no you didnt include the notes after problem 8 in
your response. Do it over again
Certainly! Here is your ECE 301 Practice Exam Solutions with all mathematical symbols properly
formatted, and including the full "Study Notes Based on Exam Content" after Problem 8.
Symbols replace words where appropriate, but no content is removed.
ECE 301 Practice Exam Solutions
Problem 1
i) Give the time-domain signal if the spectrum is given by:
a) $ F(\omega) = 2\pi,\delta(\omega-2),e^{j\phi} $
Using the inverse Fourier Transform property for frequency shifting and the sifting property:
b) $ F(\omega) = 1 $ for $ 0 \leq \omega \leq 2\pi $, 0 otherwise
This can be rewritten as:
where $ \mathrm{sinc}(t) = \frac{\sin(\pi t)}{\pi t} $.
Problem 2
(a) Plot the signal $ x[n] = a^{|n|} $, $ |a| < 1 $:
For $ n \geq 0 $, $ x[n] = a^n $
For $ n < 0 $, $ x[n] = a^{-n} = (1/a)^n $
The plot is symmetric about $ n = 0 $, decaying exponentially on both sides, peaking at $ x
= 1 $.
(b) Find the spectrum of the signal.
DTFT:
(c) Show that the spectrum is periodic. What is the period?
Since $ \cos(\omega + 2\pi k) = \cos(\omega) $, $ X(e^{j\omega}) $ is periodic with period $
2\pi $.
Problem 3
Find the step response $ s[n] $ of the system $ y[n] - a y[n-1] = x[n] $ with $ a = \frac{1}{2} $.
Impulse response: $ h[n] = a^n u[n] $
Step response:
for $ n \geq 0 $; $ s[n] = 0 $ for $ n < 0 $.
Problem 4
Consider $ x(t) = \cos(\omega_0 t) $ and $ p(t) = 1 + e^{j\omega_s t} $, where $ \omega_s =
\frac{5}{2}\omega_0 $.
(a) Spectrum plots:
$ x(t) $: $ X(\omega) = \pi[\delta(\omega-\omega_0) + \delta(\omega+\omega_0)] $
$ p(t) $: $ P(\omega) = 2\pi\delta(\omega) + 2\pi\delta(\omega-\omega_s) $
$ x_p(t) $: $ X_p(\omega) = \pi[\delta(\omega-\omega_0) + \delta(\omega+\omega_0) +
\delta(\omega-\omega_s-\omega_0) + \delta(\omega-\omega_s+\omega_0)] $
With $ \omega_s = 2.5\omega_0 $, impulses at $ \pm\omega_0, 1.5\omega_0, 3.5\omega_0 $.
(b) After low-pass filter with cutoff $ \omega_c = 1.2\omega_0 $:
Only impulses at $ \pm\omega_0 $ pass.
Problem 5
(a) $ x[n] = e^{2jn} $:
DTFT:
Amplitude: impulses of strength $ 2\pi $ at $ \omega = 2 + 2\pi k $
Phase: 0 at impulse locations
(b) $ x[n] = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} \delta[n - 3k] $:
DTFT:
Amplitude: impulses of strength $ 2\pi/3 $ at $ \omega = k\frac{2\pi}{3} $
Phase: 0 at impulse locations
Problem 6
Periodic rectangular pulse train:
$ r(t) = 1 $ for $ |t| \leq T/4 $, $ r(t) = 0 $ for $ T/4 < |t| \leq T/2 $
Spectrum:
Problem 7
(a) FM signal for $ x(t) = 10u(t) $, $ x_c(t) = \cos(\omega_c t) $:
For $ t < 0 $: $ s_{FM}(t) = \cos(\omega_c t) $
For $ t \geq 0 $: $ s_{FM}(t) = \cos((\omega_c + 10k_f)t) $
(b) Spectrum of amplitude modulated signals:
Carrier Modulated Signal Spectrum Expression
$ \cos(\omega_c t) $ x(t)\cos(\omega_c t) $ \frac{1}{2}[X(\omega-\omega_c) + X(\omega+\omega_c)]
$ $ $
$ e^{j\omega_c t} $ $ x(t)e^{j\omega_c t} $ $ X(\omega-\omega_c) $
(c) Discrete-time AM equivalence:
For $ y_1[n] = x[n]e^{j\omega_c n} $ and $ y_2[n] = x[n]\cos(\omega_c n) $ to be equivalent for
all $ x[n] $:
Problem 8
Suppose you are on a ship, transmitting and receiving acoustic pulses to the sea-bed. The
received pulses have a linear phase spectrum with slope $ 0.6 $ seconds. Estimate the depth of
the sea-bed. Use speed $ v = 1500 $ m/s.
A linear phase spectrum $ \Phi(\omega) = -\omega t_d $ means time delay $ t_d = 0.6 $ s.
Total distance: $ 2D = v \cdot t_d = 1500 \times 0.6 = 900 $ m
Depth: $ D = 450 $ m
Study Notes Based on Exam Content
1. Fourier Transform (Continuous-Time) - CTFT
Forward: $ F(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) e^{-j\omega t} dt $
Inverse: $ f(t) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega) e^{j\omega t} d\omega $
Key Pairs:
$ f(t) = \delta(t) \leftrightarrow F(\omega) = 1 $
$ f(t) = 1 \leftrightarrow F(\omega) = 2\pi\delta(\omega) $
$ f(t) = e^{j\omega_0 t} \leftrightarrow F(\omega) = 2\pi\delta(\omega-\omega_0) $
$ f(t) = \cos(\omega_0 t) \leftrightarrow F(\omega) = \pi[\delta(\omega-\omega_0) +
\delta(\omega+\omega_0)] $
Rectangular pulse: $ f(t) = \mathrm{rect}(t/\tau) \leftrightarrow F(\omega) =
\tau,\mathrm{sinc}(\omega\tau/2\pi) $
Properties:
Linearity, Time shifting, Frequency shifting, Multiplication/Convolution duality, Parseval’s
theorem, Linear phase & group delay.
2. Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Forward: $ X(e^{j\omega}) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} x[n] e^{-j\omega n} $
Inverse: $ x[n] = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} X(e^{j\omega}) e^{j\omega n} d\omega $
Periodicity: $ X(e^{j\omega}) $ is periodic with period $ 2\pi $.
Key Pairs:
$ x[n] = \delta[n] \leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) = 1 $
$ x[n] = 1 \leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} 2\pi\delta(\omega-2\pi
k) $
$ x[n] = e^{j\omega_0 n} \leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}
2\pi\delta(\omega-\omega_0-2\pi k) $
$ x[n] = a^{|n|},,|a|<1 \leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{1-a2}{1-2a\cos(\omega)+a2} $
Periodic impulse train: $ x[n] = \sum_m \delta[n-mN] \leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega}) =
\frac{2\pi}{N}\sum_k \delta(\omega-k\frac{2\pi}{N}) $
3. LTI Systems (Discrete-Time)
Difference Equation: $ y[n] - a y[n-1] = x[n] $
Impulse Response: $ h[n] = a^n u[n] $
Step Response: $ s[n] = h[n] * u[n] = \sum_{k=0}^n h[k] $ for causal systems.
4. Sampling (Continuous-Time Signals)
Sampling Process: $ x_s(t) = x(t) p(t) $, where $ p(t) $ is the sampling function.
Ideal Impulse Train: $ p(t) = \sum_n \delta(t-nT_s) $, $ \omega_s = 2\pi/T_s $
Spectrum after Sampling: $ X_s(\omega) = \frac{1}{T_s} \sum_k X(\omega-k\omega_s) $
Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem: $ \omega_s > 2\omega_{max} $ for perfect
reconstruction.
5. Amplitude and Phase Spectra (DTFT)
Amplitude Spectrum: $ |X(e^{j\omega})| $
Phase Spectrum: $ \arg X(e^{j\omega}) $
6. Fourier Series (Periodic Signals)
CT Periodic: $ r(t) = \sum_k a_k e^{jk\omega_0 t} $, $ \omega_0 = 2\pi/T_0 $
CTFS Coefficients: $ a_k = \frac{1}{T_0} \int_{T_0} r(t) e^{-jk\omega_0 t} dt $
Spectrum: $ R(\omega) = \sum_k 2\pi a_k \delta(\omega - k\omega_0) $
DT Periodic: $ x[n] = \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} a_k e^{jk(2\pi/N)n} $
7. Modulation
AM (Continuous): $ y(t) = x(t) \cos(\omega_c t) \rightarrow Y(\omega) = \frac{1}{2}
[X(\omega-\omega_c) + X(\omega+\omega_c)] $
AM (Complex): $ y(t) = x(t) e^{j\omega_c t} \rightarrow Y(\omega) = X(\omega-\omega_c)
$
AM (Discrete): $ y[n] = x[n]\cos(\omega_c n) \rightarrow Y(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{1}{2}
[X(e^{j(\omega-\omega_c)}) + X(e^{j(\omega+\omega_c)})] $
FM: $ s_{FM}(t) = A\cos(\omega_c t + k_f \int x(\tau) d\tau) $
8. Applications (Signal Properties for Estimation)
Time Delay from Phase: Linear phase slope $ -\omega t_d $ means time delay $ t_d $.
Distance Estimation: $ 2D = v \cdot t_d \implies D = \frac{v t_d}{2} $ (for round-trip pulse).
These notes summarize the core mathematical tools, properties, and transform pairs you need
for ECE 301 and directly support the exam problems above [1] [2] [3] .
⁂
1. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~chihw/24ECE301S/co_expanded_lec.html
2. https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/california-state-university-sacramento/signals-and-systems/
sundaram-ece301-notes/39668336
3. https://engineering.purdue.edu/~sundara2/misc/Sundaram_ECE301_Notes.pdf
