Data Structures and

UNIT 10 DATA STRUCTURES AND Control Statements

in Python
CONTROL STATEMENTS IN
PYTHON
Structure
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objectives
10.3 Identifiers and Keywords
10.4 Statements and Expressions
10.4 Variables
10.5 Operators
10.6 Data Types
10.7 Data Structures
10.8 Control Flow Statements
10.9 Summary

10.1 INTRODUCTION
A Pythonis a general-purpose, high level programming language which is
widely used by programmers. It was created by Guido Van Rossum in 1991
and further developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was designed
with an emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to
express their concepts in fewer lines of code. To learn how to code in any
language, it is, therefore, very important to learn its basic components. This is
what is the objective of this chapter. In this chapter, we will learn about the
basic constituents of Python starting from its identifiers, variables, operators
andalso about how to combine them to form expressions and statements. We
will also study about the data types available in Python along with the control
flow statements.

10.2 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
 Understand the basic building blocks of Python programming
Language
 Understand various Data Structures
 Understand usage of control flow statements

10.3 IDENTIFIERS AND KEYWORDS

An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class or module.
Identifiers may be one or more characters in the following format:

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  Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or Data S
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uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_). Names like
myIndia, other_1 and mca_course, all are valid examples. A Python
identifier can begin with an uppercase or a lowercase alphabet or (_).
 An identifier cannot start with a digit but is allowed everywhere else.
1plus is invalid, but plus1 is perfectly fine.
 Keywords (listed in TABLE1) cannot be used as identifiers.
 One cannot use spaces and special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. as
identifiers.
 Identifier can be of any length. (However, it is preferrd to keep it
short and meaningful).
Examples of valid identifiers are:marksPython, Course, MCA301 etc.

Keywords are a list of reserved words that have predefined meaning to the
Python interpreter.These are special vocabulary and cannot be usd by
programmers as identifiers for variables, functions, constants or with any
identifier name. Attempting to use a keyword as an identifier name will cause
an error. As Python is case sensitive, keywords must be written exactly as
given in TABLE1.
TABLE 1 :List of keywords in Python

and async not

assert finally or
break for pass
class from nonlocal
continue global raise
def import try
elif in while
else is with
except lambda yield
False True None
del if Return
As await

Check your progress - 1:

Q1. Is Python case sensitive when dealing with Identifiers?

a) Yes
b) No

Q2. What is the maximum possible length of an identifier?

a) 32 characters
b) 64 characters
c) 76 characters
d) None of the above

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Q3. All keywords in Python are in _____ Data Structures and
Control Statements
a) lower case in Python
b) UPPER CASE
c) Capitalized
d) None of the above

10.4 STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS

A statement is a unit of code that the Python interpreter can execute. We
have seen two kinds of statements: print being an expression statement and
assignment.When you type a statement in interactive mode, the interpreter
executes it and displays the result, if there is one.A script usually contains a
sequence of statements. If there is more than one statement, the results appear
one at a time as the statement executes.
For example, the script

Print(1)
x=2
print(x)

produces the output

1
2

The assignment statement produces no output.

An expression is an arrangement of values and operators which are evaluated

to make a new value. Expressions are statements as well. A value is the
representation of some entity like a letter or a number that can be
manipulated by a program. A single value 25 or a single variable x or a
combination of a variable, operator and value z + 25 are all examples of
expressions. An expression, when used in interactive mode is evaluated by
the interpreter and result is displayed instantly. For example,

In[]: 7 + 3
Out[]: 10

But in script, an expression all by itself doesn’t show any output altogether.
You need to explicitly print the result.

Check your progress-2 :

Q4. What is the output of the following Python expression?: 36 / 4

a) 9.0
b) 9
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 Data S
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Q5. What is the output of following statement? : y = 3.14
a) 3.14
b) y
c) None of the above

Q6. An expression can contain:

a) Values
b) Variables
c) Operators
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

Q7. In thePython statement x = a + 5 – b:

a and b are ________
a + 5 – b is ________
a) Operands, an equation
b) Operands, an expression
c) Terms, a group
d) Operators, a statement

10.5 VARIABLES
Avariable is a named placeholder to hold any type of data which the program
can use to assign and modify during the course of execution. Python is a
Dynamically Typed Language. There is no need to declare a variable
explicitly by specifying whether the variable is an integer or a float or any
other type. To define a new variable in Python, we simply assign a value to a
name.

Variable names can be arbitrarily long. They can contain both letters and
numbers, but they cannot start with a number. It is legal to use uppercase
letter; but it is a good idea to begin variable names with a lowercase letter.
Variable names are case-sensitive. E.g., IGNOU and Ignou are different
variables.

The underscore character can appear in a name. it is often used in names with
multiple words, such as my_name or marks_in_maths. Variable names can
start with an underscore character, but we generally avoid doing this unless
we are writing library code for others to use.

The general format for assigning values to variables is as follows:

variable_name = expression
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The equal sign (=) also known as simple assignment operator is used to Data Structures and
Control Statements
assign values to variables. In the general format, the operand to the left of the in Python
= operator is the name of the variable and the operand to the right of the =
operator is the expression which can be a value or any code snippet that
results in a value. That value is stored in the variable on the execution of the
assignment statement. Assignment operator should not be confused with the
= used in algebra to denote equality. E.g.,

In[]: number = 100 #integer type value is assigned to a

variable number
In[]: name = “Python” #string type value is assigned to
variable name

In Python, not only the value of a variable may change during program
execution but also the type of data that is assigned. You can assign an integer
value to a variable, use it as an integer for a while and then assign a string to
the variable. A new assignment overrides any previous assignments.

In[]: year = 2020 #an integer value is assigned to year

variable
In[]: year
Out[]: 2020
In[]:year =“twenty twenty” #then an string value is assigned to year
variable
In[]: year
Out[]: ‘twenty twenty’

Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables

simultaneously. E.g.
In[]: x = y = z =5 #an integer value is assigned to
variables x, y, z simultaneously.
Check your progress -3 :

Q8. Which of the following is a valid variable name in Python?

a) do it
b) do+1
c) 1do
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

Q9. What is the value of ‘a’ here?

a = 25
b = 35
a=b
a) 25
b) 35
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 c) It will print error Data S
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d) None of the above

Q10. Which of the following is true for variable names in Python?

a) unlimited length
b) variable names are not case sensitive
c) underscore and ampersand are the only two special characters allowed
d) none of the mentioned

Q11. What error occurs when you excecute the following Python Code
snippet?
apple = mango
a) SyntaxError
b) NameError
c) ValueError
d) TypeError

10.6 OPERATORS
Operators are special symbols that represent computations like addition and
multiplication. The values the operator is applied to are called operands.
Python language supports a wide range of operators. They are:
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Assignment Operators
3. Relational Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Bitwise Operators

TABLE 2 : List of Arithmetic Operators

Operator Operator Name Description Example (try
in lab)
n1 = 5, n2 = 6
+ Addition operator Adds two operands, In[]: n1 + n2
producing their sum Out[]: 11
- Subtraction Subtracts the two In[]: n1 - n2
operator operands, producing Out[]: -1
their difference
* Multiplication Produces the product In[]: n1 * n2
operator of the operands Out[]: 30
/ Division operator Produces the quotient In[]: n1 / n2
of its operands where Out[]:
the left operand is the 0.833333
dividend and the right
operand is the divisor
218
 % Modulus operator Divides left hand In[]: n1 % n2 Data Structures and
Control Statements
operand by the right Out[]: 5 in Python
hand operand and
returns a remainder
** Exponent operator Performs exponential In[]: n1 ** n2
(power) calculation Out[]: 15625
on operators
// Floor division Returns the integral In[]: n1 // n2
operator part of the quotient Out[]: 0

TABLE 3 : List of Assignment Operators

Operator Operator Description Example (try in
Name lab)
(‘~’ stand for is
equivalent to)
= Assignment Assigns values from right m = n1 + n2
side operands to left side In[]: m = n1 +
operand n2
In[]: m
Out[]: 11
+= Addition Adds the value of right m += n1 ~ m =
Assignment operand to the left operand m + n1
and assigns the result to left In[]: m += n1
operand In[]: m
Out[]: 16
-= Subtraction Subtracts the value of right m -= n1 ~ m = m
Assignment operand from the left – n1
operand and assigns the In[]: m -= n1
result to left operand In[]: m
Out[]: 11
*= Multiplication Multiplies the value of m *= n1 ~ m =
Assignment right operand with the left m* n
operand and assigns the In[]: m *= n1
result to left operand In[]: m
Out[]: 55
/= Division Divides the value of right m /= n1 ~ m = m
Assignment operand with the left / n1
operand and assigns the In[]: m /= n1
result to left operand In[]: m
Out[]: 11.0
**= Exponentiation Evaluates to the result of m ** n1 ~ m =
Assignment raising the first operand to m ** n1
the power of the second In[]: m **= n1
operand In[]: m
Out[]: 161051.0
//= Floor Division Produces the integral part m //= n1 ~ m =
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 Assignment of the quotient of its m // n1 Data S
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operands where the left In[]: m //= n1
operand is the dividend and In[]: m
the right operand is the Out[]: 32210.0
divisor
%= Remainder Computes the remainder m %= n1 ~ m =
Assignment after division and assigns m % n1
the value to the left In[]: m %= n1
operand. In[]: m
Out[]: 0.0

TABLE 4 : List of Relational Operators

Operator Operation Description Example (Try in
Lab)
n1 = 10, n2 = 0,
s1 = “Hello”,
s2=”World”
== Equals to If values of two operands In[]: n1 ==n2
are equal, then the condition Out[]: False
is True, otherwise it is False. In[] : s1 ==s2
Out[]: False
!= Not equal to If values of two operands In[] : n1 != n2
are not equal, then condition Out[]: True
is True, otherwise it is False. In[]: s1 != s2
Out[]: False
> Greaer than If the value of the left In[]: n1 > n2
operand is greater than the Out[]: True
value of the right operand, In[]: s1 > s2
then the condition is True, Out[]: True
otherwise it is False.
< Less than If the value of the left In[]: n1 < n2
operand is less than the Out[]: False
value of the right operand,
the condition is True
otherwise it is False.
>= Greater than If the value of the left In[]: n1 >= n2
or equal to operand is greater than or Out[]: True
equal to the right operand,
the condition is True
otherwise it is False.
<= Less than or If the value of the left In []: n1 <= n2
equal to operand is less than or equal Out[]: False
to the right operand, the
condition is True otherwise
it is False.

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Note :For strings, the characters in both the strings are compared one by one Data Structures and
Control Statements
based on their Unicode value. The character with the lower Unicode value is in Python
considered to be smaller.

TABLE 5 : List of Logical Operator

Operator Operation Description Example (Try
in Lab)
n1 = 10, n2 = -
20
And Logical AND If both operands are True, In[]: n1 == 10
then condition becomes and n2 == -20
True. Out[]: True
Or Logical OR If any of the two In[]: n1 >= 10
operands are True, then or n2 <-20
condition becomes True. Out[]: True
Not Logical NOT Used to reverse the In[]: not(n1
logical state of its ==20)
operand. Out[]: True

TABLE 6 : Boolean Logic Truth Table

n1 n2 n1 and n2 n1 or n2 not n1
True True True True False
True False False True
False True False True True
False False False False

TABLE 7 : List of Bitwise Operators

Operator Operator Name Description Example (try in
Lab)
n1 = 60, n2 = 13
& Binary AND Result is one in each bit In[]: n1 & n2
position for which the Out[]: 12
corresponding bits of (means 0000
both operands as 1s. 1100)
| Binary OR Result is one in each bit In[]: n1 | n2
position for which the Out[]: 61
corresponding bits of (means 0011
either or both operands 1101)
are 1s.
^ Binary XOR Result is one in each bit In[]: n1 ^ n2
position for which the Out[]: 49
corresponding bits of (means 0011
either but not both 0001)
operands are 1s.
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 ~ Binary Ones Inverts the bits of its In[]: ~n1 Data S
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Complement operand. Out[]: -61
(means 1100
0011 in 2’s
complement
form due to a
signed binary
number)
<< Binary Left The left operands value In[]: n1 << 2
Shift is moved left by the Out[]: 240
number of bits specified (means 1111
by the right operand. 0000)
>> Binary Right The left operand value In[]: n1 >> 2
Shift is moved right by the Out[]: 15
number of bits specified (means 0000
by the right operand. 1111)

TABLE 8 : Bitwise Truth Table

n1 n2 n1 & n2 n1 | n2 n1 ^ n2 ~n1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

TABLE 9 : Operator Precedence in Python

Operators Meaning
() Parentheses
** Exponent
+x, -x, ~x Unary plus, Unary minus, Bitwise NOT
*, /, //, % Multiplication, Division, Floor Division,
Modulus
+, - Addition, Subtraction
<<,>> Bitwise shift operators
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise XOR
| Bitwise OR
==, !=, >, >=, <, <= Comparisons
Not Logical NOT
And Logical AND
Or Logical OR

Check your progress – 4 :

Q12. 4 is 100 in binary and 11 is 1011. What is the output of the following
bitwise operators?
a=4
222 b = 11
 print (a | b) Data Structures and
Control Statements
print (a >> 2) in Python
a) 15, 1
b) 14, 1
c) 15, 2
d) 14, 2

Q13. What is the output of print(2 ** 3 ** 2)?

a) 64
b) 128
c) 256
d) 512

Q14. What is the output of the following assignment operator?

y = 10
x = y += 2
print(x)
a) 12
b) 10
c) SyntaxError

Q15. What is the output of following code?

a = 100
b = 200
print (a and b)
a) 100
b) 200
c) True
d) False

Q16. Which of the following operators has the lowest precedence?

a) %
b) +
c) **
d) not
e) and

10.7 DATA TYPES

Data types specify the type of data like numbers and characters to be stored
and manipulated within a program. Basic data types of Python are:

10.7.1 Number
10.7.2 String
10.7.3 None
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 10.7.4 List Data S
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10.7.5 Tuple
10.7.6 Dictionary
10.7.7 Set

10.7.1 Number
In Numbers or Numerical Data Types, we mainly have numbers. These
numbers are also of four types : Integer, Float, Complex, Boolean.

TABLE 10 : Data Types in Python

Type / Class Description Examples

Int Integer numbers -12, -3, 0, 123, 2

float Floating point numbers -2.04, 4.0, 14.23

complex Complex numbers 3+4j, 2-2j

bool Boolean numbers True, false

In Interactive mode:

Note :type() function can be used to check the data type of the variables

Examples:

In[]: i = 23 #variable i assigned with integer value

In[]: type(i)

Out[]: int

In[]: c = 2+5j #variable c assigned with a complex number

In[]: type(c)

Out[]: complex

In[]: b = 10>7

In[]: type(b) #to display the data type of variable b

Out[]: bool

In[]: b #to display the value of b

Out[]: True

10.7.2 String

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A string is an ordered sequence of characters. These characters may be Data Structures and
Control Statements
alphabets, digits or special characters including spaces. String values are in Python
enclosed in single quotation marks (e.g. “hello’) or in double quotation marks
(e.g., “python course”). The quotes are not a part of the string, they are used
to mark the beginning and end of the string for the interpreter. In Python,
there is no character data type, a character is a string of length one. It is
represented by str class. Few of the characteristics of strings are:

 Numerical operations can not be performed on strings, even when the

string contains a numeric value like str2 defined below.
 A string has a length. Get the length with the len() built-in function.
 A string is indexable. Get a single character at a position in a string
with the square bracket operator, for example str1[4]. Indexing always
start with 0.
 One can retrieve a slice (sub-string) of a string with a slice operation,
for example str1[4:8].
 Strings are immutable, which means you can’t change an existing
string.

In[]: str1 = ‘Hello Friend’ #variable str1 of string type is declared

In[]: str2 = “452” #variable str2 of string type is declared

In[]: len(str1) #length of string str1

Out[]: 12

In[]: str1[4] #to access 5th character in the string

Out[]: ‘o’

In[]: str1[-1] #negative indices can be used, which

count backward from the end of string.
[-1] yields the last letter.

Out[]: ‘d’

In []: str[4:8] # Operator returns the part of the string from

the first index to the second index, including
the first but excluding the last. So, sub-string
starting from 5 character to 8 character is
extracted.

Out[]: ‘o Fr’

If one omits the first index (before the colon), the slice starts at the beginning
of the string and if second index is omitted, the slice goes to the end of the
string.

In[]: str1[:3]

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 Out[]: ‘hel’ Data S
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In[]: str1[3:]

Out[]: ‘lo Friend’

In []: str1[2] = ‘a’

TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment.

In[]: str2 = ‘ Narender’

In[]: str1 + str2 #for concatenating two strings, “+” operator is

used

Out[]: ‘hello Friend Narender’

In[]: str1 * 3 #for creating multiple concatenated copies of a

string, “*” operator is used

Out[]: ‘hello FriendhelloFriendhello Friend’

10.7.3 None
A none is another special data type in Python. A none is frequently used to
represent the absence of a value. For example,

In[]: money = None #None value is assigned to variable

money

Some literatures on Python consider additional data types like List, Tuple,
Set &Dictionary whereas some others consider them as the built-in data
structures. We will put them in the category of data structures and discuss
considering them in same but considering them as data types is also not
wrong.

10.7.4 List
A list is a sequence of items separated by commas and items enclosed in
square brackets [ ]. These are similar to arrays available with other
programmimg languages but unlike arrays items in the list may be of
different data types. Lists are mutable, and hence, they can be altered even
after their creation. Lists in Python are ordered and have a definite sequence
and the indexing of a list is done with 0 being the first index. Each element in
the list has its definite place in the list, which allows duplicating of elements
in the list, with each element having its own distinct place and creditability. It
is represented by list class.

In[]: list1 = [5, 3.4, ‘IGNOU’, ‘Part 3’, 45] #to create a list

In[]: list1 #to print the elements of the list

list1
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 Out[]: [5, 3.4, ‘IGNOU’, ‘Part 3’, 45] Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
In[]: list1[0] #accessing first element of the
list

Out[]: 5

In[]: list1[3] #accessing 4th element of the list

Out[]: Part 3

In[]:list1[-1] #accessing last element of the

list

Out[]: 45

In[]: list1[-3] #accessing last 3rdelement of the

list

Out[]: 'IGNOU'

10.7.5 Tuple
A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the
collection of the items of different data types. The items of the tuple are
separated with a comma and enclosed in parentheses.

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can’t modify the size and value of
the items of a tuple and it is immutable.

In[]: t = (‘hello’,’world’,2) #creating tuple t

In[]: t # printing tuple t

Out[]: ('hello', 'world', 2)

In[]: t[1] #accessing specific element of the tuple

say second element

Out[]: 'world'

10.7.6 Dictionary
A dictionary in Python holds data items in key-value pairs of items. The
items in the dictionary are separated with the comma and enclosed in the
curly brackets{}. Dictionaries permit faster access to data. Every key is
separated from its value using a colon(:) sign. The key value pairs of a
dictionary can be accessed using the key. Keys are usually of string type and
their values can be of any data type. In order to access any value in the
dictionary, we have to specify its key in square brackets[]. 227
 #Creating dictionary dict1 Data S
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In[]: dict1 = {'Fruit':'Apple','Climate':'Cold','Price(Kg)':120}

In[]: dict1 #printing the contents of

dictionary dict1

Out[]: {'Fruit': 'Apple', 'Climate': 'Cold', 'Price(Kg)': 120}

In[]: dict1['Climate'] #Getting value by specifying the

key

Out[]:Cold

In[]: dict1.keys() #printing all the Keys in the

dictionary

Out[]: dict_keys(['Fruit', 'Climate', 'Price(Kg)'])

In[]: dict1.values() #printing all the values in the

dictionary

Out[]: dict_values(['Apple', 'Cold', 120])

10.7.7 Set
In Python, aset is an orderd collection of data type that is iterable, mutable
and has no duplicate elements. The order of elements in a set is undefined
though it may consist of various elements. The major advantage of using a
set, as opposed to a list, is that it has a highly optimized method for checking
whether a specific element is contained in the set.

Sets can be created by using the built-in set() function with an iterable object
or a sequence by placing the sequence inside curly braces, separated by
‘comma’. A set contains only unique elements but at the time of set creation,
multiple duplicate values can also be passed. The order of elements in a set is
undefined and is unchangeable. Type of elements in a set need not be the
same, various mixed-up data type values can also be passed to the set.

In[]: set1 = set("IGNOU MCA BATCH") #creating

set set1

In[]: set1
#displaying contents of set1

Out[]: {' ', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'T', 'U'}

In[]: set2 = set([2, 3, 2, 'MCA', 'IGNOU', 1, 'IGNOU']) #set with

the use of mixed values

In[]: set2

Out[]: {1, 2, 3, 'IGNOU', 'MCA'}

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 Data Structures and
Control Statements
Check your progress - 5: in Python

Q17. Which of these is not a core data type?

a) Lists
b) Dictionary
c) Tuples
d) Class

Q18. What data type is the object below?

L = [1, 23, ‘hello’, 1]
a) List
b) Dictionary
c) Tuple
d) Array

Q19. What will be the output of the following Python code?

In[]:str=”hello”
In[]: str[:2]
a) he
b) lo
c) olleh
d) hello

Q20. In python we do not specify types, it is directly interpreted by the

compiler.So consider the following operation to be performed:
x = 13 ? 2
objective is to make sure x has a integer value, select all that apply
a) x = 13 // 2
b) x = int(13 / 2)
c) x = 13 % 2
d) all of the above

Q21. What is the result of print(type({}) is set)

a) True
b) False

Q22. What is the data type of print (type(10))?

a) float
b) integer
c) int

Q23. If we convert one data type to another, then it is called

a) Type Conversion
b) Type Casting
c) Both of the above
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 d) None of the above Data S
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Q24. In which data type, indexing is not valid?

a) list
b) string
c) distionary
d) None of the above

Q25. In which of the following data type duplicate items are not allowed?
a) list
b) set
c) dictionary
d) None of the above

Q26. Which statement is correct?

a) List is immutable && Tuple is mutable
b) List is mutable && Tuple is immutable
c) Both are mutable
d) Both are immutable

10.8 DATA STRUCTURES

Data Structures are used to organize, store and manage data for efficient
access and modification. Some literatures on Python categorize List, Tuple,
Dictionary and Set as data types and some categorize these as primitive data
structures. We had already introduced the above mentioned structures in the
data type. Lets discuss them in detail here:

10.8.1 List
A list a container data type that acts as a dynamic aray. That is to say, a list is
a sequence that can be indexed into and that can grow and shrink. A few
characteristics of lists are:

 A list has a (current) length – Get the length of a lsit with len()
function.
 A list has an order – the items in a list are ordered, order going from
left to right.
 A list is heterogeneous –different types of objects can be inserted into
the same list.
 Lists are mutable and one can extend, delete, insert or modify items in
the list.

The syntax for creating list is,

list_name = [item_1, item_2, item_3, ………., item_n]

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Any item can be stored in a list like string, number, object, another variable Data Structures and
Control Statements
and even another list. In a list, we can have a mix of different item types and in Python
these item types need not have to be homogeneous. For example, we can
have a list which is a mix of type numbers, strings and another list itself. The
contents of the list variable are displayed by executing the list variable name.

Examples :

In[]: list_name = [ ] #empty list

without any items

#when each item in the list is string

In[]: stringlist = [“mahesh”, “ramesh”, “suresh”, “vishnu”,

“ganesh”]

#when each item in the list is number

In[]: numlist = [4, 6, 7, 10, 15, 13]

#when list contains mixed items

In[]: mixed_list = [‘cat’, 87.23, 65, [9, 8, 1]]

10.8.1.1 Indexing and Slicing in Lists

As an ordered sequence of elements, each item in a list can be individually,

through indexing. The expression inside the bracket is called the index. Lists
use square brackets [ ] to access individual items, with the first item at index
0, the second item at index 1 and so on. The index provided within the square
brackets indicates the value being accessed.

The syntax for accessing an item in a list is,

list_name [index]

where index should always be an integer value and indicates the item to be
selected.

In[]: stringlist[0] #to access first item in the stringlist

Out[]: ‘mahesh’

In[]: numlist[4] #to access fifth item in the

numlist

Out[]: 15

In[]: numlist[6] #if index value is more than the number

of items in the list, it will raise an error

Output would be :
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 Traceback (most recent call last): Data S
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File “<stdin>”, line 1, in <module>

numlist[6]

IndexError : List index out of range

Here, in numlist index numbers range from 0 to 5 as it contains 6 items.

In addition to positive index numbers, one can also access items from the list
with a negative index number, by counting backwards from the end of the
list, starting at -1. It is useful of the list is long and we want to locate an item
towards the end of a list.

In[]: stringlist[-2] #to access second list item from

the list

Out[]: ‘vishnu’

The slice operator also works on lists:

In[]: numlist[1:3]

Out[]: [6, 7]

In[]: mixed_list[:3]

Out[]: [‘cat’, 87.23, 65]

In[]: mixed_list[2:]

Out[]: [65, [9, 8, 1]]

In[]: numlist[:]

Out[]: [4, 6, 7, 10, 15, 13]

If the first index is omitted, the slice starts at the beginning and if the second
index is omitted, the slice goes to the end. So, if both indexes are omitted, the
slice is a copy of the whole list.

10.8.1.2 List Operations

The + operator concatenates lists:

In[]: a = [1, 2, 3]

In[]: b = [4, 5, 6]

In[]: a + b

Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

Similarly, the * operator repeats a list given a number of times:

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 In[]: c = [‘pass’] Data Structures and
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in Python
In[]: c * 3

Out[]: [‘pass’, ‘pass’, ‘pass’]

== operator is used to compare the two lists.

In[]: a == b

Out[]: False

in and not in membership operator are used to check for the presence of an
item in the list.

In[]: 2 in a

Out[]: True

In[]: 4 not in [a]

Out[]: True

10.8.1.3 The list() function

The built-in-list() function is used to create a list. The syntax for list()
function is,

list([sequence])

where the sequence can be a string, tuple or list itself. If the optional
sequence is not specified then an empty list is created.

In[]: greet = “How are you doing?” #string declaration

In[]: greet

Out[]: ‘How are you doing?’

In[]: str_to_list = list(greet) #string converted to list

using list()

In[]: str_to_list

Out[]: [‘H’,’o’,’w’,’ ‘,’a’,’r’,’e’,’ ‘,’y’,’o’,’u’,’ ‘,’d’,’o’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’?’]

In[]: friend = “nidhi” #string declaration

In[]: str_to_list + friend #list concatenated with

string

TypeError: can only concatenate list (not “str”) to list

In[]: str_to_list + list(friend) #list concatenated with

list
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 Out[]:[‘H’,’o’,’w’,’ ‘,’a’,’r’,’e’,’ ‘,’y’,’o’,’u’,’ Data S
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‘,’d’,’o’,’i’,’n’,’g’,’?’,’n’,’i’,’d’,’h’,’i’]

10.8.1.4 Modifying items in Lists

Lists are mutable in nature as the list items can be modified after a list has
been created. Also, a list can be modified by replacing the older item with a
newer item in its place and without assigning the list to a completely new
variable.

In[]: stringlist[1] = “umesh”

In[]: stringlist

Out[]: [‘mahesh’, ‘umesh’, ‘suresh’, ‘vishnu’, ‘ganesh’]

When an existing list variable is assigned to a new variable, an assignment

(=) on lists does not make a new copy. Instead, assignment makes both the
variables names point to the same list in memory. That’s why any change in
one list will reflect in other list also.

In[]: listofstrings = stringlist

In[]: listofstrings[1] = “ramesh”

In[]: listofstrings

Out[]:[‘mahesh’, ‘ramesh’, ‘suresh’, ‘vishnu’, ‘ganesh’]

In[]: stringlist

Out[]:[‘mahesh’, ‘ramesh’, ‘suresh’, ‘vishnu’, ‘ganesh’]

10.8.1.5 Traversing a list

The most common way to traverse the elements of a list is with a for loop.

In[]: for names in stringlist :

print(names)

Out[]: mahesh

ramesh

suresh

vishnu

ganesh

This works well if one needs to read the elements of the list. But if one wants
to write or update the elements, one needs the indices. For this one needs to
combine the functions range and len:
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 In[]: for i in range(len(numlist)) : Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
numlist[i] = numlist[i] * 2

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [8, 12, 14, 20, 30, 26]

This loop traverses the list and updates each element. The command len
returns the number of elements in the list.The command range returns a list of
indices from 0 to n-1, where n is the length of the list. Each time through the
loop, the variable i gets the index of the next element. The assignment
statement in the body uses i to read the old value of the element and to assign
the new value.

10.8.1.6 List Methods

Python provides methods that operate on lists. For example, append adds a
new element to the end of a list:

In[]: numlist.append(50)

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [8, 12, 14, 20, 30, 26, 50]

extend takes a list as an argument and appends all of the elements:

In[]: nlist = [25, 35, 45]

In[]: numlist.extend(nlist)

In[]:numlist

Out[]: [8, 12, 14, 20, 30, 26, 50, 25, 35, 45]

sort arranges the elements of the list from low to high:

In[]: numlist.sort()

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [8, 12, 14, 20, 25, 26, 30, 35, 45, 50]

pop is used to delete elements from a list if the index of the element is
known:

In[]: numlist.pop(5)

Out[]: 26

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [8, 12, 14, 20, 25, 30, 35, 45, 50]

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 pop modifies the list and returns the element that was removed. If the Data S
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removed element is not required then one can use the del operator:

In[]: del numlist[0]

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [12, 14, 20, 25, 30, 35, 45, 50]

To remove more than one element, del can be used with a slice index

In[]: del numlist[0:2]

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [20, 25, 30, 35, 45, 50]

If element from the list is known which needs to be removed and not the
index, remove can be used:

In[]: numlist.remove(30)

In[]: numlist

Out[]: [20, 25, 35, 45, 50]

The return value for remove is none.

To get a list of all the methods associated with the list, pass the list function
to dir()

In[]: dir(list)

TABLE 11 : Various List Methods

List Syntax Description

Methods

append() list.append(item) The append() method adds a single item

to the end of the list. This method does
not return new list and it just modifies the
original.

count() list.count(item) The count() method counts the number of

times the item has occurred in the list and
returns it.

insert() list.insert(index, The insert() method inserts the item at the

item) given index, shifting items to the right.

extend() list.extend(list2) The extend() method adds the items in

list2 to the end of the list.

236
index() list.index(item) The index() method searches for the Data Structures and
Control Statements
given item from the start of the list and in Python
returns its index. If the value appears
more than once, you will get the index of
the first one. If the item is not present in
the list then ValueError is thrown by this
method.

remove() list.remove(item) The remove() method searches for the

first instance of the given item in the list
and removes it. If the item is not present
in the list then ValueError is thrown by
this method.

sort() list.sort() The sort() method sorts the items in place

in the list. This method modifies the
original list and it does not return a new
list.

reverse() list.reverse() The reverse() method reverses the items

in place in the list. This method modifies
the original list and it does not return a
new list.

pop() list.pop([index]) The pop() method removes and returns

the item at the given index. This method
returns the rightmost item if the index is
omitted.

Note: Replace the word”list” mentioned in the syntax with your actual list
name in your code.

10.8.1.7Built-In Functions Used on Lists

There are many built-in functions for which a list can be passed as an
argument.

TABLE 12 : Built – In Functions Used on Lists

Built-In Description
Functions

len() The len() function returns the numbers of items in a list.

sum() The sum() function returns the sum of numbers in the list.

any() The any() function returns True if any of the Boolean

values in the list is True.

all() The all() function returns True if all the Boolean values

237
 in the list are True, else returns False. Data S
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sorted() The sorted() function returns a modified copy of the list
while leaving the original list untouched.

In[]: len(stringlist)

Out[]: 5

In[]: sum(numlist)

Out[]: 175

In[]: max(numlist)

Out[]: 50

In[]: min(numlist)

Out[]: 20

In[]: any([1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0])

Out[]: True

In[]: all([1, 1, 1, 1])

Out[]: True

In[]: sorted_stringlist = sorted(stringlist)

In[]: sorted_stringlist

Out[]: [‘ganesh’, ‘mahesh’, ‘ramesh’, ‘suresh’, ‘vishnu’]

10.8.1.8 Nested List

A list inside another list is called a nested list and you can get the behavior of
nested lists in Python by storing lists within the elements of another list. The
syntax for nested lists is:

nested_list_name = [[item_1, item_2, item_3],

[item_4, item_5, item_6],

[item_7, item_8, item_9]]

Each list inside another list is separated by a comma. One can traverse
through the items of nested lists using the for loop.

In[]: asia = [[“India”, “Japan”, “Korea”],

[“Srilanka”, “Myanmar”, “Thailand”],

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 [“Cambodia”, “Vietnam”, “Israel”]] Data Structures and
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in Python
In[]: asia[0]

Out[]: [‘India’, ‘Japan’, ‘Korea’]

In[]: asia[0][1]

Out[]: ‘Japan’

In[]: asia[1][2]

Out[]: ‘Thailand’

Program 10.1 : Write a Program to Find the Transpose of a Matrix

1. matrix = [[10, 20],

2. [30, 40],
3. [50, 60]]
4. matrix_transpose = [[0, 0, 0],
5. [0, 0, 0]]
6. for rows in range(len(matrix)):
7. for columns in range(len(matrix[0])):
8. matrix_transpose[columns][rows] = matrix[rows][columns]
9. print("Transposed Matrix is")
10. for items in matrix_transpose:
11. print(items)

Fig 1 : Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.1

Check your progress – 6 :

Q27. Empty list in python is made by?
a) l = []
b) l = list()
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 c) Both of the above Data S
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d) None of the above

Q28. If we try to access the item outside the list index, then what type of
error it may give?
a) List is not defined
b) List index out of range
c) List index out of bound
d) No error

Q29. l = [1,2,3,4], then l[-2] is?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

Q30. The marks of a student on 6 subjects are stored in a list, list1 = [80, 66,
94, 87, 99, 95]. How can the students average marks be calculated?
a) print(avg(list1))
b) print(sum(list1)/len(list1))
c) print(sum(list1)/sizeof(list1))
d) print(total(list1)/len(list1))

Q31. What will be the output of the following Python code?

list1=[“Python”, “Java”, “c”, “C”, “C++”]
print(min(list1))
a) c
b) C++
c) C
d) Min function can’t be used on string elements

Q32. The elements of a list are arranged in descending order:

Which of the following two will give same outputs?
a) print(list_name.sort())
b) print(max(list_name))
c) print(list_name.reverse())
d) print(list_name[-1])
i, ii
i, iii
ii, iii
iii, iv

Q33. What will be the output of below python code?

list1=[“tom”, “mary”, “simon”]
list1.insert(5,8)
print(list1)
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 a) [“tom”, “mary”, “simon”, 5] Data Structures and
Control Statements
b) [“tom”, “mary”, “simon”, 8] in Python
c) [8, “tom”, “marry”, “simon”]
d) Error

Q34. What will be the output of below python code?

list1=[1,3,5,2,4,6,2]
list1.remove(2)
print(sum(list1))
a) 18
b) 19
c) 21
d) 22

Q35. What will be the output of below python code?

list1=[3,2,5,7,3,6]
list1.pop(3)
print(list1)
a) [3,2,5,3,6]
b) [2,5,7,3,6]
c) [2,5,7,6]
d) [3,2,5,7,3,6]

10.8.2 Tuple
In mathematics, a tuple is a finite ordered list (sequence) of elements. A tuple
is defined as a data structure that comprises an ordered, finite sequence of
immutable, heterogeneous elements that are of fixed sizes. Often, we may
want to return more than one value from a function. Tuples solve this
problem. They can also be used to pass multiple values through one function
parameter.

10.8.2.1 Creating Tuples

A tuple is a finite ordered list of values of possibly different types which is

used to bundle related values together without having to create a specific type
to hold them. Tuples are immutable. Once a tuple is created, one cannot
change its values. A tuple is defined by putting a comma-separated list of
values inside parantheses(). Each value inside a tuple is called an item. The
syntax for creating tuples is,

tuple_name = (item_1, item_2, item_3, ……………….., item_n)

Syntactically, a tuple is a comma-separated list of values:

In[]: t = ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’

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 Although it is not necessary, it is common to enclose tuples in parantheses to Data S
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help us quickly identify tuples when Python code is looked at:

In[]: t = (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’)

It is actually the comma that forms a tuple making the commas significant
and not the parentheses.

To create a tuple with a single element, one must include the final comma:

In[]: t1 = (‘a’,)

In[]: type(t1)

Out[]: tuple

In Python, the tuple type is tuple. Without the comma Python treats (‘a’) as
an expression with a string in parentheses that evaluates to a string:

In[]: t2 = (‘a’)

In[]: type(t2)

Out[]: str

One can create an empty tuple without any values. The syntax is,

tuple_name = ()

In[]: empty_tuple = ()

In[]: empty_tuple

Out[]: ()

One can store any type of type string, number, object, another variable, and
even another tuple itself. One can have a mix of different types of items in
tuples, and they need not be homogeneous.

In[]: socis = (‘mca’,’6 sem’,’3-6 yrs’,54000)

In[]: ignou = (‘soe’,’soh’,socis,’soms’)

In[]: ignou

Out[]: (‘soe’, ‘soh’, (‘mca’, ‘6 sem’, ‘3 – 6 yrs’, 54000), ‘soms’)

10.8.2.2 Basic Tuple Operations

Most list operators also work on tuples. The bracket operator indexes an
element:

In[]: t[0]

Out[]: ‘a’
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And the slice operator selects a range of elements. Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
In[]: t[1:3]

Out[]: (‘b’, ‘c’)

But if you try to modify one of the elemnts of the tuples, one will get an
error:

In[]: t[0] = ‘A’

TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment

We can’t modify the elements of a tuple, but can replace one tuple with
another:

In[]: t = (‘A’,) + t[1:]

In[]: t

Out[]: (‘A’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’)

Here, + operator is used to concatenate two tuples together. Similarly, *

operator can be used to repeat a sequence of tuple items.

In[]: t * 2

Out[]: (‘A’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’, ‘A’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’)

in and not in membership operator are used to check for the presence of an
item in a tuple.

Comparison operators like <, <=, >, >=, == and != are used to compare
tuples.

Python starts by comparing the first element from each sequence. If they are
equal, it goes on to the next element, and so on, until it finds elements that
differ. Subsequent elements are not considered even if they are really big.

In[]: (0, 1, 2) < (0, 3, 4)

Out[]: True

In[]: (0, 1, 500000) < (0, 3, 4)

Out[]: True

10.8.2.3 The tuple() Function

The built-in tuple() function is used to create a tuple. The syntax for the
tuple() function is:

tuple([sequence])

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 where sequence can be a number, string or tuple itself. If the optional Data S
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sequence is not specified, then an empty tuple is created.

In[]: t3 = tuple()

In[]: t3

Out[]: ()

If the argument is a sequence (string, list or tuple), the result of the call to
tuple is a tuple with the elements of the sequence:

In[]: t3 = tuple(‘IGNOU’)

In[]: t3

Out[]: (‘I’, ‘G’, ‘N’, ‘O’, ‘U’)

In[]: t4 = (1, 2, 3, 4)

In[]: nested_t = (t3, t4)

In[]: nested_t

Out[]: ((‘I’, ‘G’, ‘N’, ‘O’, ‘U’), (1, 2, 3, 4))

10.8.2.4Built-In Functions Used on Tuples

There are many built-in functions as listed in TABLE for which a tuple can
be passed as an argument.

TABLE 13: Built-In functions Used on Tuples

Built-In Functions Description

len() The len() function returns the number of items

in a tuple.

sum() The sum() function returns the sum of numbers

in the tuple.

sorted() The sorted() function returns a sorted copy of

the tuple as a list while leaving the original tuple
untouched.

In[]: len(t3)

Out[]: 5

In[]: sum(t4)

Out[]: 10

In[]: t5 = sorted(t3)
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 In[]: t5 Data Structures and
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Out[]: [‘G’, ‘I’, ‘N’, ‘O’, ‘U’]

10.8.2.5 Tuple assignment

One of the unique syntactic features of the Python language is the ability to
have a tuple on the left side of an assignment statement. This allows one to
assign more than one variable at a time when the left side is a sequence.

In this example we have a two-element list (which is a sequence) and assign

the first and second elements of the sequence to the variables x and y in a
single statement.

In[]: m = [‘good’, ‘luck’]

In[]: x, y = m

In[]: x

Out[]: ‘good’

In[]: y

Out[]: ‘luck’

Python roughly translates the tuple assignment syntax to be the following:

In[]: m = [‘good’, ‘luck’]

In[]: x = m[0]

In[]: y = m[1]

Stylistically, when we use a tuple on the left side of the assignment statement,
we omit the parentheses, but the following is an equally valid syntax:

In[]: (x, y) = m

10.8.2.6 Relation between Tuples and Lists

Though tuples may seem similar to lists, they are often used in different
situations and for different purposes. Tuples are immutable, and
usuallycontain a heterogeneous sequence of elements that are accessed via
unpacking or indexing. Lists are mutable, and their items are accessed via
indexing. Items cannot be added, removed or replaced in a tuple.

If an item within a tuple is mutable, then you can change it. Consider the
presence of a list as an item in a tuple, then any changes to the list get
reflected on the overall items in the tuple.

In[]: ignou = [‘soe’, ‘soms’, ‘socis’]

In[]: univ = (‘du’, ‘ggsipu’, ‘jnu’, ignou)

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 In[]: univ Data S
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Out[]: (‘du’, ‘ggsipu’, ‘jnu’, [‘soe’, ‘soms’, ‘socis’])

In[]: univ[3].append(‘soss’)

In[]: univ

Out[]: (‘du’, ‘ggsipu’, ‘jnu’, [‘soe’, ‘soms’, ‘socis’, ‘soss’])

10.8.2.7 Tuple Methods

To get a list of all the methods associated with the tuple, pass the tuple
function to dir().

Various methods associated with tuple are listed in the TABLE.

TABLE 14: Various Tuple Methods

Tuple Syntax Description

Methods

count() tuple_name.count(item) The count() method counts the

number of times the item has
occurred in the tuple and returns
it.

index() tuple-name.index(item) The index() method searches for

the given item from the start of
the tuple and returns its index. If
the value appears more than
once, you will get the index of
the first one. If the item is not
present in the tuple, then
ValueError is thrown by this
method.

Note: Replace the word “tuple_name” mentioned in the syntax with your
actual tuple name in the code.

In[]: channels = (“dd”, “star”, “sony”, “zee”, “dd”, “sab”)

In[]: channels.count(“dd”)

Out[]: 2

In[]: channels.index(“dd”)

Out[]: 0

In[]: channels.index(“zee”)

Out[]: 3
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 In[]: channels.count(“sab”) Data Structures and
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in Python
Out[]: 1

PROGRM 10.2 : Program to Populate with User-Entered Items

1. tuple_items = ()
2. total_items = int(input("Enter the total number of items: "))
3. for i in range(total_items):
4. user_input = int(input("Enter a number: "))
5. tuple_items += (user_input,)
6. print(f"Items added to tuple are {tuple_items}")
7. list_items = []
8. total_items = int(input("Enter the total number of items: "))
9. for i in range(total_items):
10. item = input("Enter an item to add: ")
11. list_items.append(item)
12. items_of_tuple = tuple(list_items)
13. print(f"Tuple items are {items_of_tuple}")

Fig 2 : Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.2

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Items are inserted into the tuple using two methods: using continuous
concatenation += operator and by converting list items to tuple items. In the
code, tuple_itemsis of tuple type. In both the methods, the total number of
items are specified which will be inserted to the tuple beforehand. Based on
this number, the for loop is iterated using the range() function. In the first
method, the user entered items are continuously concatenated to the tuple
using += operator. Tuples are immutable and are not supposed to be changed.
During each iteration, each original_tuple is replaced by original_tuple +
(new_element), thus creating a new tuple. Notice a comma after
new_element. In the second method, a list is created. For each iteration, the
user entered value is appended to the list_variable. This list is then converted
to tuple type using tuple() function.

Program 10.3 : Program to Swap Two Numbers without Using

Intermediate/Temporary Variable. Prompt the User for Input.

1. a = int(input("Enter a value for the first number "))

2. b = int(input("Enter a value for the second number "))
3. b, a = a, b
4. print("After Swapping")
5. print(f"Value for first number {a}")
248 6. print(f"Value for second number {b}")
Fig. 3 : Screen Shot of Program 10.3 Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python

The contents of variables a and b are reversed. The tuple variables are on the
left side of the assignment operator and, on the right side, are the tuple
values. The number of variables on the left and the number of values on the
right has to be the same. Each value is assigned to its respective variable.

Check your progress – 7 :

Q36. A python tuple can also be created without using parentheses
a) False
b) True

Q37. What is the output of the following?

aTuple = “Yellow”, 20, “Red”
a, b, c = aTuple
print(a)
a) (‘Yellow’, 20, ‘Red’)
b) TypeError
c) Yellow

Q38. Choose the correct way to access value 20 from the following tuple
aTuple = (“Orange”, [10, 20, 30], (5, 15, 25))
a) aTuple[1:2][1]
b) aTuple[1:2](1)
c) aTuple[1:2][1]
d) aTuple[1][1]

Q39. Select which is true for python tuple

a) A tuple maintains the order of items
b) A tuple is unordered
c) we cannot change the tuple once created
d) we can change the tuple once created

Q40. What will be the output of below python code: 249

 tuple1=(2, 4, 3) Data S
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tuple2=tuple1*2
print(tuple2)
a) (4, 8, 6)
b) (2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3)
c) (2, 2, 4, 4, 3, 3)
d) Error

Q41. What will be the output of below python code:

tupl = (“annie”, “hena”, “sid”)
print(tupl[-3:0])
a) (“annie”)
b) ()
c) None
d) Error as slicing is not possible in tuple

Q42. Which of the following options will not result in an error when
performed on tuples in python where tupl = (5, 2, 7, 0, 3)?
a) tupl[1] = 2
b) tupl.append(2)
c) tupl1 = tupl + tupl
d) tupl.sort()

10.8.3 Dictionaries
In the real world, you have seen your Contact-list in your phone. It is
practically impossible to memorize the mobile number of everyone you come
across. In the Contact-list, you store the name of the person as well as his
number. This allows you to identify the mobile number based on a person’s
name. One can think of a person’s name as the key that retrives his mobile
number, which is the value associated with the key. So, dictionary can be
thought of :

- an un-ordered collection of key-value pairs, with the requirement

that the keys are unique within a dictionary.
- as a mapping between a set of indices (which are called keys) and
a set of values. Each key maps to a value. The association of a key
and a value is called a key-value pair or sometimes an item.
- has a length, specifically the number of key-value pairs.
- provides fast look up by key.

The keys of the dictionary must be immutable object types and are case
sensitive. Keys can be either a string or a number. But lists can not be used as
keys. A value in the dictionary can be of any data type including string,
number, list or dictionary itself.
250
Dictionaries are constructed using curly braces {}, wherein a list of key:value Data Structures and
Control Statements
pairs get separated by commas. There is a colon(:) separating each of these in Python
keys and value pairs, where the words to the left of the colon operator are the
keys and the words to the right of the colon operator are the values.

The syntax for creating a dictionary is :

dictionary_name = {key_1:value_1, key_2:value_2, key_3:value_3, ……..

, key_n : value_n}

In[]: eng2sp = {‘one’ : ‘uno’, ‘two’ : ‘dos’, ‘three’ : ‘tres’}

In[]: eng2sp

Out[]:{‘one’ : ‘uno’, ‘two’ : ‘dos’, ‘three’ : ‘tres’}

With Python 3.6 version, the output of dictionary statements is ordered

key:value pairs. Here, ordered means “insertion ordered”, i.e, dictionaries
remember the order in which the key:value pairs were inserted. The elements
of a dictionary are never indexed with integer indices. Instead, the keys are
used to look up the corresponding values:

In[]: eng2sp[‘two’]

Out[]: ‘dos’

The key ‘two’ always maps to the value ‘dos’ so the order of the items
doesn’t matter. If the key isn’t in the dictionary, one get an exception:

In[]: eng2sp[‘four’]

Out[]: KeyError: ‘four’

Slicing in dictionaries is not allowed since they are not ordered like lists.

10.8.3.1 Built –In Functions Used on Dictionaries

There are many built-in functions for which a dictionary can be passed as an
argument. The main operations on a dictionary are storing a value with some
key and extracting the value for a given key.

TABLE 15: Built-In Functions Used on Dictionaries

Built – in Description
Functions

len() The len() function returns the number of items

(key:value pairs) in a dictionary.

all() The all() function returns Boolean True value if all the
keys in the dictionary are True else retuens False.

any() The any() function returns Boolean True value if any

251
 of the key in the dictionary is True else returns False. Data S
Cont
sorted() The sorted() function by default returns a list of items,
which are sorted based on dictionary keys.

In[]: len(eng2sp)

Out[]: 3

len() function can be used to find the number of key:value pairs in the
dictionary eng2sp. In Python, any non-zero integer value is True, and zero is
interpreted as False. With all() function, if all the keys are Boolean True
values, then the output is True else it is False.

In[]: dict_func = {0 : True, 1 : False, 4 : True}

In[]: all(dict_func)

Out[]: False

For any() function, if any one of the keys is True then it results in a True
Boolean value else False Boolean value.

In[]: any(dict_func)

Out[]: True

The sorted() function returns the sorted list of keys by default in ascending
order without modifying the original key:value pairs. For list of keys sorted
in descending order by passing the second argument as reverse = True.

In[]: sorted(eng2sp)

Out[]: [‘one’, ‘three’, ‘two’]

In[]: sorted(eng2sp, reverse=True)

Out[]: [‘two’, ‘three’, ‘one’]

The in operator works on dictionaries; it tells whether something appears as a

key in the dictionary (appearing as a value is not good enough).

In[]: ‘one’ in eng2sp

Out[]: True

In[]: ‘uno’ in eng2sp

Out[]: False

The in operator uses different algorithms for lists and dictionaries. For lists, it
uses a linear search algorithm. As a list gets longer, the search time gets
252 longer in direct proportion to the length of the list. For dictionaries, Python
uses an algorithm called a hash table, so, the in operaor takes about the same Data Structures and
Control Statements
amount of time no matter how many items there are in a dictionary. in Python

10.8.3.2 Dictionary Methods

Various methods associated with dictionary are listed below:

TABLE 16: Various Dictionary Methods

Dictionary Syntax Description

Methods

clear() dictionary_name.clear() The clear() method removes all the key:value pairs
from the dictionary.

fromkeys() dictionary_name.fromkeys The fromkeys() method creates a new dictionary from

(seq[, value]) the given sequence of elements with a value provided
by the user.

get() dictionary_name.get(key[, The get() method returns the value associated with the
default]) specified key in the dictionary. If the key is not present
then it returns the default value. If default is not given,
it defaults to None, so that this method never raises a
KeyError.

items() dictionary_name.items() The items() method returns a new view of dictionary’s

key and value pairs as tuples.

keys() dictionary_name.keys() The keys() method returns a new view consisting of aall
the keys in the dictionary.

pop() dictionary_name.pop(key[, The pop() method removes the key from the dictionary
default]) and returns its value. If the key is not present, then it
returns the default value. If the default is not given and
the key is not in the dictionary, then it results in
KeyError.

popitem() dictionary_name.popitem( The popitem() methos removes and returns an arbitrary

) (key, value) tuple pair from the dictionary. If the
dictionary is empty, then calling popitem() results in
KeyError.

setdefault() dictionary_name.setdefault The setdefault() method returns a value for the key
(key[, default]) present in the dictionary. If the key is not present, then
insert the key into the dictionary with a default value
and return the default value. If key is present, default
defaults to None, so that this methos never raises a
KeyError.

update() dictionary_name.update([o The update() method updates the dictionary with the
key:value pairs from other dictionary object and it
253
 ther]) returns None. Data S
Cont
values() dictionary_name.values() The values() method returns a new view consi
all the values in the dictionary.

Note: Replace the word “dictionary_name” mentioned in the syntax with the
actual dictionary name.

In[]: million_dollar = {“sanju” : 2018, “tiger zindahai” : 2017,

“baahubali 2” : 2017, “dangal” : 2016, “bajrangibhaijaan” : 2015}

In[]: bolwd_million_dollar =
million_dollar.fromkeys(million_dollar, “1,00,00,000”)

In[]: bolwd_million_dollar

Out[]: {'sanju': '1,00,00,000',

'tiger zindahai': '1,00,00,000',

'baahubali 2': '1,00,00,000',

'dangal': '1,00,00,000',

'bajrangibhaijaan': '1,00,00,000'}

In[]: million_dollar.get("bahubali 1")

In[]: million_dollar.get("bahubali 1", 2015)

Out[]: 2015

In[]: million_dollar.keys()

Out[]: dict_keys(['sanju', 'tiger zindahai', 'baahubali 2', 'dangal',

'bajrangibhaijaan'])

In[]: million_dollar.values()

Out[]: dict_values([2018, 2017, 2017, 2016, 2015])

In[]: million_dollar.items()

Out[]: dict_items([('sanju', 2018), ('tiger zindahai', 2017),

('baahubali 2', 2017), ('dangal', 2016), ('bajrangibhaijaan', 2015)])

In[]: million_dollar.update({"bahubali 1" : 2015})

In[]: million_dollar

Out[15]:

{'sanju': 2018,

'tiger zindahai': 2017,

254
 'baahubali 2': 2017, Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
'dangal': 2016,

'bajrangibhaijaan': 2015,

'bahubali 1': 2015}

One of the common ways of populating dictionaries is to start with an empty

dictionary{}, then use the update() method to assign a value to the key using
assignment operator. If the key doesnot exist, then the key:value pairs will be
created automatically and added to the dictionary.

In[]: states ={}

In[]: states.update({"Haryana":"Chandigarh"})

In[]: states.update({"Bihar":"Patna"})

In[]: states.update({"west bengal" : "kolkata"})

In[]: states

Out[23]: {'Haryana': 'Chandigarh', 'Bihar': 'Patna', 'west

bengal': 'kolkata'}

If a dictionary is used as the sequence in a for statement, it traverses the keys

of the dictionary. This loop prints each key and the corresponding value:

In[] : for key in states :

print(key, states[key])

Out[]:

Haryana Chandigarh

Bihar Patna

west bengalkolkata

Program 10.4 : Write a Program that Accepts a Sentence and Calculate

the Number of Digits, Uppercase and Lowercase Letters

1. sentence = input("Enter a sentence : ")

2. construct_dictionary = {"digits":0, "lowercase":0, "uppercase":0}
3. for each_character in sentence :
4. if each_character.isdigit() :
5. construct_dictionary["digits"] += 1
6. elifeach_character.isupper() :
7. construct_dictionary["uppercase"] += 1
8. elifeach_character.islower() :
9. construct_dictionary["lowercase"] += 1
10. print("The number of digits, lowercase and uppercase letters are") 255
 11. print(construct_dictionary) Data S
Cont
Fig. 4: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.4

To delete the key:value pair, use the del statement followed by the name of
the dictionary along with the key you want to delete.

In[]: del states[“west bengal”]

In[]: states

Out[]: {‘Haryana’: ‘Chandigarh’, ‘Bihar’ : ‘Patna’}

10.8.3.3 Relation between Tuples and Dictionaries

Tuples can be used as key:value pairs to build dictionaries.

In[]:pm_year =
(('jln',1947),('lbs',1964),('ig',1966),('rg',1984),('pvn',1991),('abv',1998),('n
m',2014))

In[]: pm_year

Out[]:
(('jln', 1947),
('lbs', 1964),
('ig', 1966),
('rg', 1984),
('pvn', 1991),
('abv', 1998),
('nm', 2014))
In[]: pm_year_dict = dict(pm_year)

In[]: pm_year_dict

Out[]:
256
 {'jln': 1947, Data Structures and
Control Statements
'lbs': 1964, in Python
'ig': 1966,
'rg': 1984,
'pvn': 1991,
'abv': 1998,
'nm': 2014}

The tuples can be converted to dictionaries by passing the tuple name to the
dict() function. This is achieved by nesting tuples within tuples, wherein each
nested tuple item should have two items in it. The first item becomes the key
and the second item as its value when the tuple gets converted to a
dictionary.

Check your progress - 8:

Q43. In Python, Dictionaries and its keys both are immutable.
a) a)True, True
b) True, False
c) False, True
d) False, False

Q44. Select correct ways to create an empty dictionary:

a) sampleDict = {}
b) sampleDict = dict()
c) sampleDict = dict{}

Q45. Items are accessed by their position in a dictionary and all the keys in a
dictionary must be of the same type.
a) True
b) False

Q46. To obtain the number of entries in dictionary, d which command do we

use?
a) d.size()
b) len(d)
c) size(d)
d) d.len()

Q47. Which one of the following is correct?

a) In python, a dictionary can have two same keys with different
values.
b) In python, a dictionary can have two same values with different
keys.
c) In python, a dictionary can have two same keys or same values but
cannot have two same key-value pair.
d) In python, a dictionary can neither have two same keys nor two same
257
 values. Data S
Cont

Q48. What will be the output of above Python code?

d1={"abc":5,"def":6,"ghi":7}
print(d1[0])
a) abc
b) 5
c) {"abc":5}
d) Error

Q49. What will the above Python code do?

dict={"Phy":94,"Che":70,"Bio":82,"Eng":95}
dict.update({"Che":72,"Bio":80})
a) It will create new dictionary as dict={"Che":72,"Bio":80} and old dict
will be deleted.
b) It will throw an error as dictionary cannot be updated.
c) It will simply update the dictionary as
dict={"Phy":94,"Che":72,"Bio":80,"Eng":95}
d) It will not throw any error but it will not do any changes in dict

Q50. Select all correct ways to remove the key ‘marks‘ from a dictionary
student = {
“name” : “Emma”,
“class” : 9,
“marks” : 75
}
a) student.pop(“marks”)
b) del student[“marks”]
c) student.popitem()
d) dict1.remove(“key2”)

Q51. Select all correct ways to copy a dictionary in Python

a) dict2 = dict1.copy()
b) dict2 = dict(dict1.items())
c) dict2 = dict(dict1)
d) dict2 = dict1
10.8.4Sets
A set is an unordered collection with no duplicate items. Primary uses of sets
include membership testing and eliminating duplicate entries. Sets also
support mathematical operations, such as union, intersection, difference, and
symmetric difference.

Curly braces{} or the set() function can be used to create sets with a comma-
separated list of items inside curly brackets{}. Note: to create an empty set
you have to use set() and not{} as the latter creates an empty dictionary.

258
Sets are mutable. Indexing is not possible in sets, since set items are Data Structures and
Control Statements
unordered. One cannot access or change an item of the set using indexing or in Python
slicing.

In[]: basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}

In[]: basket

Out[]: {'apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'pear'}

A set is a collection of unique items. Duplicate items are removed from the
set basket. Here, the set will contain only one item of ‘orange’ and ‘apple’.

In[]: 'orange' in basket

Out[]: True

In[]: 'grapes' in basket

Out[]: False

One can test for the presence of an item in a set using in and not in
membership operators.

In[]: len(basket)

Out[]: 4

In[]: sorted(basket)

Out[]: ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'pear']

Total number of items in the set basket is found using the len() function. The
sorted() function returns a new sorted list from items in the set.

In[]: a = set('abrakadabra')

In[]: a

Out[]: {'a', 'b', 'd', 'k', 'r'}

In[]: b = set('alexander')

In[]: b

Out[]: {'a', 'd', 'e', 'l', 'n', 'r', 'x'}

In[]: a-b #letters present in set a, but not in set b

Out[]: {'b', 'k'}

In[]: a | b #Letters present in set a, set b, or both

Out[]: {'a', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'k', 'l', 'n', 'r', 'x'}

In[]: a & b #letters present in both set a and set b

259
 Out[]: {'a', 'd', 'r'} Data S
Cont
In[]: a ^ b #letters present in set a or set b, buth not both

Out[]: {'b', 'e', 'k', 'l', 'n', 'x'}

10.8.4.1 Set Methods

A list of all the methods associated with the set can be obtained by passing
the set function to dir().

Various methods associated with set are listed in the TABLE.

TABLE 17 : Various Set Methods

Set Methods Syntax Description

add() set_name.add(item) The add() method adds an item to the set

set_name.

clear() set_name.clear() The clear() method removes all the items

from the set set_name.

difference() set_name.difference( The difference() method returns a new set

*others) with items in the set set_name that are not
in the others sets.

discard() set_name.discard(ite The discard() method removes an item

m) from the set set_name if it is present.

intersection() set_name.intersectio The intersection() method returns a new set

n(*others) with items common to the set set_name
and all other sets.

isdisjoint() set_name.isdisjoint(o The isdisjoint() method returns True if the

ther) set set_name has no items in common with
other set. Sets are disjoint if and only if
their intersection is the empty set.

issubset() set_name.issubset(ot The issubset() method returns True if every

her) item in the set set_name is in the other set.

issuperset() set_name.issuperset( The issuperset() method returns True if

other) every element in other set is in the set
set_name.

pop() set_name.pop() The method pop() removes and returns an

arbitrary item from the set set_name. It
raises KeyError if the set is empty.

remove() set_name.remove(ite The method remove() removes an item

m) from the set set_name. It raises KeyError if
260
 the item is not contained in the set. Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
symmetric_d set_name.symmetric The method symmetric_difference()
ifference() _difference(other) returns a new set with items from the set
set_name and all other sets.

union() set_name.union(*oth The method union() returns a new set with

ers) items from the set set_name and all others
sets.

update() set_name.update(*ot Update the set set_name by adding items

hers) from all others sets

Note: Replace the words “set_name”, “other” and “others” mentioned in the
syntax with your actual set names in your code.

In[]: flowers1 = {'sunflower', 'roses', 'lavender', 'tulips',

'goldcrest'}

In[]: flowers2 = {'roses', 'tulips', 'lilies', 'daisies'}

In[]: flowers2.add('orchids')

In[]: flowers2.difference(flowers1)

Out[]: {'daisies', 'lilies', 'orchids'}

In[]: flowers2.intersection(flowers1)

Out[]: {'roses', 'tulips'}

In[]: flowers2.isdisjoint(flowers1)

Out[]: False

In[]: flowers2.issuperset(flowers1)

Out[]: False

In[]: flowers2.issubset(flowers1)

Out[]: False

In[]: flowers2.symmetric_difference(flowers1)

Out[]: {'daisies', 'goldcrest', 'lavender', 'lilies', 'orchids',

'sunflower'}

In[]: flowers2.union(flowers1)

Out[]:
{'daisies',
'goldcrest',
'lavender', 261
 'lilies', Data S
Cont
'orchids',
'roses',
'sunflower',
'tulips'}

In[]: flowers2.update(flowers1)

Out[]: flowers2

Out[]:
{'daisies',
'goldcrest',
'lavender',
'lilies',
'orchids',
'roses',
'sunflower',
'tulips'}

In[]: flowers2.discard("roses")

In[]: flowers2

Out[]:
{'daisies',
'goldcrest',
'lavender',
'lilies',
'orchids',
'sunflower',
'tulips'}

In[]: flowers1.pop()

Out[]: 'roses'

In[]: flowers2.clear()

In[]: flowers2

Out[]: set()

10.8.4.2Traversing of Sets

One can iterate through each item in a set using a for loop.

In[]: for flower in flowers1 :

262
 print(f”{flower} is a flower”) Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
Out[]: lavender is a flower

tulips is a flower

goldcrest is a flower

sunflower is a flower

10.8.4.3Frozenset

A frozenset is basically the same as a set, except that it is immutable. Once a

frozenset is created, its items cannot be changed. Since they are immutable,
they can be used as members in other sets and as dictionary keys. The
frozensets have the same functions as normal sets, except none of the
functions that change the contents (update, remove, pop, etc.) are available.

In[]: fs = frozenset(["g","o","o","d"])
#creating/declaring frozenset

In[]: fs #displaying the contents

of frozenset

Out[]: frozenset({'d', 'g', 'o'})

In[]: pets = set([fs, "horse", "cow"]) #Frozenset type

is used within a set

In[]: pets

Out[]: {'cow', frozenset({'d', 'g', 'o'}), 'horse'}

In[]: lang_used = {"english":59, "french":29, "spanish":21}

In[]: frozenset(lang_used) #keys in a dictionary are

returned when a dictionary is
passed as an argument to
frozenset() function.

Out[]: frozenset({'english', 'french', 'spanish'})

In[]: frs = frozenset(["german"])

#Frozenset is used as a key in dictionary

In[]: lang_used = {"english":59, "french":29, "spanish":21, frs:6}

In[]: lang_used

Out[]: {'english': 59, 'french': 29, 'spanish': 21, frozenset({'german'}): 6}

Check your progress - 9:

263
 Q52. Select which is true for Python set: Data S
Cont
a) Sets are unordered.
b) Set doesn’t allow duplicate
c) sets are written with curly brackets {}
d) set Allows duplicate
e) set is immutable
f) a set object does support indexing

Q53. What is the output of the following union operation?:

set1 = {10, 20, 30, 40}
set2 = {50, 20, “10”, 60}
set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)
a) {40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
b) {40, ’10’, 50, 20, 60, 30}
c) {40, 10, ’10’, 50, 20, 60, 30}
d) SynatxError: Different types cannot be used with sets

Q54. What is the output of the following set operation?:

set1 = {“Yellow”, “Orange”, “Black”}
set2 = {“Orange”, “Blue”, “Pink”}
set3 = set2.difference(set1)
print(set3)
a) {‘Yellow’, ‘Black’, ‘Pink’, ‘Blue’}
b) {‘Pink’, ‘Blue’}
c) {‘Yellow’, ‘Black’}

Q55. What is the output of the following set operation?:

set1 = {“Yellow”, “Orange”, “Black”}
set1.discard(“Blue”)
print(set1)
a) {‘Yellow’, ‘Orange’, ‘Black’}
b) KeyError: ‘Blue’

Q56. The isdisjoint() method returns True if none of the items are present in
both sets, otherwise, it returns False.
a) True
b) False

Q57. Select all the correct ways to copy two sets

a) set2 = set1.copy()
b) set2 = set1
c) set2 = set(set1)
d) set2.update(set1)

264
Q58. The symmetric_difference() method returns a set that contains all items Data Structures and
Control Statements
from both sets, but not the items that are present in both sets. in Python
a) False
b) True

10.9 CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

Python supports a set of control flow statements that you can integrate into
your program. The statements inside your Python program are generally
executed sequentially from top to bottom in the order that they appear. Apart
from sequential control flow statements, you can employ decision making
and looping control flow statements to break up the flow of execution thus
enabling your program to conditionally execute particular block of code. The
term control flow details the direction the program takes.

The control flow statements in Python Programming Language are:

10.9.1 Sequential Control Flow Statements :This refers to the line by line
execution, in which the statements are executed sequentially, in the
same order in which they appear in the program.
10.9.2 Decision Control Flow Statements :Depending on whether a
condition is True or False, the decision structure may skip the
execution of an entire block of statements or even execute one block
of statements instead of other (if, if…else and if…elif…else).
10.9.3 Loop Control Flow Statements : This is a control structure that
allows the execution of a block of statements multiple times until a
loop termination condition is met (for loop and while loop). Loop
Control Flow statements are also called Repetition statements ot
Iteration Statements.

10.9.2.1 The if Decision Control Flow Statement

In order to write useful programs, we almost need the ability to check

conditions and change the behavior of the program accordingly. The Decision
Control Flow Statements give us this ability. The simplest form is the if
statement.

The syntax for if statement is:

if Boolean_Expression :
statement (s)
The Boolean expression after the if statement is called the condition. We end
the if statement with a colon character (:) and the line(s) after the if statement
are indented. The if statement decides whether to run statement (s) or not
depending upon the value of the Boolean expression. If the Boolean
expression evaluates to True then indented statements in the if block will be
executed,otherwise if the result is False then none of the statements are
executed. E.g.,
265
 is x > 0? Yes
If x >0 : Data S
Cont
print ( ‘x is positive’) print(‘x is positive’)

Fig. 5: If Logic
Here, depending on the value of x, print statement will be executed i.e. only
if x > 0.

There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear in the body, but
there must be at least one. In Python, the if block statements are determined
through indentation and the first unindented statement marks the end. You
don’t need to use the == operator explicitly to check if the variable’s value
evaluates to True as the variable name can itself be used as a condition.

Program 10.5:Program reads your age and prints a message whether

you are eligible to vote or not???

1. age = int(input(“Enter your age : ”))

2. if age >= 18 :
3. print (“Congratulations!!! you can vote”)
4. print (“!!! Thanks !!!”)
5. print (“Voting is your birth right. Use judicially”)

Fig. 6: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.5

Here, condition or Boolean expression is true, indented block would be

executed

Here, condition is False, so indented block would not be executed and only
the unindented statement after the if block would be executed.

10.9.2.2 The if…else Decision Control Flow Statement

An if statement can also be followed by an else statement which is optional.

266 An else statement does not have any condition. Statements in the if block are
executed if the Boolean_Expression is True. Use the optional else block to Data Structures and
Control Statements
execute statements if the Boolean_Expression is False. The if…else in Python
statements allow for a two – way decision.

The syntax for if…else statement is:

if Boolean_Expression :
statement_blk_1
else
statement_blk_2

If the Boolean_Expression evaluates to True, then statement_blk_1 (single or

multiple statements) is executed, otherwise it is evaluated to False then
statement_blk_2 (single or multiple statements) is executed. Indentation is
used to separate the blocks. After the execution of either statement_blk_1 or
statement_blk_2, the control is transferred to the next statement after the if
statement. Also, if and else keywords should be aligned at the same column
position.

Program 10.6 : Program to find if a given number is odd or even

1. num = int(input(“Enter a number : “)

2. if num % 2 == 0 :
3. print (num,“ is even number”)
4. Else:
5. print (num,“ is odd number”)

No
Yes
num % 2 == 0

Print(‘num is odd’) Print(‘num is even’)

Fig. 6: IF – ELSE LOGIC

A number is read and stored in the variable named num. The num is checked
using modulus operator to determine whether the num is perfectly divisible
by 2 or not. Num entered is 15 which makes the evaluated expression False,
so the else statement is executed and num is odd.

Fig. 7: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.6

267
 Data S
Cont

10.9.2.3 The if…elif…else Decision Control Statement

The if…elif…else is also called as multi-way decision control statement.

When you need to choose from several possible alternatives, an elif statement
is used along with an if statement. The keyword ‘elif’ is short for ‘else if’ and
is useful to avoid excessive indentation. The else statement must always
come last, and will again act as the default action.

The syntax for if…elif…else statement is,

if Boolean_Expression_1 :
statement_blk_1
elif Boolean_Expression_2 :
statement_blk_2
elif Boolean_Expression_3 :
statement_blk_3
:
:
:
else :
statement_blk_last

This if…elif…else decision control statement is executed as follows:

 In the case of multiple Boolean expression, only the first logical
Boolean expression which evaluates to True will be executed.
 If Boolean_Expression_1 is True, then statement_blk_1 is executed.
 If Boolean_Expression_1 is False and Boolean_Expression_2 is True,
then statement_blk_2 is executed.
 If Boolean_Expression_1 and Boolean_Expression_2 is False and
Boolean_Expression_3 is True, then statement_blk_3 is executed and
so on.
 If none of the Boolean_Expression is True, then statement_blk_last is
executed.

Program 10.7 : Write a program to prompt for a score between 0.0 and
1.0. If the score is out of range, print an error. If the score is between 0.0
and 1.0, print a grade using the following table
268
Score Grade Data Structures and
Control Statements
>= 0.9 A in Python
>= 0.8 B
>= 0.7 C
>= 0.6 D
< 0.6 F

1. score = float(input(“Enter your score : ”)) Yes

if score < 0
2. if score < 0 or score >1 : or score >1 Wrong Input’
3. print(‘Wrong Input’)
4. elif score >= 0.9 :
5. print(‘Your Grade is “A”’)
6. elif score >= 0.8 : Yes
7. print(‘Your Grade is “B”’) score >= 0.9 Your Grade is “A”
8. elif score >= 0.7 :
9. print(‘Your Grade is “C”’)
10. elif score >= 0.6 :
11. print(‘Your Grade is “D”’) Yes
12. else : score >= 0.8 Your Grade is “B”
13. print(‘Your Grade is “F”’)
Fig. 9: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.7

Yes
score >= 0.7
Your Grade is “C”

Yes
score >= 0.6 Your Grade is “D”

Your Grade is “F”

Fig.8 : IF – ELIF ‐ ELSE LOGIC

10.9.2.4 Nested if Statement

In some situations, you have to place an if statement inside another statement.
An if statement that contains another if statement either in its if block or else
block is called a Nested if statement.

The syntax of the nested if statement is,

269
 if Boolean_Expression_1 : Data S
Cont
if Boolean_Expression_2 :
statement_blk_1
else :
statement_blk_2
else :
statement_blk_3
If the Boolean_Expression_1 is evaluated to True, then the control shifts to
Boolean_Expression_2 and if the expression is evaluated to True, then
statement_blk_1 is executed.If the Boolean_Expression_2 is evaluated to
False then the statement_blk_2 is executed. If the Boolean_Expression_1 is
evaluated to False, then the statement_blk_3 is executed.
A three – branch example could be written as :
if x == y :
print(‘x and y are equal’)
else :
if x <y :
print(‘x is less than y’)
else :
print(‘x is greater than y’)

The outer conditional contains two branches. The first branch contains a
simple statement. The second branch contains another if statement has two
branches of its own. Those two branches are both simple statements, although
they could have been conditional statements as well.

Ye No
x == y

Ye No
x<y
print(‘equal’)

print(‘less’) print(‘greater’)

Fig. 10 : NESTED IF LOGIC

PROGRAM 10.8 : Program to check if a given year is a leap year

1. year = int(input(‘Enter a year : ‘))
2. if year % 4 == 0 :
3. if year % 100 == 0 :
4. if year % 400 == 0 :
5. print(f’{year} is a Leap Year’)
6. else :
270 7. printf(f’{year} is not a Leap Year’)
 8. else : Data Structures and
Control Statements
9. print(f’{year} is a Leap Year’) in Python
10. else :
11. print(f’{year} is not a Leap Year’)

Fig. 11: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.8

All years which are perfectly divisible by 4 are leap years except for century
years (years ending with 00) which is a leap year only it is perfectly divisible
by 400. For example, years like 2012, 2004, 1968 are leap years but 1971,
2006 are not leap years. Similarly, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 are leap years but
1700, 1800, 1900 are not.

Although the indentation of the statements makes the structure apparent,

nested conditional becomes difficult to read very quickly. In general, it is a
good idea to avoid them when you can.

10.9.3.1 The while loop

Computers are often used to automate repetitive tasks. Repeating identical or
similar tasks without making error is something that computers do well and
people do poorly. Because iteration is so common, Python provides several
language features to make it easier.
Orogrne form of iteration in Python is the while statement. The syntax for
while loop is :
while Boolean_Expression :
statement(s)
Program 10.9 : Program that counts down from five and then says
“Blastoff!”
1. n = 5
2. while n >0 :
271
 3. print(n) Data S
Cont
4. n=n–1
5. print(‘Blastoff!’)

Fig. 12: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.9

You can almost read the while statement as if it were English. It means,
“While n is greater than 0, display the value of n and then reduce the value of
n by 1. When you get to 0, exit the while statement and display the word
Blastoff!”

More formally, the flow of execution for a while statement is :

1. Evaluate the condition or the Boolean_Expression, yielding True or
False.
2. If the Boolean_Expression is false,exit the while statement and then
continue execution at the next statement.
3. If the Boolean_Expression is true, execute the body and then go back.
This type of flow is called a loop because the third step loops back around to
the top. We call each time we execute the body of the loop an iteration. for
the above loop, we would say, “It had five iterations”, which means that the
body of the loop was executed five times.
The body of the loop should change the value of one or more variables so that
eventually the condition or the Boolean_Expression becomes false and the
loop terminates. We call the variable that changes each time the loop
executes and controls when the loop finishes the iteration variable. If there is
no iteration variable, the loop will repeat forever, resulting in an infinite loop.

PROGRAM 10.10 : Program to display the Fibonacci Sequences up to

nth term where n is provided by the user
1. nterms = int(input(‘How many terms?’))
2. current = 0
3. previous = 1
272
 4. next_term = 0 Data Structures and
Control Statements
5. count = 0 in Python
6. if nterms<= 0 :
7. print(‘Please enter a positive number’)
8. elifnterms == 1 :
9. print(‘Fibonacci Sequence’)
10. print(‘0’)
11. else :
12. print(“Fibonacci Sequence”)
13. while count <nterms :
14. print(next_term)
15. current = next_term
16. next_term = previous + current
17. previous = current
18. count += 1
Fig. 13: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.10

In a Fibonacci sequence, the next number is obtained by adding the previos

two numbers. The first two numbers of the Fibonacci sequence are 0 and 1.
The next number is obtained by adding 1 and 1 which is 1. Again, the next
number is obtained by adding 1 and 1 which is 2 and so on. Get a number
from user up to which you want to generate Fibonacci sequence. Assign
273
 values to variables current, previous, next_term and count. The variable count Data S
Cont
keeps track of number of times the while block is executed. User is required
to enter a posititve number to generate a single number in the sequence, then
print zero. The next_term is obtained by adding the previous and current
variables and the statements in the while block are repeated until while block
conditional expression becomes False.

10.9.3.2 The for loop

Sometimes we want to loop through a set of things such as a list of words, the
lines in a file, or a list of numbers. When we have a list of things to loop
through, we can construct a definite loop using a for statement. We call the
while statement an indefinite loop because it simply loops until some
condition becomes False, whereas the for loop is looping through a known
set of items so it runs through as many iterations as there are items in the set.
The syntax for the for loop is :
for iteration_variable in sequence :
statement(s)
The for loop starts with for keyword and ends with a colon. The first item in
the sequence gets assigned to the iteration variableiteration_variable. Here,
iteration_variable can be any valid variable name. Then the statement block
is executed. This process of assigning items from the sequence to the
iteration_variable and then executing the statement continues until all the
items in the sequence are completed.

The for loop is incomplete without the use of range() function which is a
built-in function. It is very useful in demonstrating for loop. The range()
function generates a sequence of numbers which can be iterated through
using for loop. the syntax for range() function is,
range([start ,] stop [, step])
Both start and step arguments are optional and is represented with the help of
square brackets and the range argument value should always be an iteger.
start  value indicates the beginning of the sequence. If the start
argument is not specified, then the sequence of numbers start from zero by
default.
stop  generates numbers up to this value but not including the
number itself.
step  indicates the difference between every two consecutive
numbers in the sequence. The step value can be both negative and positive
but not zero.

PROGRAM 10.11 : Program to find the sum of all odd and even
numbers up to a number specified by the user.
1. number = int(input(“Enter a number”))
2. even = 0
274
 3. odd = 0 Data Structures and
Control Statements
4. for i in range(number) : in Python
5. if i % 2 == 0 :
6. even = even + i
7. else :
8. odd = odd + i
9. print(f”Sum of Even numbers are {even} and Odd numbers are
{odd}”)
Fig. 14: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.11

A range of numbers are generated using range() function. As only stop value
is indicated in the range() function, so numbers from 0 to 9 are generated.
Then the generated numbers are segregated as odd or even by using the
modulus operator in the for loop. All the even numbers are added up and
assigned to even variable and odd numbers are added up and assigned to odd
variable and print the result. The for loop will be executed / iterated number
of times entered by user which is 10 in this case.
PROGRAM 10.12 : Program to find the factorial of a number.
1. number = int(input(‘Enter a number’))
2. factorial = 1
3. if number <0 :
4. print(“Factorial doesn’t exist for negative numbers”)
5. elif number == 0 :
6. print(“The factorial of 0 is 1”)
7. else :
8. for i in range(1, number + 1) :
9. factorial = factorial * i
10. print(f”The factorial of number {number} is {factorial}”)
Fig. 15: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.12

275
 Data S
Cont

Read the number from user. A value of 1 is assigned to variable factorial. To find
the factorial of a number it has to be checked for a non – negative integer. If the user
entered number is zero then the factorial is 1. To generate numbers from 1 to the
user entered number range() function is used. Every number is multiplied with the
factorial variable and is assigned to the factorial variable inside the for loop. The for
loop block is repeated for all the numbers starting from 1 up to the user entered
number. Finally, the factorial value is printed.

10.9.3.3The continue and break Statements

The break and continue statements provide greater control over the execution
of code in a loop.Whenever the break statement is encountered, the execution
control immediately jumps to the first instruction following the loop. To pass
control to the next iteration without exiting the loop, use the continue
statement. Both continue and break statements can be used in while and for
loops.

PROGRAM 10.13 : Program that prints integers from zero to 5.

1. count = 0
2. while True :
3. count += 1
4. if count >5 :
5. break
6. print (count)

276
 Data Structures and
Control Statements
in Python
Fig. 16: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.13

In the while loop, as soon as count value reaches 6, because of break

statement print statement will not be executed and control will come out of
the while loop.

PROGRAM 10.14 : Program that processes only odd integers from 0 to

10.
1. count = 0
2. while count <10 :
3. count += 1
4. if count % 2 == 0 :
5. continue
6. print (count)
Fig. 17: Screen Shot of execution of Program 10.14

The continue statement in the while loop will not let the print statement to execute if
the count value is even and control will go for next iteration. Here, loop will go
through all the iterations and the continue statement will affect only the statements
in the loop to be executed or not occurring after the continue statement. Whereas,
the break statement will not let the loop to complete its iterations depending on the
condition specified and control is transferred to the statement outside the loop.
PROGRAM 10.15 : Program to check whether a number is prime or not
277
 1. number = int(input(‘Enter a number: ‘)) Data S
Cont
2. prime = True
3. for i in range(2, number) :
4. if number % i == 0 :
5. prime = False
6. break
7. if prime :
8. print(f”{number} is a prime number”)
9. else :
10. print(f”{number} is not a prime number”)
Fig. 18: Screen Shot of Program 10.15

Check your progress-10 :

Q59. In a python program, a control structure:
a) Defines program-specific data structures
b) Directs the order of ececution of the statements in the program
c) Dictates what happens before the program starts and after it
terminates
d) None of the above

Q60. Which of the following is False regarding loops in python?

a) Loops are used to perform certain tasks repeatedly
b) While loop is used when multiple statements are to executed
repeatedly until the given condition becomes False
c) While loop is used when multiple statemenst are to executed
repeatedly until the given condition becomes True.
d) for loop can be used to iterate through the elements of lists.

Q61. We can write if/else into one line in python.

a) True
b) False

Q62. Given the nested if-else below, what will be the value x when the code
executed successfully?
x=0
278
a=5 Data Structures and
Control Statements
b=5 in Python
if a > 0:
if b < 0:
x=x+5
elif a > 5:
x=x+4
else:
x=x+3
else:
x=x+2
print(x)
a) 0
b) 4
c) 2
d) 3

Q63. if -3 will evaluate to true

a) True
b) False

Q64. What is the output of the following nested loop

numbers = [10, 20]
items = [“Chair”, “Table”]
for x in numbers:
for y in items:
print(x, y)
a) 10 Chair
10 Table
20 Chair
20 Table
b) 10 Chair
20 Chair
10 Table
20 Table

Q65. What is the value of x?:

X=0
While (x < 100):
x+=2
print(x)
a) 101
b) 99
c) None of the above, this is an infinite loop
d) 100

279
 Q66. What is the value of the var after the for loop completes its execution? Data S
Cont
var = 10
for i in range(10):
for j in range(2, 10, 1):
if var % 2 == 0:
continue
var += 1
var+=1
else:
var+=1
print(var)
a) 20
b) 21
c) 10
d) 30

Q67. Find the output of the following program:

a = {i :i * i for i in range(6)}
print (a)
Dictionary comprehension doesn’t exist
a) {0:0, 1:1, 2:4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25, 6:36}
b) {0:0, 1:1, 4:4, 9:9, 16:16, 25:25}
c) {0:0, 1:1, 2:4, 3:9, 4:16, 5:25}

10.10 SUMMARY
After the completion of this chapter, I am sure, you would be able to learn
and understand the basics of Python language. Using the contents explained
in this chapter, you would be able to turn your logic into codes where
identifiers and variables would help you to form statements and expressions
using operators, lists, tuples, sets and dictionries which are the back bone of
Python language which makes it unique and easy to program with. All the
basic structures of Python can be bound together with the control flow
statements which ultimately form a Python program.However, this is not all;
there is still a long way to go. Python has many more unique features which
make it a programmer’s language. So, Happy Programming!

280
 Data Structures and
SOLUTIONS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Control Statements
in Python

Answers to Check your Progress 1 to 10 :

1. a 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. d
7. b 8. e 9. b 10. a 11. b 12. a
13. d 14. c 15. b 16. e 17. d 18. a
19. a 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. c
25. b 26. b 27. b 28. b 29. c 30. b
31. c 32. b 33. b 34. c 35. a 36. b
37. c 38. d 39. a,c 40. b 41. b 42. c
43. c 44. a,b 45. b 46. b 47. b 48. d
49. c 50. a,b,c 51. a,b,c 52. a,b,c 53. c 54. b
55. a 56. a,c,d 57. a,c,d 58. b 59. b 60. b
61. a 62. d 63. a 64. a 65. d 66. b
67. d

281