SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
Introduction
• Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model is a concept on
standard and procedural to be followed when developing a
system.
• Waterfall Model is among the first been introduced.
• Nowadays many SDLC model can be referred to.
SDLC Phases
Phases in SDLC:
i. Planning
ii. Analysis
iii. Design
iv. Implementation
v. Maintenance
SDLC Phases
Planning
Analysis
Maintenance
Implementation Design
Figure 2.1 ssystem development life cycle
SDLC Phases
• Planning stage involve many activities because it
initiates with a project development request.
• The main goal is to identify the problem.
• Therefore need to establish either it is new or
enhanced system.
• All possible alternative solutions must be think of. The best
solution as a ‘proposed system’ shall be chosen.
Planning
The proposed system is assess for its feasibility, meaning,
evaluate for its practical and beneficial to build that
system.
Feasibility must be assess from developer and
customer’s point of view.
There are six feasibility factors :
i. Economical
ii. Technical
iii. Operational
iv. Legal
v. Schedule
vi. Political
Analysis
Analysis phase is a detailed investigation on
operations, relationship among functional units and
boundary of the system.
Study shall be conduct to elicit user’s information
requirement. Many tools are used during this
phase such as Questionnaires, Observation, Data
Flow Diagram, Use Case Diagram etc.
Analysis
System Analyst shall meet with client in order to elicit,
gather and collect their requirement.
One of the output (deliverable) produce in this phase is
Software Requirement Specification (SRS).
Design
Once the analysis completed, the system analyst must start
design phase.
Software Requirement Specification shall be used as a
reference in this phase.
During design phase , the structure or design for the
proposed system is finalized.
Structure of files, databases, input, output, processes, and
screen or interfaces are decided.
Design
One of the output (deliverable) in design phase is
Software Design Document (SDD)
SDD include various graphical representations of reports,
user interaction screens, database structure etc.
This document shall be used during
implementation of the system.
Implementation
In this phase, the design is transform into the coding
activities.
Programmers are responsible to coding and
documenting their work.
These documents are important to test the
program.
Several testing must be done on the system
Testing
Testing stages:
i. Unit testing
ii. Integration testing
iii. System testing
iv. User Acceptance Test
Implementation
After user accept the system, it shall be
deployed/install at user site.
Developer also need to provide support and training of
the system to user
Maintenance
System also needs maintenance over period of time.
Maintenance can be on hardware and software. The system
need to be maintain especially to debug errors. It may also
need to be upgraded such as new functionality or demand
from user.
SDLC Model
There are numbers of development models, which
follow SDLC phases.
Traditional SDLC model is Waterfall Model.
It was developed in late 1960s in an attempt to introduce a
more systematic engineering approach to software
development.
Waterfall Lifecycle Model
Analysis
Design
Coding/Implementation
Testing
Maintenance
Figure 2.2 Waterfall Lifecycle Model
Waterfall Lifecycle Model
Advantages:
i. Provides structure approach to new developer
ii. Sets requirements early
iii. Easy to understand
iv. Milestones are better understood
Other SDLC Approaches
There are many other approaches to system
development model such as:
i. Iterative Prototype Model
ii. Spiral Model
iii. Rapid Application Development
iv. V-Shaped SDLC Model
v. OOAD Approach
