STC 2- MARCH 01, 2024
Phonetics – Physical Properties of sound and articulation
Phonology - Organization of speech sounds.
Sounds are predictable if they are together.
Sounds are unpredictable if the word can be added with more sound/s.
Example: shore/store
What phonetic element will trigger to make the sound come out.
Sibilant sounds: SH / CH
Distinctive and non-distinctive sounds.
Aspirated: P’
Unaspirated: P
Allophone is a phonemic variety.
Aspirated P and Unaspirated p is an allophone.
Flaps are also allophones.
Allophones of the same phoneme – do not changes the meaning of sound.
Allophones of different phoneme - Changes meaning of sound.
Minimal Pairs – Contrastive sound, interchanges of sound will change the meaning.
2 words with the same sound environment with one contrastive sound.
Contrastive Distribution – movement of sound to another word which changes the meaning.
Complimentary Distribution - movement of sound to another word which do not changes the
meaning.
Phonological ruling – identifying if there are phonological changes if the sound has been
followed by another sound.
Overlapping of sounds only occur in minimal pair.
Morphology – word formation or how are the words built.
How is a word different from a morpheme?
All morphemes are word but not all words are morphemes.
Morpheme- smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or can even have a grammatical function.
Free morphemes they can stand on their own.
Bound morphemes they cannot exist on their own.
0 morpheme word - you cannot attach any other morpheme (ex. Deer, News)-
Bound morphemes
1. Inflectional Morphemes – Meaning does not change even when added with pluralizers
2. Derivational Morpheme - Meaning does change when added with pluralizers (ex. Virus –
Viral) Adjective forming suffix.
Derivational Morphemes are selective.
Seen before inflectional morphemes.
2 kinds of morphemes
1. Content Morphemes – All Derivational Morphemes
2. Function Morphemes – All Inflectional Morphemes
Allomorphs same as allophones.
Allomorphs of the same morpheme – ( ex. Bush – bushes)
Allomorphs of different morpheme – ( ex. Pidmeta, pit meta^n)
Voiced no Aspiration.
Voiceless there is aspiration.
Word – orthograph and representation of idea.
Morpheme – smallest linguistic unit.
Lexicon - mental dictionary, all words that exist in a language variation.
Compounding – combining 2 words to create one.
Reduplication – repeating words.
1. Total Reduplication – whole word repletion
2. Partial Reduplication – syllabicated
Morpheme Internal Change – Structure changes (Men, Women)
Morpheme External Change – Structure do not change.
Morphological Analysis
Analyze of allomorphs
Check if there are allomorphs of the same morpheme or different morpheme.
Analytic Language – morphemes are single morpheme isolated. Do not use affixes, suffixes,
prefixes. (Ex. Chinese Language)
Synthetic Language – morphemes are not single morpheme isolated. Uses affixes, suffixes,
prefixes.
Agglutinating Language – combined morpheme that presents one common sense. One change
in morpheme but the sound environment is the same.
Polysynthetic – highly complex words combining different stems. (Ex. Hebrew, Arabic)
Syntax – patterns, organization of words to phrases, to sentences.
Partitive – (a cup of, a glass of, a bag of)
Appositive - (Anna, a beautiful waiter, joins the club)
Predicative Adjective – (noun first before adjective)
Attributive Adjective – (adjective first before noun)
Adjective complementizer – (modifies noun or pronoun)
Hierarchical structure –
Constituency test – Semantically Coherent.
It is a constituent if it can stand alone. (The boy played at the garden)
It can be substituted by a prominal form. (He played at the garden)
Sentence Ambiguity – Structurally ambiguous.
Syntactic Framing – What words go together.
(The boy) The- Determiner, boy – noun = Noun phrase.
0 morpheme adjective (Superlative) – Outstanding - not possible to say more outstanding or
most outstanding.
Perfect.
Adjective also uses determiner.
The beautiful boxer.
Closed lexical category words – Determiners, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
Phrasal category words – go together or considered as constituents.
Noun Phrase – can be a single word, direct object, indirect object.
Verb phrase – can be a single word if its an intransitive verb.
Ditransitive – 2 direct object
Monotransitive – 1 direct object
Semantics – branch of linguistics that deal with the study of meaning.
Meanings are simply dictionary definition. To give understanding on the semantics of the words.
Lexicographer – create a dictionary and the one who gives denotation or meaning by the way
how people say and mean it.
Dictionary represents how the people of community use the word.
Signifier - Language
Signified – Prior Concepts
Meaning is a very complex phenomenon, involves cognition, language, mankind, the world.
Involves language in itself and how it is used.
