1.
The table below shows the enthalpy changes that are needed to determine the lattice enthalpy of magnesium
chloride, MgCl2.
Letter Enthalpy change Energy / kJ mol−1
A 1st electron affinity of chlorine −349
B 1st ionisation energy of magnesium +736
C atomisation of chlorine +150
D formation of magnesium chloride −642
E atomisation of magnesium +76
F 2nd ionisation energy of magnesium +1450
G lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride
i. On the cycle below, write the correct letter in each box.
[3]
ii. Use the Born–Haber cycle to calculate the lattice enthalpy of magnesium chloride.
lattice enthalpy = ..........................................kJ mol−1 [2]
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2. Born—Haber cycles can be used to calculate enthalpy changes indirectly.
The table below shows enthalpy changes for a Born—Haber cycle involving potassium sulfide, K2S.
Enthalpy change / kJ mol−1
Formation of potassium sulfide, K2S −381
1st electron affinity of sulfur −200
2nd electron affinity of sulfur +640
Atomisation of sulfur +279
1st ionisation energy of potassium +419
Atomisation of potassium +89
i. The incomplete Born—Haber cycle below can be used to determine the lattice enthalpy of potassium
sulfide.
In the boxes, write the species present at each stage in the cycle.
Include state symbols for the species.
[3]
ii. Define, in words, the term lattice enthalpy.
[2]
iii. Using the Born—Haber cycle, calculate the lattice enthalpy of potassium sulfide.
lattice enthalpy = ........................................................... kJ mol−1 [2]
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3. Iron(II) iodide, FeI2, is formed when iron metal reacts with iodine.
The table below shows enthalpy changes involving iron, iodine and iron(II) iodide.
Enthalpy change / kJ mol−1
Formation of iron(II) iodide −113
1st electron affinity of iodine −295
1st ionisation energy of iron +759
2nd ionisation energy of iron +1561
Atomisation of iodine +107
Atomisation of iron +416
i. The incomplete Born−Haber cycle below can be used to determine the lattice enthalpy of iron(II) iodide.
In the boxes, write the species present at each stage in the cycle.
Include state symbols for the species.
[4]
ii. Define the term lattice enthalpy.
[2]
iii. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of iron(II) iodide.
lattice enthalpy = ........................................................ kJ mol−1 [2]
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4(a). The table below shows enthalpy changes involving potassium, oxygen and potassium oxide, K2O.
Enthalpy change / kJ mol−1
formation of potassium oxide –363
1st electron affinity of oxygen –141
2nd electron affinity of oxygen +790
1st ionisation energy of potassium +419
atomisation of oxygen +249
atomisation of potassium +89
i. The incomplete Born–Haber cycle below can be used to determine the lattice enthalpy of potassium
oxide.
In the boxes, complete the species present in the cycle.
Include state symbols for the species.
[4]
ii. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of potassium oxide.
lattice enthalpy = ......................................................... kJ mol-1 [2]
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(b). Sir Humphry Davy discovered several elements including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and
strontium.
A similar Born–Haber cycle to potassium oxide in the part above can be constructed for sodium oxide.
i. The first ionisation energy of sodium is more endothermic than that of potassium.
Explain why.
[2]
ii. The lattice enthalpy of sodium oxide is more exothermic than that of potassium oxide.
Explain why.
[2]
5. This question is about magnesium, bromine and magnesium bromide.
The enthalpy change of hydration of bromide ions can be determined using the enthalpy changes in Table 16.2.
Enthalpy change Energy / kJ mol−1
1st ionisation energy of magnesium +736
2nd ionisation energy of magnesium +1450
atomisation of bromine +112
atomisation of magnesium +148
electron affinity of bromine −325
formation of magnesium bromide −525
hydration of bromide ion to be calculated
hydration of magnesium ion −1926
solution of magnesium bromide −186
Table 16.2
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i. An incomplete energy cycle based on Table 16.2 is shown below.
On the dotted lines, add the species present, including state symbols.
[2]
ii. Using your completed energy cycle in (i), calculate the enthalpy change of hydration of bromide ions.
enthalpy change of hydration = ........................................... kJ mol−1 [2]
iii. Write the equation for the lattice enthalpy of magnesium bromide and calculate the lattice enthalpy of
magnesium bromide.
Equation
Calculation
lattice enthalpy = ............................................ kJ mol−1 [3]
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