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Basics of SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for managing data in relational databases, with common databases including MySQL and PostgreSQL. Key concepts include tables, basic commands (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), CRUD operations, filtering, sorting, joins, and aggregation functions. Best practices involve using parameterized queries, normalizing tables, and ensuring data backups.

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5 views3 pages

Basics of SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is essential for managing data in relational databases, with common databases including MySQL and PostgreSQL. Key concepts include tables, basic commands (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), CRUD operations, filtering, sorting, joins, and aggregation functions. Best practices involve using parameterized queries, normalizing tables, and ensuring data backups.

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shruk.0180
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🗄 SQL Basics: A Beginner’s Guide to Structured Query

Language
📌 What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used to store, retrieve, and
manage data in a relational database. Whether you’re building a small blog or a complex
enterprise application, SQL is an essential tool for working with data efficiently.

📚 Common SQL Databases

• MySQL – Open-source, widely used in web applications


• PostgreSQL – Open-source, known for robustness and advanced features
• SQLite – Lightweight, file-based database, great for mobile and embedded systems
• Microsoft SQL Server – Enterprise-level, developed by Microsoft
• Oracle Database – Powerful, widely used in large enterprises

🧠 Key SQL Concepts

1. Tables

• Data in SQL is stored in tables, which are like spreadsheets with rows and columns.

sql
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CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100),
email VARCHAR(100)
);

2. Basic SQL Commands

Command Description
SELECT Retrieves data from one or more tables
INSERT Adds new data to a table
UPDATE Modifies existing data
DELETE Removes data
CREATE Creates a new table or database
DROP Deletes a table or database

🛠 CRUD Operations (Core of SQL)


🔍 SELECT

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SELECT name, email FROM users;

➕ INSERT

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INSERT INTO users (id, name, email)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 'alice@example.com');

✏ UPDATE

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UPDATE users
SET name = 'Alice B.'
WHERE id = 1;

❌ DELETE

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DELETE FROM users
WHERE id = 1;

🔗 Filtering & Sorting

WHERE Clause

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SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'Alice';

ORDER BY

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SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name ASC;

LIMIT

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SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 5;

🔄 Joins (Combining Tables)

INNER JOIN
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SELECT users.name, orders.total
FROM users
INNER JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id;

Other types include:

• LEFT JOIN – Includes all records from the left table


• RIGHT JOIN – Includes all records from the right table
• FULL OUTER JOIN – Includes all records from both tables

🧮 Aggregation Functions

• COUNT() – Number of rows


• SUM() – Total value
• AVG() – Average
• MAX() / MIN() – Highest / Lowest value

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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users;

🧩 SQL Best Practices

• Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection


• Normalize tables to avoid duplication
• Always backup your data
• Use PRIMARY KEY for uniqueness
• Use indexes for faster searches (but don't overuse them)

✅ Conclusion

SQL is a powerful, easy-to-learn language that’s foundational for data-driven applications.


With just a handful of commands, you can perform everything from simple queries to
complex data analysis and reporting.

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