ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

ENGR. ANICETO C. NERI JR.

BSCE 1994, MSU-IIT
Faculty, CE Dep’t., USTP-CDO
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
• RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
• STRAIGHT LINES
• CONIC SECTIONS
• CIRCLE
• PARABOLA
• ELLIPSE
• HYPERBOLA
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
y-axis
5
4
x P (x , y)
3
2 y
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
x-axis
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
where: x = abscissa of the point
-3
-4 y = ordinate of the point
-5
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
 Distance between two points
P2 ( x2 , y2 )

d x 2  x1 2  y 2  y1 2 d

 Slope of a line P1 ( x1 , y1 )
P2 ( x2 , y2 )
y 2  y1
m  tan  
x 2  x1
θ

P1 ( x1 , y1 )
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Problem:
Find the angle from which the line segment joining the points (2,1) and (-3,4)
makes with the + x-axis.
a) 30.96 c) 36.09
b) 63.09 d) 60.93
 STRAIGHT LINES
 General Equation: Ax + By + C = 0
 Standard Equation of lines:
* Point-Slope form * Two-point form
Given a point (x1,y1) and slope m Given two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
P 2 ( x2 , y 2 )

y 2  y1
y  y1  m ( x  x1) m y  y1  ( x  x1)
x 2  x1

P 1 ( x1 , y 1 )
P 1 ( x1 , y 1 )
 STRAIGHT LINES
* Slope-intercept form * Intercept form
Given slope m and y-intercept b Given x-intercept a and y-intercept b

y-axis y-axis

x y
y  mx  b  1
a b
m
b b

x-axis x-axis
a
 STRAIGHT LINES
Problem:
Find an equation of the line that passes through (2,-5) and (7,1).
 STRAIGHT LINES
Angle between two lines m2 Distance between two parallel lines:
Line 1
 m  m1 
1 C1  C 2
  tan  2  θ m1 d
1  m1m2  A 2  B2 d
Note:
Angle θ is measured in a counterclockwise direction.
m2 is the slope of the terminal side while m1 is the
slope of the initial side.
Line 1: Ax + By + C1 = 0 Line 2
Line 2: Ax + By + C2 = 0
Distance of point (x1,y1) from the line
Ax + By + C = 0 For parallel lines: For perpendicular lines:
(x1,y1) m1 = m2 m1m2 = -1
Ax1  By 1  C d Line 1: Ax + By + C1 = 0 Line 1: Ax + By + C1 = 0
d Line 2: Ax + By + C2 = 0 Line 2: Bx - Ay + C2 = 0
 A 2  B2
Note: Ax + By + C = 0
The denominator is given the same sign of B.
d = positive, if the point is above the line
d = negative, if the point is below the line
 STRAIGHT LINES
Problem:
Find the equation of a line that passes through (3,-4) and is parallel to the line
5x + 12y – 10 = 0.

y  y1  m ( x  x1)
 CONIC SECTIONS
Conic Section– is a two-dimensional curve produced by slicing a plane
through a three-dimensional right circular conical surface.

circle

ellipse

hyperbola parabola
 CONIC SECTIONS
General Equation of a Conic Section with the principal
axes inclined:

Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

General Equation of a Conic Section with the principal axes parallel to x and
y axes:

Ax 2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
 CIRCLE
Circle – a locus of a moving point that moves so that its distance
from a fixed point called the center is constant.
General Equation of a Circle: x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
Standard Equation:
Center at (0,0): r 2  x 2  y 2 Center at (h,k): r 2  x  h 2  y  k  2
y-axis
y-axis P( x,y)
P( x,y)
r
r y-k
y
(h,k)
x-h
x-axis y
x
k

x-axis
h
x
 CIRCLE
Problem:
Determine the circumference of a circle whose
equation is x2 + y2 + 6x – 8y + 16 = 0.
 PARABOLA
Parabola – a locus of a moving point which moves so that it’s
always equidistant from a fixed point called the focus and a fixed
line called directrix.
y-axis
directrix
focus
a a x-axis

vertex

where: a = distance from focus to vertex

 PARABOLA
General Equation of a Circle:
 Axis Horizontal: Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

 Axis Vertical: Ax 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
 PARABOLA
 Standard equations with vertex at the origin (0,0):
Opening to the right: Opening to the left:

y 2  4 ax y 2  4 ax

Opening upward: Opening downward:

x 2  4 ay x 2  4 ay
 PARABOLA
 Standard equations with vertex at (h,k):
Opening to the right: Opening to the left:
y  k  2  4 a  x  h y  k  2  4 a  x  h

Opening upward: Opening downward:

 x  h 2  4 a y  k   x  h 2  4 a  y  k 
 PARABOLA
Problem:
An arc in the form of a parabolic curve, with a vertical axis, is 60 m
across the bottom. The highest point is 16 m above the horizontal
base. What is the length of a beam to be placed horizontally across
the arc 3 m below the top?
 ELLIPSE
Ellipse – a locus of a moving point that moves so that the sum of its
distances from two fixed points called the foci is constant and is
equal to the length of its major axis.
Key formulas for ellipse:
y-axis
directrix directrix
Length of major axis = 2a
Length of minor axis = 2b d a
Distance of focus to center:
b a
c  a2  b2
c c x-axis
b
focus vertex
 ELLIPSE
 General equation of an ellipse: Ax 2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
 Standard equations with center at (0,0):
Major axis is horizontal: Major axis is vertical:
y-axis
y-axis

(0,0) x-axis
x-axis
(0,0)

x2 y2 x2 y2
 2 1  2 1
a2 b b2 a
 ELLIPSE
 Standard equations with center at (h,k,):
Major axis is horizontal: Major axis is vertical:
y-axis
y-axis

(h,k)

(h,k)

(0,0) x-axis

x-axis
(0,0)
x  h 2
y  k  2
 1
a2 b2 x  h2 y  k 2
 1
b2 a2
 ELLIPSE
Problem:
The arc of an underpass is a semi-ellipse 60 ft wide and 20 ft high.
Determine the clearance at the edge of a lane if the edge is 20 ft
from the middle.