explain me every code written in it with deep
knowledge in easy words do not focus on
comments or description but only codes and
explain every bit of word in it with other meanings
and parts included too
Certainly! Here’s a detailed, easy-to-understand explanation of every code block in your
house_price_pred.ipynb notebook, focusing only on the code (not the comments or descriptions),
and explaining every part with deep, beginner-friendly knowledge.
1. Importing Required Libraries
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
Explanation:
import pandas as pd:
This brings in the pandas library, which is used for handling data tables (like Excel in
Python). The as pd part means you can write pd instead of pandas every time you use it.
import numpy as np:
This imports the numpy library, which is used for working with numbers and arrays. np is a
shortcut.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt:
This imports the plotting functions from matplotlib, and plt is the shortcut.
import seaborn as sns:
This brings in seaborn, which is a library for making attractive statistical graphics. sns is
the shortcut.
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split:
This imports a function that splits your data into training and testing sets.
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler:
This imports a tool to standardize your data (make all numbers on the same scale).
from sklearn import linear_model:
This imports the linear model tools from scikit-learn, which lets you build linear
regression models.
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score:
This imports a function to calculate the R-squared score, which tells you how well your
model fits the data.
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error:
This imports a function to calculate the mean squared error, which measures how far
your predictions are from the actual values.
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error:
This imports a function to calculate the mean absolute error, another way to measure
prediction errors.
2. Loading the Dataset
data = pd.read_csv('House Price India.csv')
Explanation:
data = pd.read_csv('House Price India.csv'):
This reads the file named 'House Price India.csv' and loads it into a variable called
data.
pd.read_csv is a pandas function that reads comma-separated values (CSV) files and
turns them into a data table (called a DataFrame).
3. Exploring the Dataset
The notebook likely shows the first few rows and statistics of the data, but no explicit code is
shown for this in your snippet. If this were included, it would look something like:
data.head()
data.describe()
data.info()
Explanation (if present):
data.head():
Shows the first five rows of the data table.
data.describe():
Gives summary statistics (like mean, min, max) for each column.
data.info():
Shows the data type and number of non-null values for each column.
4. Splitting Data into Features and Target
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
X = data.drop('Price', axis=1)
y = data['Price']
Explanation (if present):
X = data.drop('Price', axis=1):
This creates a new table X that has all columns except the 'Price' column.
axis=1 means it drops the column, not the row.
y = data['Price']:
This takes only the 'Price' column and assigns it to y. This is the value you want to
predict.
5. Splitting Data into Training and Testing Sets
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
Explanation (if present):
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,
random_state=42):
This splits your data into two parts:
Training set: Used to train the model (80% of the data, because test_size=0.2
means 20% is for testing).
Testing set: Used to test how well the model works.
random_state=42 ensures the split is the same every time you run the code.
6. Feature Scaling
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)
Explanation (if present):
scaler = StandardScaler():
Creates a scaler object to standardize the data.
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train):
Fits the scaler to the training data and transforms it (subtracts the mean and divides by
the standard deviation).
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test):
Uses the same scaler to transform the test data (using the mean and standard deviation
from the training data).
7. Building and Training the Linear Regression Model
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
model = linear_model.LinearRegression()
model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
Explanation (if present):
model = linear_model.LinearRegression():
Creates a linear regression model object.
model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train):
Trains the model using the scaled training data and the actual prices (y_train).
8. Making Predictions
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
y_pred = model.predict(X_test_scaled)
Explanation (if present):
y_pred = model.predict(X_test_scaled):
Uses the trained model to predict the prices for the test data.
9. Evaluating the Model
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred)
Explanation (if present):
r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred):
Calculates the R-squared score, which tells you how well the model explains the data
(closer to 1 is better).
mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred):
Calculates the mean squared error, which measures the average squared difference
between actual and predicted prices.
mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred):
Calculates the mean absolute error, which measures the average absolute difference
between actual and predicted prices.
10. Visualizing the Results
This code is not shown, but typically it would look like:
plt.scatter(y_test, y_pred)
plt.xlabel('Actual Prices')
plt.ylabel('Predicted Prices')
plt.title('Actual vs Predicted Prices')
plt.show()
Explanation (if present):
plt.scatter(y_test, y_pred):
Creates a scatter plot of actual prices vs predicted prices.
plt.xlabel('Actual Prices'):
Labels the x-axis as "Actual Prices".
plt.ylabel('Predicted Prices'):
Labels the y-axis as "Predicted Prices".
plt.title('Actual vs Predicted Prices'):
Adds a title to the plot.
plt.show():
Displays the plot.
Summary Table
Code Part What it does Why it’s used
Imports pandas for
import pandas as pd To work with data tables
data handling
Imports numpy for To work with arrays and
import numpy as np
numerical operations numbers
Imports plotting
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt To create graphs and plots
functions
Imports seaborn for To make attractive
import seaborn as sns
statistical graphics visualizations
from sklearn.model_selection import Imports data splitting To split data into training
train_test_split function and testing sets
from sklearn.preprocessing import Imports scaler for To make sure all features are
StandardScaler standardization on the same scale
Imports linear model To build linear regression
from sklearn import linear_model
tools models
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score, Imports evaluation To measure model
mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error metrics performance
pd.read_csv('House Price India.csv') Loads the dataset To get the data into Python
Removes the Price To separate features (X)
data.drop('Price', axis=1)
column from features from target (y)
Selects the Price To use as the target variable
data['Price']
column (y)
train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, Splits data into training
To train and test the model
random_state=42) and testing sets
To make features
StandardScaler(), .fit_transform(),
Standardizes the data comparable and improve
.transform()
model performance
Creates and trains the To learn the relationship
LinearRegression(), .fit()
model between features and price
To see how well the model
.predict() Makes predictions
works on new data
r2_score(), mean_squared_error(), Evaluates model To check how accurate the
mean_absolute_error() performance model is
plt.scatter(), .xlabel(), .ylabel(), To visually compare actual
Creates a scatter plot
.title(), .show() and predicted prices
In Summary
Every line of code is a step in the process of building a machine learning model to predict house
prices:
1. Import the tools you need.
2. Load your data.
3. Prepare your data (split into features and target, train and test sets, scale features).
4. Build and train the model.
5. Make predictions.
6. Evaluate the model (see how well it did).
7. Visualize the results (see the predictions vs actual prices).
This is the core workflow for most machine learning projects! [1]
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1. house_price_pred.ipynb
