© April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

Design of Traffic Signals from 7*24 Manual Volume

Data

Karumanchi Meeravali1, Kolanedi Vineeth2, Nakka Chandramouli3, Bandaru Raja4, Thammuluri

Vinod Babu5, Shaik Najeerbasha6, Ch Malleswararao7, B Abdul Raffi8
1,7,8
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ABR College of engineering and
Technology, China irlapadu, Kanigiri, Prakasam, A. P-523254.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B. Tech Students, Department of Civil Engineering, ABR College of engineering and
Technology, China irlapadu, Kanigiri, Prakasam, A. P-523254

Abstract: At this point in time, the population of the geometry, heterogeneous traffic, and inadequate
whole world is consistently growing at an alarming traffic control cause high accident rates. Analysing
rate. The rise in the number of accidents has led to an accident causes, variables, and conditions is
increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which
necessary to build a safe roadway network.
has led to an increase in the amount of time spent
Innovative design and control strategies may
waiting for traffic and a decrease in the level of safety.
In light of this, it is imperative that we conduct an
overcome system weaknesses. To find highway
investigation into the existing traffic analysis and accident hotspots, evaluate accident data. To find
strictly adhere to the safety guidelines in order to remedies, accident-prone locations must be
mitigate the effects of these problems. The purpose of extensively explored. International corporations
this research is to analyse and calculate the traffic have increased car sales, but roads remain poor. For
volume and level of service for each lane of an LR-type social, political, etc. In our country, 235 people die
staggered crossroads at Pamur Bus Station in and 1243 are injured in vehicle accidents daily.
Kanigiri, which is located in the Prakasam district for
Even though night traffic is 15% of 24 hours
the purpose of this study. The data on the traffic have
volume—8 times greater than day traffic in India—
been gathered manually in order to guarantee
accuracy and a smaller overall amount of errors. This
nearly 60% of accidents occur at night. According to
process has been carried out over the course of about national accident data, drivers cause most accidents
seven days for each configuration consisting of four because they fail to perceive the situation owing to
lanes and eight directions. The results of this study poor reflexes, weariness, inexperience, or toxicants.
project include the amount of time that each lane and Other factors cause traffic accidents. To accurately
each direction is green, the primary design of the capture local traffic, traffic surveys attempt. Traffic
signals, and the traffic metrics that continue to be surveys count vehicles and measure traffic volume.
considered. Additionally, the study of safety criteria
People wrote their opinions on paper pads beside
such as space, number of automobiles, trip time, and
roadsides. In recent years, video cameras and office
delays to rapidly move vehicles on the road at
junctions was followed by IRC: 93-1985. This was
traffic analysis have replaced this strategy. Traffic
done in order to ensure that vehicles could move surveys help transportation engineers plan and build
quickly on the road. The model that has the best infrastructure, diagnose issues, assess new ideas,
possible cycle time, green time for each lane and each etc.
direction, lane capacity, pedestrian crossing time, and
delay time may be considered the best model. Study road traffic volume and car categorisation at
specified periods. Daily or hourly volume might
Keywords: Traffic volume, LR-Type staggered
vary greatly. Traffic volume surveys measure,
intersection, Level of services, Manual method,
classify, and move cars at a place. Before the traffic
passenger car units (PCU).
survey, we must know key phrases: PCU (Passenger
Car Unit) measures highway volume. IRC-set DSV
INTRODUCTION
is for single- or double-lane roadways. Initial traffic
volume studies may aim for design: Pavements,
Road safety matters in developing countries. Indian
bridges, and roadway amenities are designed
accidents have grown owing to automobile
structurally and geometrically. Minimum
proliferation and poor road infrastructure. Poor road
intersection turning route, channelisation, flaring,

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3327

 © April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

and traffic control devices. Pavements, OGV1. Ambulances are cars with windows.
intersections, etc. are designed using pedestrian Windowless LGVs resemble tiny vans. With double
volume studies. Dynamic traffic management: rear wheels, OGV1s resemble box-vans/middle-
Current flow/congestion data is needed to improve sized trucks. Ishant Sharma et al. (2015) suggested
traffic signal design, junction efficiency, and an autonomous traffic signal at Madhya Marg,
network productivity by alerting road users. Other Chandigarh, using Webster's and I.R.C signal design
aims Highway usage projection and facility demand methods to build pre-timed lights. Webster's
assessment. Traffic volume analysis covers design, technique optimises cycle duration, whereas the
planning, improvement, dynamic traffic I.R.C method minimises green time by checking
management, highway utilisation prediction, pedestrians' approach lane crossing times. The count
accident rate calculation, and traffic stream. This was obtained via sluggish laptop video playback. In
survey will largely count cars travelling through a this research, he contrasted pre-timed signals with
span, but we must first identify them. Examine UK automated signals, which were more efficient since
Standard Vehicle Classification Schemes. Classes they saved time and increased capacity. Rubiyah
that track hicleves' movements are below. Vehicles Yusuf et al. (1996) used electromagnetic sensors to
under 16 seats: Cars, taxis, ‘people carriers’, count cars and fuzzy logic technology to give traffic
minibuses, RVs, and camper vans. Three-wheeled green time to clear the intersection. Traffic
cars, Land Rovers, Range Rovers, Jeeps, and management was quite successful using this
windowed ambulances are seen. Cars with caravans strategy.
or trailers are 'Car'. All car-type delivery and transit
vans with the next larger carrying capacity are Sachin Jat et al. (2015) built a Vidisha, Madhya
LGVs. Includes milk floats, small vehicles, and Pradesh traffic light. Traffic volumes for passenger,
windowless ambulances. Delivery vans and middle- commercial, and agricultural vehicles were
sized vehicles with single rear wheels dominate this manually gathered without devices or sensors. The
group. Counts LGVs with caravans or trailers as I.R.C approach of traffic signal design uses
'LGV' This category excludes vehicles with side maximum P.C.U on each junction direction. Saleem
guards between axles or four rear wheels. Akhter et al. (2015) examined whether to offer
Ambulances with double rear wheels, tractors traffic signals or rotaries. Classified traffic volume
(without trailers), road rollers for tarmac pressing, data was gathered for 12 minutes. The categorised
box vans, comparable big vans, and middle-sized volume became a Passenger Car unit. Rotary's
trucks with double rear wheels are OGV 1 (Ordinary traffic capacity is 3017 PCU/hr, which is larger than
Goods Vehicle 1). 3000 PCU/hr (highest traffic volume a rotary can
handle). Thus, a 140-second traffic signal system
All articulated and rigid vehicles with four or more should be installed at the crossing. Shamsul Haque
axles are OGV2. This class contains OGV1 studied Bangladesh's Dhaka-Sylhet highway traffic
freighters with caravans or trailers. Public service patterns in 2013. They measured weekly and
vehicles and works buses exceeding 16 seats and 3.5 monthly traffic flow, increase, and heavy vehicle
tonnes or more are PSVs. The name "MC" covers all proportion. Their paper found that in Dhaka-Sylhet
motorcycles, including sidecars. PC: All pedal highway, the highest average percentage of
cycles, including passenger ones. Common Bus/Truck/Covered Truck 2 axle from 2007 to 2009
Confusing Factors: is 42.46%, the daily directional distribution is 47%
to 53%, and the average annual traffic growth rate is
PSV minibus or car A minibus under 16 seats is a 23.79%. In 2015, Ahad Ullah studied traffic
car. Small buses with 16 or more seats called PSVs. increase variables on three major Bangladeshi
Use the Car class when unsure about the category. roadways. They discovered 23.79% traffic rise on
LGV or OGV1 class van/middle-sized vehicle with Dhaka-Sylhet motorway. The main objectives of the
single or double rear wheels LGVs are vans/middle- study are: To conduct traffic volume assessments at
sized vehicles with one rear wheel, whereas OGV1s certain junctions of the Pamur-Kanigiri-Podili-
have two. It might be hard to see whether the back Garlapeta routes. Maximum flow density per lane,
has numerous wheels. Twin wheels are common on maximum vehicle flow per lane, peak periods, time
large vehicles. If the vehicle is unreadable, classify headway, and the number of vehicles transformed
it as OGV1. Ambulances are automobiles, LGVs, or into passenger car units (PCU). The examination of

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3328

 © April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

safety criteria including spatial dimensions, vehicle

quantity, journey duration, and delays affecting the
fluidity of vehicle movement at road crossings. This
analysis adhered to IRC: 93-1985. To assess the
capacity and quality of service of the roadway. To
develop models for signal design, including
optimum cycle time, green time, lane capacity,
pedestrian crossing time, and delay time.

LR-TYPE STAGGERED INTERSECTION

Staggered intersections are unique to road networks.

Staggered intersections are two T-legged
intersections with a distance between them and can Figure 2.1 Geometrical view of the junction [1]
be divided into two types, the left–right (LR) type
and the right–left (RL) type, based on the order in STUDY DATA
which the driver encounters the branches when
driving down the main road. It's improper for the LR We have adapted Manual Method. In this method,
type because small road left-turns conflict, unlike data is collected using a Data Sheet. Data recorded
the RL type. Road Traffic Signal Setting and on data sheets; data can be recorded with tick mark
Installation Specification (GB14886-2006). on a pre-prepared field form. A stopwatch is
necessary to measures desired count interval. The
TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGN data taken as recorded format designed by own
process according to LR-Type staggered intersection
The conflicts arising from movements of traffic in at Pamur Bus station, Kanigiri From fig 2.1, 4-
different directions is solved by time sharing of the Roads, 8 Directions (In and out), data observed 7
principle. The advantages of traffic signal include an days at each and every hour with continually the
orderly movement of traffic, an increased capacity division as follows
of the intersection and requires only simple I. PODILI-KAN (IN)
geometric design. However, the disadvantages of II. KAN-PODILI (OUT)
the signalized intersection are it affects larger III. KAN-GARLAPETA(OUT)
stopped delays, and the design requires complex IV. GARLAPETA-KAN(IN)
considerations. Although the overall delay may be V. CIRCLE-KAN(OUT)
lesser than a rotary for a high volume, a user is more VI. KAN-CIRCLE (IN)
concerned about the stopped delay. VII. PAMUR-KAN(OUT)
VIII. KAN-PAMUR (IN)
LOCATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Study Location
Traffic study done at a small intersection of Traffic Perform traffic volume tests at Pamur-Kanigiri-
at Pamur-Kanigiri-Podili-Garlapeta roads Date: Podili-Garlapeta road junctions. The maximum flow
02/01/2025 to 09/01/2025.Counting Period: 7 days density, vehicle flow, peak hours, time headway,
(Every hour) Weather Condition: It was initially a and number of vehicles have been translated into
sunny day but afterwards it became cloudy, Survey passenger car units. The examination of safety needs
Location: Pamur-Kanigiri-Podili-Garlapeta, such space, number of cars, journey duration, and
Observation: Classified Vehicle Count, Method: delay to easy-moving vehicles at junctions. This
Manual Method, Duration: Every hour thought out analysis followed IRC: 93-1985. To assess road
day same as 1 total week, Equipment’s: Data Sheet, capacity and service.
Stop Watch.
MAXIMUM FLOW DESITY

The data from traffic volume on selected junction of

Pamur-Kanigiri-Podili-Garlapeta roads, among all

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3329

 © April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

the lanes and directions explained fig 4.1, and table 

The Peak Time of Traffic Flow during
4.1. From these table and figure maximum traffic Weekday is 7/01/2025-08/01/2025 in the
flow / density/ volume and explained PCU per lane direction of KAN-PODILI ROAD.
with all directions.  The maximum flow of vehicles observed during
 The maximum flow of vehicles observed during Weekend is 377 Vehicles/ Hr.
Weekday is 9052 Vehicles/day.  The Peak Time of Traffic Flow during
Weekend is 8.00 AM - 9.00 AM
Table 4.1 Maximum Volume Density (Pcu) Per Lane and Direction with time

MAXIMUM VOLUME DENSITY (PCU) per lane and direction

Date I II III IV V VI VII VIII

02/01/2025-03/01/2025 5568 5663 3068 2895 6877 6836.5 5945 4815

03/01/2025-04/01/2025 6425 6786 4073 4170 7643 7559 7299 5909

04/01/2025-05/01/2025 6470 6564 5033 5576 6844 6983 6724 5533

05/01/2025-06/01/2025 5288 5268 4512 4703 5954 5726 7385 5741

06/01/2025-07/01/2025 7939 7931 4309 4590 6313 7236 6977 5740

07/01/2025-08/01/2025 5331 9052 5253 5385 6441 6705 6592 7136

08/01/2025-09/01/2025 7389 7899 4492 5514 6114 6281 7272 5872

The maximum flow of vehicles (Truck, Bus, Ag  The maximum flow of vehicles (Motor-bike,
tractor with trailer) observed during Weekday is Scooter and Cycle) observed during Weekday is
1121 Vehicles/day. 4304 Vehicles/day.
 The maximum flow of vehicles (Passenger car,  The maximum flow of vehicles (Ricshaw)
Tempo, Auto-ricksaw, Jeep,Van,Ag tractor) observed during Weekday is 140 Vehicles/day.
observed during Weekday is 3375
Vehicles/day.
Table 4.2 Level of services
Total (PCU / DSV Grade
Directions Hr.) (per lane) LOS
I 264.3 900 0.29 A
II 292.6 900 0.33 A
III 183.0 900 0.20 A
IV 195.4 900 0.22 A
V 274.9 900 0.31 A
VI 281.7 900 0.31 A
VII 286.9 900 0.32 A
VIII 242.5 900 0.27 A

Traffic Co - optimum
Volumes (PCU Saturation Volume Actual flow Y cycle time
Directions / Hr.) Yi Si (4m width) =(Yi/Si) (sec)
I 264.3 1950 0.14
II 292.6 1950
III 183.0 1950
IV 195.4 1950 0.1

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3330

 © April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

V 274.9 1950 86.62

VI 281.7 1950 0.144 (Assume 90)
VII 286.9 1950
VIII 242.5 1950 0.146
 maximum Level of services observed during
Weekday is 0.33, with grade A, in the direction Effective green time
of II. Effective green time is the actual time available for
 The Level of services of remains directions the vehicles to cross the intersection. It is the sum of
observed during Weekday, with grade A. actual green time (Gi) plus the yellow minus the
Co=(1.5L+5)/(1-Y) applicable lost times. Thus effective green time can
L=Lost time (2N+R) =24 sec(2*4+16) be written as,
Y=Traffic volume/Saturation Volume

Table 4.3 Optimum Cycle time

Directions Traffic Volumes (PCU / Green time Optimum Green time
Hr.) Yi

I 264.3 17 22 (4)

IV 195.4 13 20

VI 281.7 18 24

VIII 242.5 18 24

Lane capacity modification is recommended in the public

The ratio of effective green time to the cycle length transportation.
1. Co - optimum cycle time is 87 sec and assumed
( )is defined as green ratio. We know that to 90sec
saturation flow rate is the number of vehicles that 2. Green time for Direction-I is 17sec, IV is 20sec,
can be moved in one lane in one hour assuming the VI is 24sec, VIII is 24.
signal to be green always. Then the capacity of a 3. lane capacity -369veh/hr
lane can be computed as, where ci is the capacity of 4. pedestrian crossing-6sec
lane in vehicle per hour, si is the saturation flow rate
in vehicle per hour per lane, C is the cycle time in SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
seconds.
 lane capacity -369veh/hr The present study is focused mainly on traffic
 pedestrian crossing-6sec volume only. Speed-flow studies are useful to
evaluate the more parameters. There is a scope on
CONCLUSIONS speed flow studies on urban road links for future
work.
The numbers of bikes travelling are more when
compared to autos and cars. The number of autos REFERENCES
and cars are more when compared to buses so, if
numbers of buses are increased, then the [1] R MADHU, THELUKUTLA NAGENDRA
dependency on Public transports increase. This will BABU, KATI ANJUR JENITH, N SHIVA
make decrease in number of personal vehicles. KALYAN, K. YUVARAJ SINGH, G.
Hence the congestion gets reduced and free Flow of GANGA PRASAD, Dr K MEERAVALI
Traffic will be possible. It adds to comfortless of a 2025, “Design of traffic signals at junction and
road user. We are settled on a suggestion that if the analysis of traffic surveys” Volume: 11 Issue:
No. of buses could be increased then the traffic 9 PageNo: 2476-2482.
system would become efficient. So huge [2] Baguley Chris, McDonald Mike, et al,
"Towards Safer Roads in Developing

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3331

 © April 2025 | IJIRT | Volume 11 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002

Countries, A Guide for Planners and Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2013, 55-
Engineers", Transport Research Laboratory, 65.
1994, pp 1-60. [12] A Ullah, H. Nikraz and S. Haque, Comparison
[3] Sanjay Singh et al. (2016) “Traffic Volume of Traffic Growth Factors in Three Major
Survey Analysis of the Road Connecting Highways of Bangladesh: A Case Study,
Career Point University,” International Journal of Traffic and Transportation
journal for innovative research in Engineering 3 (2015) 111-117.
multidisciplinary field, ISSN – 2455-0620
Volume - 2, Issue – 10.
[4] Arkatkar, S.S. (2011), “Effect of Intercity
Road Geometry on Capacity under
Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions Using
Microscopic Simulation Technique”,
International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No
06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 375-380.
[5] Meruga Siva Parvathi et al (2017), “Classified
Traffic Volume Study at Ghatekesar Junction,”
International Journal of Engineering and
Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 6, Nov - Dec
2017.
[6] Bhavneet Singh, Dr. Tripta Goyal, (2015),
“Study of Traffic Volume and Level of
Service of Panjab University, Chandigarh,”
Int. Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue
7, (Part - 2) July 2015, pp.09-14.
[7] Balsam Alkouz, Zaher Al Aghbari (2025),
“SNSJam: Road traffic analysis and prediction
by fusing data from multiple social networks,”
Information Processing and Management 57
(2025) 102139.
[8] Raghavendra S.Sanganaikar et al (2018),
“Design of Traffic Signal at Kundahallli
Junction Bengaluru Karnataka,” International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
Volume 9, Issue 6, June-2018, Issn 2229-5518.
[9] Wen Cheng, Gurdiljot Singh Gill, Luis Loera,
Xiaofei Wang & Jung-Han Wang (2017):
Evaluation of the impact of traffic volume on
site ranking, Journal of Transportation Safety
& Security,
DOI:10.1080/19439962.2017.1321074.
[10] Birva B. Shah, Prof. N. G. Raval, “Estimation
of Capacity for Arterial Road of Urban Area”
International Journal of Innovative Research in
Technology, 2016, 63-64.
[11] S Haque, M. Ahad, and H. Nikraz,
Investigation Of Traffic Flow Characteristics
Of Dhaka Sylhet Highway (N-2) Of
Bangladesh, International Journal of Civil

IJIRT 175516 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3332