ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Lecture 6
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Outline:
6a. Overview to Synchronous Machines.
6b. Synchronous Generator.
6c. Synchronous Motor.
6d. Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Machine.
6e. Determination of Synchronous Impedance.
6f. Power and Torque Equations of Alternator.
6g. Parallel Operation of Alternators.
6h. Synchronous Condenser.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Lecture 6b
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Synchronous generator:
- It is a synchronous machine used as a generator.
- It converts mechanical power to three phase electrical power.
- The source of mechanical power, the prime mover, may be a
diesel engine, a steam turbine, a water turbine, or any similar
device.
- Whatever the source, it must have the basic property that its
speed is almost constant regardless of the power demand.
- If that were not so, then the resulting power system's frequency
would wander.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Almost all three phase power is generated by three phase
synchronous generators.
- Synchronous generators are also called alternators.
- Large synchronous generators have a high efficiency which at
ratings greater than 50 MVA usually exceeds 98%.
- Because of this, synchronous generators rated in excess of
1000 MVA are quite commonly used in generating stations.
- In certain applications, usually restricted to less than 10 kVA
are better served by a single-phase synchronous generator.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- In fact, almost all generating machines at power stations are
synchronous generators.
- Thus, synchronous generators are considered as the primary
sources of world's electric power systems today.
- The synchronous generator is the workhorse of the electric
power industry for generating AC electric power.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Operation principle of synchronous generator:
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Alternator working is based on the principle of Faraday’s law
of electromagnetic induction.
- According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
when there is a relative motion between the coil and the
magnetic field, emf gets induced across the conductor.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- A DC voltage is applied to
the field (rotor).
- As a result, a constant
magnetic flux is produced.
- At the presence of this constant magnetic flux, rotor is rotated
by the prime mover at synchronous speed.
- Thus, when the rotor rotates, its rotating magnetic flux cut the
armature conductors.
- Hence, emf is induced in the armature.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- The frequency of the induced voltage depends on the number
of poles and the speed of the rotor:
120f
Ns
p
- Thus, to keep the frequency constant,
the speed Ns must remain constant.
- Therefore, a synchronous generator must run at a constant
speed known as synchronous speed.
- The magnitude of the generated voltage can be varied by
adjusting the current on the rotor which changes the magnetic
field strength.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Thus, from this equation:
mechanical speed of electrical frequency in Hz
120f
magnetic field, in rpm Ns
= rotor speed, in rpm p
number of poles
(synchronous speed)
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- The internal generated voltage of a synchronous generator:
- The induced voltage is calculated by:
E 4.44f f NK w
- Where:
f: supply frequency.
∅f: flux per pole due to excitation current If .
N: the number of turns in each phase.
Kw: winding factor ≈ 1
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Example 1: Calculate the synchronous speed for a 50 Hz
generator with 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 poles.
- Solution: 120f
Ns
p
p Ns (rpm)
2 3000
4 1500
6 1000
8 750
12 500
16 375
20 300
24 250
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
- Example 2: Calculate the frequency for a 3000 rpm generator
with 2 and 8 poles.
- Solution:
120f p f (Hz)
Ns 2 50
p
8 200
Ns p
f
120
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
An eight pole alternator produces A two pole alternator produces
four electrical cycles for each one electrical cycle for each
complete mechanical rotation. complete mechanical rotation.
Lecture 6c: Synchronous Motor
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi
