losed-loop gain versus. w for three types of Butterworth filters. The phase angle for 2 circuit of 20 dBldecade i 45° at. 0dB 10 0,707 point 348 0.707 i 20 dBldecade 7" 7 ofl -204B Od 40 dB/decade | a A Se ai o 7 Olay o, 100, three high-pass FIGURE 11-6 Comparison. of frequency response. for Butterworth filters. 306 Chapt 4 Phase angles tt a increase by +45 foreach increase of 20 dB/decade The pay ales fr these thee types of high-pass filers are compared in Section 11-55, "*% In this book the design of high-pass filters will be similar to that of the lows ters, Jn fact, the only difference will be the positon of the filtering capacitors ang ines Aa 20-dB/Decade Filter . Compare the high-pass filter of Fig, 11-7(a) with the low-pass filter of Fig. Ti. ( 2a) noe that C and R are interchanged. The feedback resistor Ris included 0 mininine “Coffe. STi He Op amps connected as a. unity-gain follower in Fig, 11-T@y the ony voltage V, equals the voltage across R and is expressed by : ia l Seat (ny Tree leas (@.High-pass filter with a roll-off of 20 dB/decade, 2 io a f 30m 8 & a | Bon ; ; b. ? > 8 {(b) Frequency resporise for (a). FIGURE 11-7 Basic high-pass filter, 20 dBydecade. atv Filters : 307 | when. 22 V, approaches 0 V, At his gg wapproa i finity, Vo equals E. ‘Since the circuit isnot an ideal i or = Ponts mt ie, as coe by Fig. 11-1(t). The solid line isthe pestis ines show the straight-line approximation, The magni = tt . The magnitude of the closed-loop gai Toop gain roaches, 0_rad/s in aashed aC 5 eqs 707 we oC 5 Je Thiet the cab Repeay & is given by | freee] an ot ‘i re ws Ky 1 Sf tea : a a. Daft ue ‘The reason for solving for R and not Cin Eg, (11,86) is that itis easier to adjust R in designing Fig. 11-7) are @ follows: than it is C. The steps needed in procedure for 20-dB/decade high-pass 1, Choose the cutoff frequency, orf. . 2, Choose @ convenient value of C, usually between 0.001 and 0-1 pe. 3. Calculate R from Eq. (11-80). © t 4, Choose Ry= ® Example 11-6 Calculate R in Fig. 11-7(@) if C= 0.002 pF and fe = 10 kHz. Sottion rom Eg, (11-80)" 1 (0.002 x 10" (6:28)(10 X 10 Example 11-7 | In Fig 11-7(a) if R = 22 KO and C = 0! | | Solution (@) From Eq- (1-82). 2454 sas ol pe calculate os Ole jceeernee Bers yx yoo} % 10) 308 . ar q hate, h 115.3 40-dB/Decade Filter The circuit of Fig, 11-0) is tobe designed asa high-pass Buterworth fer i Off of 40 dBidecade below the cutoff frequency, wT satisfy the Bu; Aro, the fegueney response must be 0.707 ato, and be O dB in the pass band Tes tions will be met ifthe following design procedure is followed: 7) eng esign procedure for 40-dB/decade high-pass a 1. Choose & cutoff frequency, w, or f. 7? Let C1 = Ca = C and choose a convenient value, 0. ative Files : ig POS ws x 4, Calculate R, from ti 3 r : oe) Bh 4, Select : TS BeaR es as ‘ate | Be - ee ay (H-10) i 5, To minimize do offset, let Ry= Rie” yy pig ) ———— xample 11-8 ing. I-S(a, let C, = Ca= 0.01 pF Calutate (a) Rs and (0) R; for a cutoff frequency of | KH. 2 :: a Solution (a) From Bq, (11-9), ” ee 1414 pee 1 = “By x 10°)(0.01 x 10-9) 25k (b) Rp = 7225 kQ) = 11.3 kQ. Example 11-9 Caleulate(e) Ry and (b) Re in Fig, 11-8) for a cutoff frequency of 80 kradls. Cy = C= Solution (a) From (11-9), « yt ig aca hae wy R= a0 x 1025 X 10 we ee Ry= (140k) = 70 KO. 3 1484 60-dB/Decade Filter As with the low:pass filler of Fig. 11-5, a high-pass files of +60 dB/decade can be com structed by cascading a +40-dBldecade filter with @ “+ 20-aB/decade filter. Ts Ce fre the other high-/and low-pass filters) is designed as & Butierworth filter ome Frequency response in Fig. 11-9(b). The design steps for Fig: 11-902) are #8 FOHOWS: Sign procedure for 60-dB/decade high-pass |. Choose the cutoff fre quency, @ OF fe ‘ A leg soe sheave a convenient ae BES? 100 pF and 0.1 pF. il 20 dBldeeade Ret ee ie ea - That 12 nhs itr 3 3 = a a 8 2 i s s 001 me ) SPONSE forthe circuit Of part (a), Ficure 19 Circuitang Frequency response {0860 ddecadeBunervoth ieh-pass filter, : S S Petes Ra from Hp fs (11-12) ple 40 me 11.9(a), let C=C = iadls. (fe = itn pal i y= C=0.1 pE Detetmine (a) Rs, (b) Ri, and (C) Ro for solution (a) By Eq. at -11), oe Ro “TAO NO. X 107) = 10K0 (y= 2Ra= 200K) = 20k. OR 10 kQ) = 5 KO. Example 11-11 frequency.of 60 kHz. Let oe (0 Bs) Ry and (©) Rain Fig. 11-9) for a cutoll = 220 pF. =O)= Solution (a) From Eq, (11- 1), R3= ey ee ee =12k0 3 = “678 (60 X 10°)220 % 10 2) = 2(12 kM) = 24 ko. = 412 k) = 6 kM. the 40-dB/decade section, be- Edel the 20-dldecade section can COME 11-5.5-Comparison of Magnitudes and Phase Angles 5 j Tele 1-5 compares the magaitudes of the closed OOP gain forth res HBS fi) ee cuit aot nly has 8 SEP off below ters, For each increase of 20 dB/decade, We but also remains closes to 0 4B or again of 1 above ss - asset aE 70 dBidecade Butterworth gies fier is 45° ato. For ‘tales TE is 90°, and for a 60-ABldecade fillet a) ‘Other phase angles vicinity of w, fr te three filters are Biven in Table iN 4 TABLE 115 COMPARISON OF lAccl FOR Figs, M70), 11449, “AND 11-318) 20 dBldecade; 40 dBdecade; gp : . FeTTo) BEN a ag ey" ol 0.01 0.00) ene 025 0.053 022 isa, 044s 024 0.124 = 0707 0707 0707 2m . 089 097 0.992. is 0s7 0998 2359 jon, 10 * 3 10 19 3 TABLE 11.6 COMPARISON OF PHASE ANGLES FOR FIGS. 11.718), 11-8fa), AND 11-9(a) Malate; 40 dBideade; Goan Idecade; iz Fig. 11-7(@) Fig. 11-8) Fig. 11-9(@) - fe gt ge oe ne ase, 16 143° OSe, 1B BIg 3 790° v Bs te Ve oo fu, ab a in * PD ge eH ae "4 pirnooucron TO BANDPASs FILTERS So ——————— 11-6.1 Frequency Response A bandas itr isa fequene, lye online at rerearart tonal Frequency response ig Shown in Fig. 11-10, Thig ‘Ype of filter has a maximus, nas oon frequency f. In this Chapter all bandpass filters will have agin oll Mt sj A pe Monae t0 0707 st 110, e ‘gher MOF frequency, f, the gain also equals 0.707, asin a \ . , 4 raive Filters Resonant frequency f, Frequency K eee te FIGURE 11-10. A bandpass filter has ¢ maximum gain at resonant frequency 4f,- Te band of frequent mitted lies between fi and fx hook 11-6.2 Bandwidth races between fr and fy is called beandtvidth B, oF S Bahk ‘on the resonant frequency: ( frequency” rather than “cel ‘The range of freque (ld) It is for this reason that xactly centered. ter frequency” to de- The bandwidth is note? wwe use the historical name "resonant scribe f,.) if you know the values for fi and fr the reson Ae and bandwidth, frequency can be found from > ULI) 'p,cutoff frequencies can be found If you know the resonant frequency, fr+ from , : pf (1-162) oe Sa eee Al) Example 11-12 of 300 and 3000 Ha. Find A ' ees voice filter has fower and upper cutoff frequencies ¢ bandwidth; (b) the resonant frequency. Solution (a) From Eq. (11-14), B= fy — fi = (3000 — 300) = 2700 Hz (0) From Eq, (11-15), S:= Viihe= VG0OGOO0) = 948.7 He : va Seis always below the center frequency of (3000 + 300)7 = 1650 Hi. Example 11-13 ‘A bandpass filter has a resonant frequency of 950 Hz and a bandwidth of 2700 Hz. Find . ower and upper cutoff frequencies, : : Pa Solation . From Eq, (11-16a), 2 a = 1650 — 1350 = 300 liz From Eq, (11-166), f, = 300 + 2700 = 3000 Hz ifs Quality Factor ‘The quality fector 0 is defined asthe ratio of resonant frequeney to bandwidth o A o= £ : ts (ein Qiis a measure ofthe bandpass filter's selectivity. A high @ indicates that after eles 4, Assnller band of frequencies (more selective). ; AYE4 Narrowband and Wideband Filtérs’ v ‘A sideband fier has a bandwidth that s two of more times the resonant frequency, Tat 4 bandwic {Wo or more times aren 5, Q= 015 for wideband Titers, In general’ widehand filters are made by cascading alow: Pass filter ciruit with a high-pass filter circuit, This \Opic is covered in the next section. A tarowband fille (005) ean usually be made with a single stage. This type of ft ter is presented in Section 11-8, ~ Example 11-14 . see "Find the quality factor of a voice filter that has a bandwidt , th of 2700, Hz. and a resonant jer of 950 Hz (see Examples 11-12 and:11-13), i bh prom ba eo io" iy | il \* =k. 950 B 2709 = 035 is classified a8 wideband because ‘his filter etause Q < 05. Ki ,gasic WIDEBAND FILTER i 11-7.1 Cascading When the output of Conticted in series with the i : *te process is called cascading gain stages. Jn Fig, 1-1, the intense circuit, ass filter (Section 11-3). Its output is corinected'to the ‘input of a bie ‘i Hz low- ter (Section 11-5.3). The cascaded pair of active filters now forma bandsaw heen input Eto output V,. Note that it makes no difference ifthe high. Seguin from loys, or vice versa. Note: Each op amp circuit in Fig. 11-11 has unity ga 11-7.2 Wideband Filter Circuit In general, a wideband filter (Q < 0.5) is made by cascading a low- and a high-pass fl- ,, ler (6ee Fig. 11-11). Cutoff frequencies of the low- and high-pass sections must not over= land each must have the same passband gain] Furthermore, te low-pass filter’ cut off frequency must be (0 op more)times the high-pass filter’s cutoff frequei For cascaded low- and high-pass filters, the resulting wideband filter wil following characteristics: Le il have the A. The lower cutoff frequency, f,. will be determined only by the tighess filter. 2. The high cutoff frequency, fi, will be set only by the low-pass filter. is 3. Gain will be maximum at resonant frequency, f,, and equal to the passband gain of either filter. ae These Principles are illustrated next. 1173 Frequency Response / low pis '™Fig. 1-11 the frequency response of basic ~40<4BIdecade 00070 sed 'sdloted asa dashed line. The frequency response of 300-HZiEh PAT a solid line, ‘The 40-dB/decade roll-off of the high-pass make nt ~40-dBidecade roll-off of the low-pass ses fi Both 01-0 cat Ow Bey response of the bandpass filter, Vo ves F OP the values ith cutoff frequencies plus bandwidth agree exactly ¥ 001 hE >S OL EME MO SP Frequency f ax ° FIGURE 11-11 3000-He second-order low-pas filter i cascaded with a 30042 Nahas ites forma 300- io 300-He bandas voice fer Be Examples 11-12 and 11-13. Narrow bandpass filters will be introduced in Section II. Discussion of notch filters is deferred until Sections 11-9-and 11-10, 14 perowoao BANDPASS FILTERS e—_— Narrowband filters exhibit the ‘ypical frequency response shiown in’Fig. 1 be analysis and constuction of narowbard filters considerably simplified if we that the narrowband filter will have a maximum guin of 1 or 0 dB at te quency f,. Equations (11-14) through (11-17) and bandpass terms were a Section’ 11-6. They gave an introduction to (cascaded pair) wideband file. TH tions and terms also apply to the ‘arowband filters that follow. Ue A Trae _{@) Typical frequency response curve of énarrowhand filter. : ee fi dah" c=0015 pF : pe L : : ne . gs 2Cy% we R Cte 7p sy JS A ie 3 OPT Ye Ae ie + M4 4 a > -15V S (@) Narowband filer, FIGURE 11-12 Narrow bandpass filter circuit and is frequency resporse for the component values shown; f= 100 Hz, B = 500 Hz, Q = 2: f=. 780 He, and f= 1280 He. (a) Typical frequency response ofa bandpass filter, (b) nar- row bandpass filter circuit. We 118, Narrowband Filter Circuit. A narrowband filter cireuit uses only one op'amp, a8 shown in Fig, 11-12. (Compare with | the two-op-amp wideband filters in Fig 11-11.) The filter’ input resistance is establis ‘pproximately by resistor R, Ifthe feedback resistor 2 made two times the input r- sistor R, the filter's maximum gain will be 1 or 0 dB at resonant frequency, By adjust ing R, one can change (or exactly trim) {FE Fesonant frequency without changing the \_ bandwidik or gain. > 11-82 Performance i i i The performace ofthe uniy-gain narrowband filter in Fig, 11-12 8 ce Hae 2few simple equations. The bandwidth B in hertz is dterm by resisto (matched) capacitors C by RC where Vol pede | ‘ i 803 (ly Gain is a maximum of { at f; provided that feedback Tesistor 2R is Uwe thy put resistor R. 5, : i ~~ ne The resonant frequency f, is determined by resistor R, according ty oA by Get New Part 1 evalsib 1 sourceslb 2 sourcestb 47 analogslb 2 analogslb 4 port.slb 5 portslb owe: We afe using VAC 2s the input source instead of VSIN as-we have an previ- cus chapters. The VAC symbol requires only that fragnitude and phase be set. The fre- quency range will be set in the ‘Analysis Setup menu. Arrange the parts as shown in Fig? Tafa). Change the attributes ofthe pats to those values sien in Example 11-4. Set up THe VAC sine wave attributes by double-clicking the symbol; in the pop-up window change phase and magnitude. ACPHASE => 0 => Save Attr ne be ACMAG 1V => Save Attr’=> Change Display => Both name and value Double-click on the lead.from the output terminal of the-op amp and label it, Vo. ialize the AC Swetp (se Fig 1-16). To obtain aplot of Vp versus Frequency, We MUS! init menu, Analys => Setup => Enable AC Sweep » - Open AC Sweep => Decade => PtsDecade => 10 = => Start Freq => 10H2 : ; => End Freq. => 10kHz a Sav é Le ig the circuit as a fle with the SCH extension, Run the simulation 1 Ams => Simulate : nth : ; bat. Probe window, we need to select both Plot and Trace options from the menu Plot =: Vol => ¥ Axis Settings => Seale =7 Log Eta ice => Add => V[Vo] 5 \ th F Lesa, Plots and obtain a printout as shown in Fig. 11-17. 324 2251640 ~v ATL 11.258 ka. + 11.258 kQ. A} 0.01 pF Vo FIGURE 11-16 PSpice model of Fig. 11-4(2). 10V > 10m Output voltage, lomv Lomv WH. 30H2 FIGURE 11-17 325 ilters 2 High-Pass Filter ‘laa - modeling and simulating a high-pass filter is similar to that forthe low ref 8 : described. Refer to Fig. 11-8(a) and create the PSpice mode! ofthe ft jously ps ing & 741 op amp. ‘The input voltage source will be VAC and will be cigculit US) + t ci ue, bss lo oF Vs ers ue To bg, place Flowing ms Wg wk ae av 7 Gate fai es Part” ‘Number Library ee uATAL 1 eval sib ‘VAC. 1 source.slb ypc 2 sourceslb R 4 ‘analogsib . ¢ 2 analog-sib GLOBAL’ 4 port.sib => AGND 5 portstb as previously mentioned we ae using VAC as the input source instead of VSIN so that a range, because the WAC symbol requires only magni wwe may vary frequency through vv pand phase 1 be sel. The frequency ranges set in the Analysis Setup menu. Arrange the pars a shown in Fig. 11-8@): Change the attributes ofthe parts to those values given in Brample 11-8, Setup the VAC sine wave attrbues by double-clicking the symbol in the pop-up window change phase and magnitude. ACPHASE => 0 => Save Attr ACMAG => 1V => Save Attr Double-click on the lead from the output te (see Fig. 11-18). To obtain a plot of V, versus frequency, we must ‘menu, => Change Display => Both name and value rminal’of the op amp and label it Vo initialize the AC Sweep Analysis => Setup => Enable AC Sweep : P > Decadl => Start Freq => 100Hz => End Freq => 100kH2 Seve ne ee - Settee ave the circuit as a file with the SCH extension. Run the simulation Analysis => Simulate i h : 4 the Probe window, we need selet-both Plot and Trace ‘options from the menu bar Plot => ¥ Axis Settings => Sealé => Log Trace => Add => VIVo] Late ’ j | the pls and obtain a printout as shown in Fig. 1-19. © 326 Chapter y R= 13K Rp= 250 Bh " yy Gq & es 15Vv BYTE 001 nF 01 Re, E Wl ue i 0K. Vo 0 i i R= W ‘ : A 250 7 A ACMAG=1V i 0 10V. Va. 3s 2 ‘Output voltage, 100m¥ 10mV 2 Wor: 300Hz © LOKHz © 3.0KHz © 10KHz—30KH: 100KH: Frequency ‘ FIGURE 11-19 Frequency response of a high-pass filter. 11-11.3 Bandpass Filter || In this section, we want to model and simulate the bandpass filter shown in Fig. il. This circuit is a wide’ bandpass filter designed by cascading a —40-dB/decade low-pass filter with a +40 dB/decade high-pass filter. Since we have already created both of bes circuits in PSpice, we will create the model of the bandpass filter by copying the cit of Fig. 11-16 and Fig. 11-18 onto a new work area, deleting some parts, changing be ——— — cjevur pee ns tane (2 h v5 F my pspice model of “at ill.» tributes of other parts, and saving the schematic asia new file. ‘The model, for the band- pass filter js shown in Fig: -20. The, ‘Analysis Setup men ok) be set as in the previ? ous two designs. rintout window is Sh in Fig 1-21. FIGURE 11-20 10v too mV Output voltage. V, iomV Lom 1H ~ 328 Chapter 44 PROBLEMS [1, List the four types of filters. 112, What ype of filter has @ constant output voltage from dup tothe eutoft frequency? 11-3, What is a file called that passes a band of fequencies while attenuating all equ outside the band? 11-4 In Fig, 11-26), if R = 100 KO and C = 0.02 HF, what isthe cutoff frequency? 11.5. The low-pass filter of Fig. 11-2) isto be designed for a cutoff frequency of 45 ty y C= 0.005 pF, calculate R. : 11-6, Calculate the cutoff frequency for each value of C in Fig. P11-6. Ry=10k0 “te oT otf ¥ FIGURE P11-6 ib int ae the two characteristics of a Butterworth filter? -8. Design’ a —40-4B/ freq ; qa decade low-pass filter at a cutoff frequency of 10 krad/s..Let Ci = 11-9, Ir u ne 1-40) i, = R= 10RD, cy = 001 land ice a cass gece off frequency f.. W-10, Calculate ()k, ‘ C= 0005 ux”) 4 (0 Rein Fig. 11-5() fo acuta frequency of 10 keds. LIL IR, = R, = b= Ry=20k0, C, = : * 5 dctmin te cut teracnen EF 2 0008 Hand C= 0.004 uP in TF * 2004 uF, and Cs = 0.02 wR. Calculate R fora extol pF g : an. i UN-T(ay C= 004 uF and p jiters (a) calculate (a) of and (W) fe if R ; le f.if R= 10 kM and C= 0,01 0 01 pF. yet In FB: u te sign 1 40-dB/decade high-pass filter for w, = 5 krad/s. C= C; He ie (a) Ry and (D) Ro in Fig. 11-800) fora et ete ee wiih ci frequency of 40 Krad. Cy = C= For Fig: 11-9(a) Het C1 Cy = C= 0.05 pF Determi ® zs me tem (a), Rs, (b) Ry, and (6) Re for a ir. IT off frequency 0! of Fig. 11-9(a) is designed with the values Cy C=C) = 400 pF 203%: pF R= Tp, Ry = 25 KO and Ry = 50K Calolate the citofffeqdeney f ihe () bandwidth () resonant fequene}, and (€): quality a rte ower and upper cull frequencies of 5 and oe iy ro tans Bir 11.29, A bandpass filter has a resonant frequency of 1000 Hz "the lower and upper cutoff frequencies. . 1-21. Use the capacitor and resistor values of the 3000 Hz. 11-22. Use the capacitor 100 Hz. 11-18. The circuit 1-19. Find high-pass filter fig 11-11 to prove fe= and resistor values of the high-pass filter in Fig: 11-11 to prove that =x zs 11-23, Find @ for the bandpass filter of Fig. 1-11. 22 The resonaifrégheney.is 128 He and : = 11-24, Design @ narrow pandpass filter using one oP amp. = 15, Select C=O pF in Fig: 10-12. 1125, (a) How would you conver: the bandpass fi same gesonant Frequency and (0? (b) Calculate fi and Ja ter of Problem 11-24 i for the notch filter. and a bandwidth of 2500 He. Find

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