Introduction to Communication Systems
Course Code: ECEG-4111
Program: BSc In Electrical & Computer Engineering
Course credit (hours/week): 5 ECTS (2 Hrs-Lec, 2 Hrs- lab & 3 - Hrs
Tutorial)
1
Year / Semester: 4 / 1
Course Instructor: Kassaye Hailu
E-Mail: kassaye2112@gmail.com
11/26/2024
Chapter 2
Analogue Modulation
2
Techniques
11/26/2024
OUTLINES
❖ Introduction
❖Linear (Amplitude)modulation techniques, AM, DSB SSB,
VSB
❖ Application of amplitude modulation
❖ Non-linear (Angle) modulation techniques, PM and FM
❖ Application of angle modulation
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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULATION
❖ Modulation is a shift of the range of baseband frequencies into other frequency ranges
suitable for transmission.
❖ Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristic of a carrier
(amplitude, phase and frequency) is varied in accordance with modulating (message)
signal.
❖Modulation is the systematic alteration of one waveform, called the carrier, according to
the characteristic of another waveform, the modulating signal or the message
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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULATION
❖ In CW modulation schemes, the carrier is a sinusoid.
❖ Let’s denote c (t ) and m(t ) to the carrier and the message
waveforms respectively
❖ The information bearing signals intended to be communicated is
called baseband signals or modulating signals or message signal.
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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MODULATION
❖ The result of modulation process is referred to as the modulated signal.
❖ Modulation is performed at the modulating or transmitting end of the communication system.
Figure 2.1 modulation block diagram
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2.1.1 NEED OF MODULATION
❖ In order to make use of the wireless channels, the information has
to be converted into a suitable form, say electromagnetic waves.
❖ This is accomplished with the help of a transmitting antenna.
❖ For efficient radiation, the size of the antenna should be λ⁄10 or more
(preferably around λ⁄4).
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2.1.1 NEED OF MODULATION
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2.1.1 NEED OF MODULATION
❖ The first one is impractical and we should have a mechanism to translate
original baseband signal to a very high frequency to reduce the antenna
size.
❖ This is achieved using modulation.
❖ Thus modulation uses for efficient radiation
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2.1.1 NEED OF MODULATION
1. For efficient radiation (reducing antenna size)
2. For efficient transmission
3. for multiplexing
4. For frequency assignment
5. To remove interference
6. To reduction of noise
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2.1.2 METHOD OF FREQUENCY TRANSLATION
❖ A signal may be translated to a new spectral range by multiplying the
signal with an auxiliary sinusoidal signal
❖ consider initially that the signal is sinusoidal in waveform and given by
v m(t) = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 t
𝐴𝑚
= 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2
𝐴𝑚
= 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2
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2.1.2 METHOD OF FREQUENCY TRANSLATION
Again consider an auxiliary sinusoidal signal
𝑉𝐶 (t) = 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜔𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐴𝐶 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 t
𝐴𝐶 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑡 −𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑡
= 𝑒 +𝑒
2
𝐴𝐶 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑡
= 𝑒 +𝑒
2
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2.1.2 METHOD OF FREQUENCY TRANSLATION
Now let’s consider the result of multiplication of 𝑉𝑚 (t) with the
auxiliary sinusoidal signal
𝑽 𝒎 (t)𝑽 𝒄 (t) = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
Using trigonometric identity
1
cos αcosβ = cos α + β + cos α − β we have,
2
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2.1.2 METHOD OF FREQUENCY TRANSLATION
𝑉𝑚 (t)𝑉𝑐 (t) = 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴𝑐
= cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡−𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴𝑐
= cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡−𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑐 1
= 𝑒𝑗 𝜔𝑐 +𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑐 +𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑗 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑐 −𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2 2
𝐴 𝑚 𝐴𝑐
= 𝑒𝑗 𝜔𝑐 +𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑐 +𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑗 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗 𝜔𝑐 −𝜔𝑚 𝑡
4
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2.1.2 METHOD OF FREQUENCY TRANSLATION
The two-sided spectral amplitude pattern of this signal is shown in fig 2.1a.
Figure 2.2 a Spectral pattern of the waveform 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡
b Spectral pattern of the product waveform 𝐴𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 11/26/2024 15
❖ The spectral range occupied by the original signal is called the
baseband frequency range or simply baseband.
❖ The operation of multiplying a signal with an auxiliary sinusoidal
signal is called mixing or heterodyning.
❖ In the translated signal, the part of the signal which consists of spectral
components above the auxiliary signal, in the range fc to fc + fm, is called
upper-sideband signal.
❖ The part of the signal which consists of spectral components below the
auxiliary signal, in the range fc − fm to fc, is called lower-sideband signal.
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❖ The two side-band signals are also referred to as the
sum and the difference frequencies, respectively.
❖ The auxiliary signal of frequency fc is variously referred
to as the local oscillator signal, the mixing signal, the
heterodyning signal, or the carrier signal, depending on
the application.
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RECOVERY OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL
❖ Suppose a signal m(t) has been translated out of its baseband
through multiplication with cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡.
❖ The recovery may be achieved by a reverse translation, which
is accomplished simply by multiplying the translated signal with
cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 as follows.
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RECOVERY OF THE BASEBAND SIGNAL
m 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 = m 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 2
1+cos2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= m 𝑡
2
𝑚(𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡) cos 2𝜔𝑐 𝑡
= +
2 2
Now m(t) can be reconstructed after the result signal in the above equation is
made to pass through low pass filter.
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2.2 LINEAR MODULATION
❖ The four important types of linear modulation schemes are:
1. Double Side Band-Large Carrier (DSB-LC) modulation
2. Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation
3. Single Side Band (SSB) modulation
4. Vestigial Side Band (VSB) modulation
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2.2.1 DOUBLE SIDE BAND-LARGE CARRIER
❖ Is also called conventional AM or simply AM modulation .
❖ Its upper sideband (USB), whose highest frequency component fc + f m and
the lower sideband (LSB), whose highest frequency component fc - fm are
transmitted.
By choosing the carrier component properly, it is possible to generate the
AM signal such that it preserves m(t ) in its envelope.
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2.2.1 DOUBLE SIDE BAND-LARGE CARRIER
Figure 2.3 Generation of an AM signal
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2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Figure 2.4 (a) A sinusoidal carrier (b) A modulating waveform
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2.2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Figure 2.4 : (c) The sinusoidal carrier in (a) modulated by the waveform in (b) 11/26/2024 24
The spectral plot of S(f) is given in figure 2.5.
Figure 2.5 : (a) Baseband message spectrum M(f )
(b) Spectrum of the AM signal
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Based on Figure 2.5, note following :
1. The spectrum has two sidebands, the
❖ USB [between fc to fc + W , and (− fc −W) to − fc
❖ LSB ( fc − W to fc and − fc to (− fc + W).
2. If the baseband signal has bandwidth W , then the AM signal has
bandwidth 2W .
❖ The transmission bandwidth BT , required for the AM signal is 2W .
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3. Spectrum has discrete components at f = ± fc , indicated by impulses of
𝐀𝐜
area
𝟐
4. The Spectrum s(f) has discrete components at f = fc ± fm , indicated by
𝛍𝐀𝐜
impulses of area
𝟒
5. In order to avoid the overlap between the positive part and the negative
part of S(f ), fc > W (In practice, fc >> W , so that s (t ) is a narrowband
signal)
❖ The discrete components at f = ± fc , do not carry any information and as
such AM does not make efficient use of the transmitted power.
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Consider the power required to generate AM signal
S(t) = 𝑨𝒄 𝟏 + 𝒈𝒎 m(t) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 ……2.6 where μ = 𝒈𝒎 𝑨𝒎
For simplicity, let’s 𝒈𝒎 = 1 Here 𝑨𝒄 = carrier signal
amplitude
S(t) = 𝑨𝒄 𝟏 + m(t) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 …2.7 𝑨𝒎 = message signal
S(t)= 𝑨𝒄 1 + μ cos(ωm t ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 …2.8 amplitude
m(t) = 𝐴𝑚 cos(𝝎𝒎 t )
𝑨𝟐 𝒄
Carrier Power = …………2.9
𝟐
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𝑨𝒄 μ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 +𝝎𝒎 𝒕
USB term = …………2.10
𝟐
𝑨𝒄μ 𝟐
𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐
Power in USB = = ………2.11
𝟐 𝟖
Power in LSB = Power in USB …….2.12
Total sideband Power = Power in USB + Power in LSB
= 2× Power in LSB
𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐
= 𝟐×
𝟖
=
𝟒
…….2.13
11/26/2024 29
Total power = carrier power + Total sideband Power
𝑨𝟐 𝒄 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝟐+𝝁𝟐
= + = 𝟏+ = ………………2.14
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
The efficiency of the modulator then becomes
𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝝁𝟐
Total sideband power 𝛍𝟐
η = = 𝟒
= ….. 2.15
Total power 𝑨𝒄 𝟐 𝟐+𝝁𝟐 𝟐+𝛍𝟐
𝟒
❖ AM is not an efficient modulation scheme in terms of transmitted power
utilization.
❖ The carrier signal carries no information but it aids demodulation.
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Modulation index
From S(t)= 𝐴𝑐 1 + μ cos(ωm t ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 , m = μ = modulation index =
modulation factor
𝑨𝒎
𝑚 = μ = 𝒈𝒎 𝑨𝒎 = …….. 2.16
𝑨𝒄
❖ Let 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 be the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the
modulated wave.
❖The maximum of the modulated wave occurs when cos(ωm t ) =1.
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➢ 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 …. …………….. 2.17
➢The minimum of the modulated wave occurs when cos(ωm t ) = −1.
➢ 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑚 ………………………………..2.18
Adding eq2.17 &eq2.18, we get
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 + 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑚 ……2.19
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝐴𝑐 …2.20
𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑨𝒄 = ……2.21
𝟐
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❖ Now subtract eq2.18 from eq 2.17.
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑚 − 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝐴𝑚
𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝑨𝒎 = ….........................2.22
𝟐
𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝑨𝒎 𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧
Now, 𝑚 = μ = = 𝑨
𝟐
+ 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 = …….2.23
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱 + 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝟐
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❖ The message signal m(t) will have a non-zero offset such that its maximum
𝐴𝑚 and its minimum 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒎(𝒕) are not symmetric that is
𝑨𝒎 ≠ − 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇𝒎(𝒕)
Modulation index in this case is given by,
𝐀𝐦 − 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇𝒎(𝒕)
Now, 𝑚 = μ = …..2.24
𝟐𝑨𝒄 + 𝐀𝐦 + 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇𝒎(𝒕)
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❖ The modulation index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called
as Percentage of Modulation.
𝒑 = 𝒎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% 2.25
❖ For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which
implies the percentage of modulation should be 100%.
❖ when the modulation depth less than 1,the output wave is called under-
modulated wave.
❖ If the value of the modulation index is greater than unity, the modulated wave is
called an over-modulated wave.
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Figure 2.6 under- modulated wave
11/26/2024 36
Figure 2.7 over- modulated wave
11/26/2024 37
Modulation index
❖ As the value of the modulation index increases, the carrier experiences a 180o
phase reversal, which causes additional sidebands
❖ this results in distortion of the modulated wave.
❖ Such an over-modulated wave causes interference, which cannot be
eliminated.
❖ It is necessary to restrict the excursion of the modulating signal in the
direction of decreasing carrier amplitude to the point where the carrier
amplitude is just reduced to zero. 11/26/2024 38
Modulation index
❖ The value of m has effect in the ease of recovering the modulating signal.
Therefore, to avoid overlap distortion, 𝑚 ≤1
❖ Note
❖ If a single carrier wave is modulated by number of modulating signals whose
independent modulation index 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 , 𝑚3,… at a time, then the total or net
modulation index of the modulators is given by
𝐦𝐭 = 𝐦𝟏 𝟐 + 𝐦𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐦𝟑 𝟐 + ⋯
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Recovery of AM signal
1. with Diode detector circuit
❖ The recovery of the baseband signal is referred to as demodulation or
detection is accomplished with a simple circuit of figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8: A demodulator for an AM signal 11/26/2024 40
Recovery of AM signal
2.With square law detector
❖ An alternative method of recovering the baseband signal from AM signal is to pass the
AM signal through a nonlinear device as shown in figure 2.9.
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Figure 2.9. square law demodulator
Let x = 𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨𝒄 𝟏 + m(t) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
y = k 𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨𝒄 𝟏 + m(t) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 𝟐
Squaring, and dropping dc terms as well as terms whose spectral components are located
near 𝜔𝑐 and 2 𝜔𝑐 , we find that the output signal 𝑠0 (𝑡)that is, the signal output of a low-pass
filter located after the squaring circuit, is
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒔𝟎 (𝒕) = k𝑨𝒄 𝒎(𝒕) + 𝒎(𝒕) …………2.26
𝟐
❖ The total recovered signal is a distorted version of the original modulation.
𝟏 𝟐
❖ To reduce distortion, 𝒎 𝒕 ≫ 𝒎(𝒕) or 𝒎 𝒕 ≪𝟐
𝟐
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2.2.2 DSB-SC MODULATION
❖ Is the simplest of the four linear modulation schemes (simplest in terms of the
mathematical description of modulation and demodulation operations).
❖ It involves just the multiplication of the message signal and the carrier
and therefore, known as product modulation
Figure 2.10 DSB-SC modulator
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2.2.2 DSB-SC MODULATION
❖ m(t) is a baseband message signal with M(f ) = 0 for f > 𝑓𝑚 c(t) is a high
frequency carrier usually with 𝒇𝒄 >> 𝒇𝒎
❖ Let 𝑘𝑎 denotes the amplitude sensitivity (or gain constant) of the modulator, with the
units per volt (we assume that m(t ) and 𝐴𝑐 are in volts).
❖ Then the modulator output is s(t) = 𝑘𝑎 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ……………2.27
For convenience, let 𝒌𝒂 = 1, then
s(t) = 𝑚 𝑡 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ………………2.28
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Taking the Fourier transform of eq 2.17,we get
𝑨𝒄
S(f) = 𝑴 𝒇 − 𝒇𝒄 + 𝑴 𝒇 + 𝒇𝒄 …………………..2.29
𝟐
❖ The transmission bandwidth required by DSB-SC modulation is the same
as that for amplitude modulation.
BT = 2W ……………2.30
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Figure 2.11 (a) spectrum of baseband signal (b) spectrum of DSB-SC Modulated wave
11/26/2024 46
2.2.2.1 Methods of carrier suppression
❖ DSB-SC modulator can be generated using a simple multiplier.
❖ However, if we are given the amplitude modulator output, we can generate
DSBSC modulator by suppressing the carrier in two ways.
1. By adding a signal of carrier frequency equal in amplitude but opposite in
phase to the carrier of the amplitude- modulated (AM or DSB-LC) signal.
11/26/2024 47
figure 2.12 show how DSB-SC generated from AM
11/26/2024 48
2. Using balanced modulator as shown in fig 2.13
Figure 2.13 showing how the outputs of two amplitude modulators are combined to
produce DSB-SC output
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Note that
❖ In both of the above cases the term 𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 is cancelled from the AM
signal which means carrier is suppressed.
❖ The output of the above balanced modulator is
s(t) = 2m(t)𝐴𝑐 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 …….2.31
The inputs of the two amplitude modulators in figure 2.13
are reverse in polarity
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2.2.3 COHERENT DETECTION OR SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION
Figure 2.14: Coherent detector for demodulating DSB-SC modulated wave
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2.2.3 COHERENT DETECTION OR SYNCHRONOUS DEMODULATION
❖ Coherent detection is a special case of the more general demodulation
process using a local oscillator signal of the same frequency but arbitrary
phase difference ∅, measured with respect to the carrier wave c(t).
❖ Denoting the local oscillator signal by 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) and using eq 2.31
V(t) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) s(t) ………2.32
V(t) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔𝑐 𝑡) m(t) …………2.33
1 𝟏
V(t) = 𝐴 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅) m(t) + 𝑨 𝑨𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ m(t) …………….2.34
2 𝑐 𝟐 𝒄
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❖ The second term in eq 2.34 has the same form as m(t) and the first term
represent a waveform with double frequency of that of the carrier frequency.
❖ Removing the first term from eq 2.34 with low pass filter, we get output
𝟏
V𝟎 (t) = 𝑨 𝑨𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ m(t) …………….2.35
𝟐 𝒄
❖ The demodulated signal V0 (t) is proportional to m(t) when the phase error
∅ is constant.
❖ The amplitude of this demodulated signal is maximum when ∅ = 0
𝜋
❖ V0 (t) is minimum (zero) when ∅ = ± .
2
𝜋
❖ The zero demodulated signal, which occurs for ∅ = ± represents
2
the quadrature null effect of the coherent detector.
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2.2.4 COSTAS RECEIVER
❖ Is one method of a practical synchronous receiver system, suitable for demodulation of
DSB-SC waves.
❖The receiver consists of two coherent detector supplied with the same input signal, namely,
1
the incoming DSB-SC wave 𝐴 𝐴𝑐 cos ∅ m(t) but with individual local oscillator signals
2 𝑐
that are in phase quadrature with respect to each other .
❖ Costas receiver circuit diagram is shown in figure 2.15
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2.2.4 COSTAS RECEIVER
Figure 2.15 Costas receiver
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2.2.4 COSTAS RECEIVER
❖ The detector in the upper path is referred to as the in-pahse coherent
detector or I-channel, and that in the lower path is referred to as the
quadrature-phase coherent detector or Q-channel.
❖ These detectors are coupled together to form a negative feedback system
designed in such a way as to maintain the local oscillator synchronous with
the carrier wave.
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OPERATION OF COSTAS RECEIVER
❖ The I-channel output will remain unchanged, but there will now be some signal
appearing at the Q- channel output, which is proportional to sin ∅ ~ ∅ for small ∅ .
❖ This Q-channel output will have the same polarity as the I – channel output for one
direction of local oscillator phase drift. phase drift.
❖ Thus, by combining the I– channel and Q-channel outputs in phase discriminator
(which consists of a multiplier followed by a low pass filter)
❖ As shown in the figure 2.15 a Dc control signal is obtained that automatically
corrects for local phase errors in the voltage- controlled oscillator.
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2.2.3 SSB MODULATION
❖ In SSB modulation, only the upper or the lower-side band is transmitted.
❖ A direct approach of creating a single sideband AM signal is to remove either the
upper or lower side band by filtering the DSB-SC signal using
Band pass filter(BPF)
Figure 2.16: singe side band modulation using frequency discrimination method
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2.2.3 SSB MODULATION
Figure 2.17: Magnitude spectra: (a) baseband (b) DSB-SC (c) upper SSB (d) lower SSB
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2.2.3.1 Demodulation of SSB
Figure 2.18: Coherent demodulation of SSB
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2.2.4 VSB Modulation
❖ VSB refers to a modulation scheme where in the wanted sideband (either USB or
LSB) is retained almost completely; in addition, a vestige (or a trace) of the unwanted
sideband is added to the wanted sideband.
❖This type of modulation is generated using a similar system as that of the selective–
filtering system for SSB modulation.
❖ One of the widespread applications of VSB has been in the transmission of picture
signals (video signals) in TV broadcast. The video signal has the characteristic that it
has a fairly wide bandwidth (about 5 MHz) with almost no spectral hole around DC
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2.2.4 VSB MODULATION
Figure 2.19: Generation of VSB using the filtering method
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2.2.4 VSB MODULATION
Figure 2.20: VSB modulation and demodulation process (example) 11/26/2024 63
WORKED EXAMPLES
1. A transmitter puts out a total power of 25 Watts of 30% AM signal. How much power
is contained in the carrier and each of the sidebands?
𝑝𝑡 = Power in LSB + Power in USB + 𝑝𝑐
𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚 2 𝐴𝑐 2
= + +
8 8 2
𝐴𝑐 2 𝑚2
25 Watts = 1+
2 2
0.32
25 Watts = 𝑝𝑐 1 +
2
𝟐𝟓𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝒑𝒄 = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 or 95.7%
𝟏.𝟎𝟒𝟓
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HOME WORK
1. Write the applications of each linear modulation schemes
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of each linear modulation schemes
3. What happens to the detection of AM wave if 𝑚 > 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≪ 1 ?
4. Why are DSB-LC, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB are called linear modulation?
5. An AM signal has a depth of modulation of 70%. What is the power saving if (a) the
carrier is suppressed and (b) the carrier and one sideband is suppressed?
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Summary questions with their answers
1. Compare and contrast the different linear modulation schemes based on their power
efficiency, band width efficiency ,complexity & their application.
Solution
parameters AM DSB-SC VSB SSB
Power efficiency low Better than AM moderate High
band width low low moderate High
efficiency
Complexity ❖ Simpler ❖ Simplest ❖ Simpler than ❖ Complex
From transmitter ❖ cheaper ❖ costs least SSB ❖ most
than expensive
VSB & SSB
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parameters AM DSB-SC VSB SSB
Complexity ❖ Simple ❖ complex detection ❖ Complex ❖ complex
❖ expensive
From demodulati ❖ expensive receiver
demodulat
receiver ng circuit demodulating ❖ expensive
ing circuit
❖ costs least circuit demodulati
ng circuit
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Application of linear modulation
AM DSB - SC VSB SSB
❖ Radio ❖ Radio broadcasting for TV ❖ Point to point
broadcasting ❖ for transmitting binary data in broadcasting communication
❖ Citizens band PSK ❖ military
radio ❖ for transmitting 2 channel communication
❖ VHF aircraft stereo signals in TV and FM ❖ Telemetry
radio broadcasting ❖ Tv
❖ In modems for ❖ in Analogue TV systems to ❖ Radar
computers transmit color information.
❖ Point to point communication
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