CHAPTER. 3 DEVELOPING BASIC SPEAKING SKILLS ia RO 4.1 Conversational Activities-Monologues «Introducing yourself, Introducing others, story telling. 3.2 Conversational Activities-Dialogues One-minute impromptu speeches, Scaffolded + Role plays on everyday interactions, Interviews (Find out if...), Information Gap Activities, Picture descriptions and feedback, Situational conversations. 3,3 Conversational Activities- Pronunciation, Stress and Rhythm, Intonation « Neutralisation of accent, Word stress, Rhythm and Pauses, Tonal variations/inflections. i CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITH 3.1.1 Introducing Yourself Making a good first impression is crucial, whether you're meeting new people socially, ittending a job interview, or networking at a professional event. A strong self- ntroduction is the foundation for making that great first impression. It allows you to ake control of how others perceive you and ensures you convey the key points you vant them to know about you. A well-crafted self-introduction should be: * Concise and to-the-point «Highlight your most relevant background and experience * Convey your personality and passion * Spark interest and encourage further conversation ey Elements of a Strong Self-Introduction yhen introducing yourself, be sure to include the following key elements : ¢ Your name and a warm greeting ¢ Your current role and/or background 34 |FE. Sem-{ Professional Commun most relevant experience or skills g about yourself person and continue the conversation ‘A brief mention of yout 1g unique or interestin; © Somethin +A question to engage the other a It's to meet yo 7 1'm Sarah Johnson. It's gre y : ' BD er read our social media strategy and content creation. I have Over § yp rn 1 marketing and a passion for helping brands connect with thr vs online. In my free time, I'm an aid hiker and have climbed several 14ers in Copy Tocal animal shelter, which is a cause that’s very important to me, you do and what are your hobbies outside of work?” Tn currently a marketing manager experience in also volunteer at about you - that do portant to: : Practice your introduction so it flows naturally but doesn't sound rehearse Maintain eye contact and smile to appear confident and approachable «Speak clearly and at a moderate pace Tailor your introduction to your audience and the context (soc professional) + Be authentic and let your personality shine through With some practice, you can craft a compelling self-introduction that makes a great impression and sets the stage for engaging conversations. Remember to keep it cm highlight your most relevant attributes, and show genuine interest in the other pa A strong introduction can open doors to new opportunities, whether person! professional. 3.1.2 Introducing Others Introducing others is a common social interaction that allows you to connect people facilitate new relationships. A proper introduction is polite, informative, and helps the ice between individuals. Here are some tips for introducing others effectively: > Acknowledge When introducing two people, make eye contact with both individuals ant| their names clearly. For example: “John, I'd like you to meet Sarah. Sarah, John.” > Provide Context Give a brief explanation of how you know each person and why you they should meet. This provides context and an icebreaker for the convel For example: “John and I work together at the marketing firm, and Sarah’ Braphic designer I've collaborated with on several projects.” F€, Sem.-I Professional Communication & Ethics 33 Developir ae ping Basle Speaking Skits > Highlight Commonalities 7 youknow Oe foro yesple Wie inlets oc execciicas matace eee help common ground. For example: “Sarah, John is also an avid hiker and ts oe back from a trip to Europe. I thought you two would have a lot to talk about. » Engage both People After the initial introduction, engage both parties by asking questions or making comments that allow them to participate. For example: “Sarah, what did you think of the new hiking trail you mentioned? John, before?” > Provide an Exit have you been to Europe If you need to leave the conversation after the introduction, provide an exit by saying something like “Well, Tl let you two get acquainted. Enjoy the party!” This gives them permission to continue the conversation without you. For effective introductions > Look at the Person >» When introducing someone, always look at the person you are speaking to first, then turn to the other person as you complete the introduction. This ensures that both individuals are engaged and aware of the introduction. > Speak Clearly > Speak clearly and audibly. Mumbling defeats the purpose of the introduction, making it difficult for the other person to understand who you are introducing. > Use Courteous Language > Use courteous language such as “I'd like to introduce,” “May I introduce,” or “I'd like you to meet.” The formal version is “May I present’ > Use Preferred Names and Titles > In more formal situations or when there is an obvious age difference, itis best to use courtesy titlés and last names. For example, “Mrs. Samson, I'd like you to meet Mr. Jacobs.” This allows Mrs. Samson to invite Mr. Jacobs to use her first name, if she prefers. > Start a Conversation ter introducing people, try to find a topic they have in common to start a Wersation, For example, “Sam, I think you and Jake share a passion for Italian wine. might enjoy hearing about your wine tour in northern Italy”.FE. Sem-t Profesional Communication & Ethics 34 Developing Basic Speatin L pcicssone Conran Seat | pe S8m 3B thes as Developing Basic Soeaking Skits Impromptu speaking is a valuable skill that demonstrates leadership, confidence and the Order of Introductions to think on your feet. Approach it with a positive attitude and see it as a chance to Social Situations > First: Anyone older than you > Organize Your Thoughts Quickly ‘Then: Your contemporary (or younger) > First: Your friend ‘When asked to give an impromptu speech, take a moment to gather your thoughts. Jot ‘Then: Another family member down a few key points, an opening line, and a closing line. This will provide a basic > First: Anadult structure to work from. Avoid the temptation to ramble - stick to 3-4 main points. One ahania’ila effective framework is the PREP method: > Fiesta’ women 's Point - State your main message clearly TA tmak 1+ Reason - Provide a reason or explanation to support your point mes «Example - Give a relevant example > ee sae with a title (e.g, Senator, Mayor, Judge) | Point - Restate your main point They Your contemporary (oe Yume) > Connect with Your Audience Business Maintain strong eye contact with your audience and speak to them conversationally, as if you're talking to a friend. Use a confident, credible tone and avoid rushing, Smile and tase open body language to appear relaxed and approachable. Tailor your speech to your audience's interests and concerns. Share a relevant personal story or anecdote to make a “connection, Use language your audience will understand and avoi jargon. > Stick to a Structure Even without preparation, your speech should have a clear beginning, middle and end, > First: A client. ‘Then: Anyone in your company, including your CEO. > First: Your boss or a higher-up. ‘Then: A person of lower rank in the company. Suppose you are introducing your friend, Tom, to your grandmother, Mrs. Duran, at a gathering. Here i how you twould doit: First: Tum to Mrs. Duran and say, “Grandmother, Td like you to meet my fr Tom Jacobs. Tom, this is my grandmother, Mrs. Duran. Then: Turn to Tom and say, “Tom, this is my grandmother, Mrs, Duran,” After your opening, use a simple structure like: + Past/Present/Future «© Cause/Effect/Remedy Example “Grandmother, A + Before/The Event/The Result Duran. To and has been a close friend of mi a) Srannoti «Conclude by reiterating your main point and leaving your audience with a see Byers, He's ai romorable takeaway. The fist and last things you sy will be most impactful engineering at the university and loves playing soccer in his fre ti ime. wonderful person and I think you two would get along very well.” ‘Mrs. Duran, Tomi Introducing others effectively is a key social skill that can enhance re build connections. By following these tips and guidelines, you can enn PS introductions are clear, courteous, and engaging, Snaure that: > Use Filler Strategies you momentarily lose your Pause, take a sip of water, or Restate your last point to regain your footing: > Practice Makes Perfect train of thought, use a filler strategy to buy some time, ‘ask a rhetorical question. Avoid saying “um” or “uh”. 3.1.3_ Impromptu Speeches Here are some tips for delivering effective impromptu speeches > Embrace the Opportunity While the prospect of giving, an impromptu speech may seem daunting, ity to showcase your communication skills and fae Roe “* thinking - it as an opportt ee_ ae FE. Sem! Professional Communication & Ethics 36 Developing Basic Spe Giving an impromptu speech is challenging, but with preparation and practice . You, master this valuable skill. Embrace the opportunity, organize your thoughts, with your audience, use a clear structure, and fill gaps with poise. Approach ig confidence and you'll deliver a speech to remember. ‘ 3.1.4 Scaffolded Storytelling Scaffolded storytelling refers to the process of providing support and guidance to}, individuals, particularly children, develop their storytelling skills. The key aspecy, scaffolded storytelling include: > Providing Structure and Guidance: Scaffolded storytelling involves bresis down the storytelling process into manageable steps and providing suppon; each stage. This can include using story starters, prompts, or story template help the storyteller organize their thoughts and narrative. > Modelling and Demonstration: Experts or more experienced storytellers @ model effective storytelling techniques, such as using descriptive languap developing characters, and structuring a narrative arc. This allows the learner observe and emulate these skills. > Collaborative Storytelling: Scaffolded storytelling often involves collaborati stor 1g, where the expert and leamer take turns contributing to the sto) This allows the learner to receive feedback and guidance in real-time. > Gradual Release of Responsibility: As the learner gains confidence competence, the expert gradually reduces the level of support, allowing earner to take on more responsibility for the storytelling process. Fostering Language and Literacy Skills: Scaffolded storytelling has been show to improve children’s language development, liste sequent a iteracy skills. In summary, scaffolded storytelling pro a structured and supportive environment for individuals, especially children, develop their storytelling abilities through modelling, guidance, and gradu independence. Vv Hes, and overal 3.2 CONVERSATIONAL ACTIVITIES-DIALOGUES > Seeking and Giving Favours/Offers Seeking: deadline. Would you be able to help ‘Goible ‘meeting Giving? 1 noticed you're working late again. Let me take that presentation off your hands so you can ead home.” st have an extra ticket to the concert tonight. Would you like to join me?” > _ Requesting and Responding to Requests Requesting + ‘Could you please send sp realy appreciate if you could review this report before I send it othe client.” Responding we those figures over to you shortly.” st be happy to review the.report. Just send it over whenever you're ready.” > Apologizing and Forgiving ‘Apologizing : “tm so sorry Lmssed the meeting. I completly forgot it wns scheduled for fod. " “Pardon me, 1 Forgiving: “No worries at all, these things happen. Let's just make sure we 76 all on the same page going forward.” : appreciate your apology. Let's move pst tis and focus on te tsk a hand. ng Permission > Seeking and Seeking: “1 have a doctor's appoint hours early that day?” ike to attend a conference " ment next Tuesday aRernoon. Would it te possible to leave a couple ext month, Do Ihave your permission £0 register and book while you're 0 Go ahead and get registered.” perfectly ine. Just make sure our work is covered y, the conference wil bea srett opportunity for You mn their success ion! You've worked this > Congratulating people © “Congratulations on your promot so ard and really deserve ievement. You ould be very prow of yours ble chee on nas wing you comet ion - that's fatF.E, Sem-I Professional Communication & Ethics: 38 Developing Bat sic Spe Peaking .€, Sem-! Professional Communication & Ethics 39 Developing Basic Speaking Skis > Expressing opinions, likes and dislikes, agreements, and disagreements nt “really enjoyed that new restaurant we tried last night. The atmosphere was lovely, and ake a fair point, but ani int, the point, but I would have to respectfully disagree. believe the benefits ofthe new wns delicious.” “Thave to disagree with your view on that policy change. I think it wil havea negative impagy “7 where you're coming from, but I have to say th eres 2 say that 1 don’t ag businesses. situation. Let's discuss this further to find a bet is sol = rece :, ease nition. agree, the proposed transportation plan is a much-needed improvement joa > Asking for and giving advice and suggestions Jn having trouble deciding on a career path. Do you have any advi 7 sete gure the ih ‘you have any advice or suggestions that could le to me.” f 1 4 ij L were you, [would consider taking that online cous to develop your sil in ae. I really open up new job opportunities.” sn ot sure oxo to handle this confit with my cv-workr. Do you have any tps on how ! mn professionally?” “One suggest have is to schedule a meeting with you concerns. They may be able to provide some helpful guidance.” hat Lam here for you during this > Expressing sympathy time.” 1 was so sorry to hear about your recent : road toa full recovery.” > Asking questions and responding politely vy hart goes 0 YOu do you happen to know what time the library cla challenging this must be.” ‘you mind checking the schedule for me?” sorry for your loss. Please know that I am here for you if you need any support or community. “1'm nota big fan ofthat new TV show. The plot seems a bit predictab > Expressing condolences “am so sorry to hear about the loss of your grandmother. My thoughts are with you and you ur manager to discuss your family during this difficu ‘Please accept my deepest condolences on the passing of your dear friend. They will be der ing better and on the missed.” hrealth scare. I hope you are feel “1 can’t imagine how difficult this must be for you. Know ud your family during this dificult time. oan only imagine how “Excuse me, ses today?” | ten and provide arty I'm not sure about that. Would someone to talk to.” pe “Pardon me, could you please tell me where | can find the restrooms in this building?” Take : i tere to list “Of course, the restrooms are located down the hall, on your right, Let me know if you need am understand hw frstatng this situation ms! eae other assistance.” assistance I can during this trying time iving i i > Using mobile phone Gi instructions 5 ee sycuse me, [need to take this cal: IL be just a moment (Stepping aoay 0 take # sro aocess the softoare, fist log in to your account. Then dick.on the ‘Applications’ tab a : ven, Lt me check ftereareary w73™ messages” (Checking hom) po i “ ilent. y select Document Editor’ from the list. ‘Sorry, my ae on ite. S11 right ack with YO + (Briefly using plone) i i “1 apologize, I need to send aq i disturb our ipso ee He pel age met wuld you mind if I steP ctside to take tle call T don't want to dis! “When preparin; make sure there are enous h chairs, and any necessar il ” : iy Leste Sep ie ome conversation.” (Asking persion 1048 call) Iaptop. Also, ired fields, double-check your information, at “To complete the online form, {fill out all the requir then click the ‘submit’ button at the bottom of the page.” was acetone ne — 33.1 Neutralization of Accent ieee it implement a recycling program i ;, 3. a aad a “1 completely agree Wilh NE pores Jement a recycling program in the offce. I's | 1 catigation of accent refers 10 the: pros of anaes rneutral-sounding i 5 to achieve & ase ses, such 35 son tomare ine project deadline. I think is’ regional or foreign spec pattern ir ust purpo 5 often done for profes Dicta oan 5) aeFE. Sem-I Professional Communication & Ethics 3.10 Developing Basic 5} Benefits of Accent Neutralisation > Improved Communication: A neutral accent can enhance clarity. intelligibility, making it easier for listeners from diverse backgrounds, ‘understand the speaker. Professional Presentation: A neutral accent is often perceived as more poli and professional, which can be advantageous in certain industries or job role > Reduced Bi ing one's accent can help reduce potential biases preconceptions that listeners may have based on a speaker's regional or et background. Techniques for Accent Neutralisation > Vowel Modification: Adjusting the pronunciation of vowel sounds to alg with a more standard or neutral pattern, > Consonant Articulation: Improving the clarity and precision of consona sounds, such as th 'r, and 7. > Rhythm and Intonation: Developing a more natural-sounding rhythm ai pitch variation in speech. > Vocabulary and Grammar. Adopting a more standard vocabulary ani grammatical structure. > Listening and Imitation: Actively listening to and imitating the speech patters of native speakers or professional announcers. Considerations and Limitations v While accent neutralisation can be beneficial in certain contexts, that > Individuals should not feel pressured to eliminate thee natural accent, be an important part of their cultural identity. is In some cases, maintaining a desirable, such as 's important to nol oa tinct accent may be more artistic or cultural perfotmances, in should not be a barrier to inclusi lusion, and acco i should be made for individuals with diverse speech pattems odations appropriate 0 > Accent neutral In conclusion, neutralisation of accent can be a useful tool for enhanein, and professional presentation, but it should be approached wit consideration for the individual's personal and cultural identity. 3.3.2. Word Stress 332 Word Stress Word stress, also known as lexical stress, refers to the emphasis placeq syllables within a word. In many languages, including English, the piygo", tain pattern of stress can significantly impact the meaning and pronunciation of "ment and aN Word, '§ Communication th sensitivity and Importance of Word Stress > Word stress helps distinguish between words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as “PROject” (noun) and “profECT” (verb). > Proper word stress is crucial for clear and naturalsounding speech, as it affects the rhythm and melody of the language. > Mastering word stress is particularly important for non-native speakers, as it can greatly improve their in ty and ueney i the language. Factors Affecting Word Stress ‘The placement of word stress in English is influenced by various factors, including > Word Structure: The number of syllables in a word and the position of the stressed syllable can vary depending on the word's morphological structure (eg. “comPUter,” “comPUTErize”). > Part of Speech: The same word can have different stress patterns depending on whether it is used as a noun, verb, or adjective (eg, “PERmit” (noun) vs “perMIT” (verb). > Prefixes and Suffixes: The addition of prefixes and suffixes can affect the placement of stress within a word (eg, “conVERT” vs. “CONvert”). > Loan Words: Words borrowed from other languages may retain their original hich can differ from the typical English stress patterns (€. stress “café,” “résumé By understanding the principles of word stress, language learners can improve their pronunciation, comprehension, and overall communication in the target language. 333. Intonation Intonation is the rise and fall of the voice pitch during speech. It is a crucial aspect of language that adds meaning, emotion, and nuance to ou communication, Intonation pattems can convey a wide range of information, from indicating a question OF statement, to expressing uncertainty, emphasis, or even sarcasm. The Way) WE NSS cantly impact the way our message is perceived. For example, “Tove this" can be interpreted differently depending on the tha rising intonation at the end can suggest a question or ‘intonation can convey a more definitive statement. ty, while a f oa Master ation is particularly important ai sound Sorel pt convey their intended meaning more effectively. By understanding and practicing the various intonation pate Sere re can become more expressive, engeging, and belter equiPPe complexities of human communication. oo3 Basic Benefits of Accent Neutralisation » Improved Communication: A neutral accent can enhai ; . Seseeeamae ” it intell lity, making it easier for listeners from divers = Clay understand the speaker. Paekgrony, ( < . 7 Professional Presentation: A neutral accent is often perceived as moi and professional, which can be advantageous in certain industries o7 44° > " » Reduced Bias: Neutralising one's accent can help reduce potenti ie aes preconceptions that listeners may have bi 's regi ae ry have based on a speaker's regional Techniques for Accent Neutralisation OF ety owel Modification: Adjusting the pronunciation of vowel sounds tp with a more standard or neutral pattern. 5 > Consonant Articulation: 1 i : Improving the clarity and precision sounds, such as th’, 'r and 'l is ae > Rhythm and Intonation: Developing a more natural-sounding rhythm pitch variation in speech. a > Vocabulary and Grammar: i : Adopting a more standard grammatical structure. al ee oe . Listening and Imitation: Actively listening to and imitating the speech patten of native speakers or professional announcers. Considerations and Limitations we accent neutralisation can be beneficial in certain contexts, it's important to mt > _ Individuals should not feel pressured to eliminate their natural accent, as ite) be an important part of their cultural identity. > In some cases, maintaining a distinct accent may be more appropriate ¢ desirable, such as in artistic or cultural perfotmances. > Accent neutralisation should not be a barrier to inclusion, and accommodatio# should be made for individuals with diverse speech patterns. In conclusion, neutralisation of accent can be a useful tool for enhancing commu! and professional presentation, but it should be approached with sensitivity am consideration for the individual's personal and cultural identity. 3.3.2. Word Stress Ward etress, also known as lexical stress, refers to the emphasis placed on certal Basic Speaking Skil Importance of Word Stress > Word stress helps distingui different meanings, aah treciee oa that are pt he sue but have the rhythm and esbayattis ions natural-sounding speech, a: > Mastering word stress is particular can greatly improve their inteligi Factors Affecting Word Stress ‘The placement of word stress in English is influenced by various factors, including: > Word Structure: The number of syllables in a word and the po stressed syllable can vary depending on the word's morphological structure (eg, “comPUter,” “comPUTErize”) > Part of Speech: The same word can have different stress patterns depending on whether it is used as a noun, verb, or adjective (e.g,, "PERmit” (noun) vs “perMIT” (verb). > Prefixes and Suffixes: The addition of prefixes and st placement of stress within a word ey “conVERT” vs. "CONver”) Loan Words: Words borrowed from other languages may retain Heit original stress patterns, which can differ from the typical English sites: patterns (eB Ge in improve their By understanding the principles of word stress, language spun meee overall communication in the tgs important for non-native speakers, as it and fluency in the language. of the es can affect the 3.3.3. 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