Unit-3
Curve Fitting
115
21
1
Curve fitting
Curve fitting is the process of finding the ‘best-fit’ curve for a given
set of data. It is the representation of the relationship between
two variables by means of an algebraic equation.
2
Fitting the straight line
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
3
Working procedure:
To fit the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑦= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏
4
Working procedure:
To fit the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Form the normal equations
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥
Solve these normal equations as simultaneous equation for 𝑎 & 𝑏.
Substitute the values of 𝑎 & 𝑏 in 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.Which is the required
line of best fit.
5
Working procedure:
To fit the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑦= 𝑎+ 𝑏𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥
6
Working procedure:
To fit the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
Form the normal equations
𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥
Solve these normal equations as simultaneous equation for 𝑎 & 𝑏.
Substitute the values of 𝑎 & 𝑏 in 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥.Which is the required
line of best fit.
7
Example 1
Find the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 of the best fitting straight
line for the following data
𝑥 −1 0 1 2
𝑦 1 0 1 4
Solution:
Let the straight line to be fitted to the data be 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
The normal equations are
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 (1)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 (2)
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Example 1
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚
-1 1 1 -1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 4 4 8
𝑥=2 𝑦=6 𝑥 =6 𝑥𝑦 = 8
9
Example
Example 1
Here, Total no. of data points 𝑛 = 4
Substituting these values in equation 1 and 2
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 ⇒ 6 = 2 𝑎 + 4 𝑏 … … … (3)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 ⇒8=6𝑎+2𝑏 … … … (4)
Solving equation (3) and (4)
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐸𝑞 3 − 2 X 𝐸𝑞 (4)
2𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 6
12𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 16
− − −
−10𝑎 = −10
⇒𝑎=1
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Example
Using Eq (3)
We get,
6 = 2𝑎 + 4𝑏
⇒ 6 = 2 1 + 4𝑏 (∵ 𝑎 = 1)
⇒ 4𝑏 = 4
⇒𝑏=1
So, 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 1
Hence, the required Eq of straight line is,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
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Example
Find the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 of the best fitting straight
line for the following data
X -5 -3 -1 0 1 2 4
Y 0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.1 0.4
Solution:
Let the straight line to be fitted to the data be 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
The normal equations are
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 (1)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 (2)
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Example
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚
−5 0.4 25 −2
−3 −0.1 9 0.3
−1 −0.2 1 0.2
0 −0.3 0 0
1 −0.3 1 −0.3
0.1 4 0.2
2
4 0.4 16 1.6
𝑥 = −2 𝑦=0 𝑥 = 56 𝑥𝑦 = 0
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Example
Total no. of data points 𝑛 = 7
Substituting these values in equation 1 and (2)
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 ⇒ 0 = −2 𝑎 + 7 𝑏 … … … (3)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 ⇒ 0 = 56 𝑎 − 2 𝑏 … … … (4)
Solving equation (3) and (4)
𝑖. 𝑒. , 2 X 𝐸𝑞 3 + 7 X 𝐸𝑞 (4)
−4𝑎 + 14𝑏 = 0
392𝑎 − 14𝑏 = 0
388𝑎 = 0
⇒𝑎=0
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Example
Using Eq (3)
We get,
−2𝑎 + 7𝑏 = 0
⇒ −2 0 + 7𝑏 = 0 (∵ 𝑎 = 0)
⇒ 7𝑏 = 0
⇒𝑏=0
So, 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 0
Hence, the required Eq of straight line is,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 + 0 = 0
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Example
Find the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 of the best fitting straight line for the
following data
x -1 0 1 2
Y 1 1 1 -5
Solution:
Let the straight line to be fitted to the data be 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
The normal equations are
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 (1)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 (2)
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Example
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒚
−1 1 1 −1
0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 −5 4 −10
𝑥=2 𝑦 = −2 𝑥 =6 𝑥𝑦 = −10
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Example
Here, Total no. of data points 𝑛=4
Substituting these values in equation 1 and (2)
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏 ⇒ −2 = 2𝑎 + 4𝑏 (3)
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 ⇒ −10 = 6𝑎 + 2𝑏 (4)
Solving equation (3) and (4)
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝐸𝑞 3 + 2 X 𝐸𝑞 (4)
2𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −2
12𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −20
− − −
−10𝑎 = 18
⇒ 𝑎 = −1.8
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Example
Using Eq (3)
We get,
2𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −2
⇒ 2 −1.8 + 4𝑏 = −2 (∵ 𝑎 = −1.8)
⇒ 4𝑏 = −2 −1.8 − 2
⇒ 𝑏 = 0.4
So, 𝑎 = −1.8 and 𝑏 = 0.4
Hence, the required Eq of straight line is,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = −1.8𝑥 + 0.4
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Fitting the Parabola
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
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Working procedure:
To fit the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + c
Form the normal equations
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐
𝑥𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥
Solve these equations for 𝑎, 𝑏, & 𝑐.
Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
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Working procedure:
To fit the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + c𝑥
Form the normal equations
𝑦 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥+𝑐 𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥
Solve these equations for 𝑎, 𝑏, & 𝑐.
Substitute the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 in𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥
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Example
Fit a parabola of second degree 𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙𝟐 .
𝒙 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦 −2 1 2 4
Solution:
Let the equation of the parabola be 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 .
The normal equations are
𝒚 = 𝒏𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙+𝒄 𝒙𝟐 … . (𝟏)
𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙+𝒃 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟑 … (𝟐)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟒 … . (𝟑)
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
−1 −2 1 −1 1 2 −2
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2
2 4 4 8 16 8 16
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
=2 =5 =6 =8 = 18 = 12 = 16
Here 𝑛 = 4
Substituting these values in equations (1), (2), & (3). We get,
𝒚 = 𝒏𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙+𝒄 𝒙𝟐 ⇒ 5 = 4 𝑎 + 2 𝑏 + 6 𝑐 −−− −(4)
𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙+𝒃 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟑 ⇒ 12 = 2 𝑎 + 6 𝑏 + 8 𝑐 −−− −(5)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟒 ⇒ 16 = 6 𝑎 + 8 𝑏 + 18 𝑐 −−− −(6)
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So, we get node
5=4𝑎+2𝑏+6𝑐
Tnt
… … (4)
12 = 2 𝑎 + 6 𝑏 + 8 𝑐 … … (5)
16 = 6 𝑎 + 8 𝑏 + 18 𝑐 … … (6)
Solving equation (4) & (5) Solving equation (5) & (6)
i.e., 𝐸𝑞 . 4 + 2 ∗ 𝐸𝑞 (5) i.e., 3 ∗ 𝐸𝑞 . 5 + 𝐸𝑞 (6)
5 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 6𝑐 36 = 6𝑎 + 18𝑏 + 24𝑐
24 = 4𝑎 + 12𝑏 + 16𝑐 16 = 6𝑎 + 8𝑏 + 18𝑐
19 = 10𝑏 + 10𝑐 … … (7) 20 = 10𝑏 + 6𝑐 … … 8
Solving equation (7) & (8)
19 = 10𝑏 + 10𝑐
20 = 10𝑏 + 6𝑐
1
−1 = 4𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = − ⇒ 𝑐 = −0.25
4
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Using eq. (8)
20 = 10𝑏 + 6𝑐
⇒ 20 = 10𝑏 + 6 −0.25
⇒ 20 = 10𝑏 − 1.5
⇒ 𝑏 = 2.15
Using eq. (4)
5 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 6𝑐
⇒ 5 = 4𝑎 + 2 2.15 + 6 −0.25
⇒ 𝑎 = 0.55
Hence, the required Eq of Parabola is,
𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0.55 + 2.15𝑥 − 0.25𝑥
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Example
Fit a parabola of second degree 𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙𝟐 .
𝒙 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑦 2 1 0 −2
Solution:
Let the equation of the parabola be 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 .
The normal equations are
𝒚 = 𝒏𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙+𝒄 𝒙𝟐 … . (𝟏)
𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙+𝒃 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟑 … (𝟐)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄 𝒙𝟒 … . (𝟑)
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𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
−1 2 1 −1 1 −2 2
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
2 −2 4 8 16 −4 −8
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
=2 =1 =6 =8 = 18 = −6 = −6
Here 𝑛 = 4. Substituting these values in equations 1, 2, & 3.We get,
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 6𝑐 −−− −(4)
−6 = 2𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 8𝑐 −−− −(5)
−6 = 6𝑎 + 8𝑏 + 18𝑐 −−− −(6)
By 4, & 5 By 5, & 6
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 6𝑐 −18 = 6𝑎 + 18𝑏 + 24𝑐
−12 = 4𝑎 + 12𝑏 + 16𝑐 −6 = 6𝑎 + 8𝑏 + 18𝑐
13 = −10𝑏 − 10𝑐 −−− −(7) −12 = 10𝑏 + 6𝑐 −−− −(8)
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By using eq. 7, &8
13 = −10𝑏 − 10𝑐
−12 = 10𝑏 + 6𝑐
1 = − 4𝑐
⇒𝑐=−
1
4 well
91
⇒ 𝑐 = −0.25
Using eq. 7 Using eq. 4
13 = −10𝑏 − 10𝑐 1 = 4𝑎 + 2 −1.05 + 6 −0.25
⇒ 13 = −10𝑏 − 10 −0.25 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1.15
⇒ 10𝑏 = −13 + 2.5
⇒ 𝑏 = −1.05
𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1.15 − 1.05𝑥 − 0.25𝑥
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iwv
x̅
Non-Polynomial Approximation
“OR”
Non-Linear Regression
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Fitting a curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 Yields
Taking Logarithm on both sides ln 𝑦 = l𝑛 𝑎
+ l𝑛 𝑒
∴ l𝑛 𝑦 = l𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 (∵ 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑥)
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Fitting a curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 Yields
Taking Logarithm on both sides
l𝑛 𝑦 = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑥b
l𝑛 𝑦 = ln 𝑎 + b ln 𝑥
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Fitting a curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 Yields
Taking Logarithm on both sides
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑏𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑥 ln 𝑏
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Example
Fit a curve of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 to the following data
x 20 16 10 11 14
Y 22 41 120 89 56
Solution:
The curve of best fit is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 .
Taking logarithm on both the sides,
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
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Example
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
Now, We take
𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝐴
We get , 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝑏 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
The normal equations are
ln 𝑦 = 𝑛𝐴 + 𝑏 ln 𝑥 … … … (1)
ln 𝑥 ∗ ln 𝑦 = 𝐴 ln 𝑥 + 𝑏 (ln 𝑥) … … … (2)
35
Example
𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (ln 𝑥 ∗ ln 𝑦)
20 22 2.9957 3.0910 8.9742 9.2597
16 41 2.7726 3.7136 7.6873 10.2963
10 120 2.3026 4.7875 5.3020 11.0237
11 89 2.3979 4.4886 5.7499 10.7632
14 56 2.6391 4.0254 6.9648 10.6234
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 13.1079 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 20.1061 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) = 34.6782 ln 𝑥 ∗ ln 𝑦 = 51.9663
Here, No. of data n=5 Substituting these values in equation 1 and (2)
ln 𝑦 = 𝑛𝐴 + 𝑏 ln 𝑥 ⇒ 20.1061 = 5 𝐴 + 13.1079 𝑏 ……… 3
ln 𝑥 ∗ ln 𝑦 = 𝐴 ln 𝑥 + 𝑏 (ln 𝑥) ⇒ 51.9663 = 13.1079 𝐴 + 34.6782 𝑏 … … … (4)
36
Example
20.1061 = 5𝐴 + 13.1079𝑏 ……… 3
51.9663 = 13.1079𝐴 + 34.6782𝑏 … … … (4)
Solving 𝐸𝑞 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4)
𝑖. 𝑒. , 13.1079 X 𝐸𝑞 3 − 5 X 𝐸𝑞 (4)
263.5487 = 65.5395𝐴 + 171.8170𝑏
259.8315 = 65.5395𝐴 + 173.3910𝑏
− − −
3.7172 = −1.5740𝑏
⇒ 𝑏 = −2.3616
37
Example
Using Eq 3 We get,
20.1061 = 5𝐴 + 13.1079𝑏
⇒ 5𝐴 = 20.1061 − 13.1079 −2.3616
⇒ 𝐴 = 10.2123
We know that,
𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝐴
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑒𝐴
Therefore, a = 27236.1387
Hence, the required Eq of curve is,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 27236.1387𝑥 .
38
Example
Fit a curve of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 to the following data. Hence find 𝑓 8 .
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 87 97 113 129 202 195 193
Solution:
The curve of best fit is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 .
Taking logarithm on both the sides,
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
39
Example
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
Now, We take
𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝐴
𝑙𝑛 𝑏 = 𝐵
We get , 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵
The normal equations are
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 … … … (1)
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥+𝐵 𝑥 … … … (2)
40
Example
𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 𝑥 lny
1 87 4.4659 4.4659
2 97 4.5747 9.1494
3 113 4.7274 14.1822
4 129 4.8598 19.4392
5 202 5.3083 26.5415
6 195 5.2730 31.6380
7 193 5.2627 36.8389
∑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 34.4718 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 142.2551
=28
𝑥 = 140
41
Example
Here, No. of data n=7 Substituting these values in equation 1 and (2)
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑥 ⇒ 34.4718 = 7 𝐴 + 28 𝐵 ……… 3
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑥+𝐵 𝑥 ⇒ 142.2551 = 28 𝐴 + 140 B … … … (4)
42
34.4718 = 7𝐴 + 28𝐵 ……… 3
142.2551 = 28𝐴 + 140B ……… 4
Solving Equation (3) and (4)
We get,
𝐴 = 4.3006, & 𝐵 = 0.1560
We know that,
𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝐴 & 𝑙𝑛 𝑏 = 𝐵
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑒𝐴 & 𝑏 = 𝑒𝐵
Therefore, a = 73.7440 & 𝑏 = 1.1688
Hence, the required Eq of curve is,
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑦 = 73.7440(1.1688 )
⇒ 𝑦 8 = 256.8315
43
Curve Fitting with Cubic
Spline
44
Step to obtain Cubic spline
1. Find the values of 𝑀 , 𝑀 , 𝑀 , 𝑀 for 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑛
By using formula
6
𝑀 + 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑛 − 1
ℎ
Choose 𝑀 = 𝑀 = 0 (Natural spline)
2. Write cubic spline as
𝑥−𝑥 𝑥−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑀 + 𝑀
6ℎ 6ℎ
𝑥 −𝑥 ℎ 𝑥−𝑥 ℎ
+ 𝑦 − 𝑀 + 𝑦 − 𝑀
ℎ 6 ℎ 6
45
Example
Consider the values given in the following table:
x 0 1 2 3
𝑌 = 𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 33 244
With 𝑀 = 0, 𝑀 = 0. Hence, find the cubic spline and y 2.5 .
Solution :
Here, step-size ℎ = 1
No. of intervals 𝑛 = 3
𝑀 =0&𝑀 =0
46
Example
For cubic spline interpolation,
6
𝑀 + 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 , 𝑖 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑛 − 1
ℎ
Now, For 𝑖 = 1
𝑀 + 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = (𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 ) ∵ ℎ = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = 33
= 6(1 − 2(2) + 33)
= 180
4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 180 ∵𝑀 =0 … … … (1)
47
Example
For 𝑖 = 2
6
𝑀 + 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = (𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦 )
1
6
∵ ℎ = 1, 𝑀 + 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 𝑦
ℎ
= 6[2 − 2(33) + 244]
∵ 𝑦 = 33, 𝑦 = 244
= 1080
𝑀 + 4𝑀 = 1080 ∵𝑀 =0 … … … (2)
48
Example
Now, we have
4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 180 ……… 1
𝑀 + 4𝑀 = 1080 … … … (2)
Solving Eq 1 and (2),
𝑖. 𝑒. , 4 ∗ Eq 1 − Eq 2
16𝑀 + 4𝑀 = 720 Using Eq 1 ,
𝑀 + 4𝑀 = 1080 4𝑀 + 𝑀 = 180
− − − ⇒ 𝑀 = 180 − 4 −24 (∵ 𝑀 = −24)
15𝑀 = −360 ⇒ 𝑀 = 276
⇒ 𝑀 = −24
49
Example
The cubic spline functions are given by
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑀 + 𝑥−𝑥 𝑀
6ℎ
𝑥 −𝑥 ℎ 𝑥−𝑥 ℎ
+ 𝑦 − 𝑀 + 𝑦 − 𝑀
ℎ 6 ℎ 6
Where, 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … 𝑛
50
For 𝑖 = 0 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑀 + 𝑥−𝑥 𝑀
6(1)
𝑥 −𝑥 (1) 𝑥−𝑥 (1)
+ 𝑦 − 𝑀 + 𝑦 − 𝑀
1 6 1 6
1
𝑓 𝑥 = [ 1−𝑥 0 + 𝑥−0 −24 ]
6
−24
+ 1−𝑥 1−0 + 𝑥−0 2−
6
1
𝑓 𝑥 = −24𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥
6
𝑓 𝑥 = −4𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 1
51
For 𝑖 = 1 in the interval 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2,
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑀 + 𝑥−𝑥 𝑀
6(1)
𝑥 −𝑥 (1) 𝑥−𝑥 (1)
+ 𝑦 − 𝑀 + 𝑦 − 𝑀
1 6 1 6
1
𝑓 𝑥 = [ 2−𝑥 −24 + 𝑥 − 1 276 ]
6
(−24) 276
+ 2−𝑥 2− + (𝑥 − 1) 33 −
6 6
52
𝑓 𝑥 = −4 2 − 𝑥 + 46 𝑥 − 1 − 2 2 − 𝑥 − 13 𝑥 − 1
(∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 )
𝑓 𝑥 = −4 8 − 𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 46 𝑥 − 1 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
+6 2 − 𝑥 − 13(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 𝑥 = −32 + 4𝑥 + 48𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 46𝑥 − 46 − 138𝑥 + 138𝑥
+12 − 6𝑥 − 13x + 13
𝑓 𝑥 = 50𝑥 − 162𝑥 + 167𝑥 − 53
53
For 𝑖 = 2 in the interval 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3,
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑀 + 𝑥−𝑥 𝑀
6(1)
𝑥 −𝑥 (1) 𝑥−𝑥 (1)
+ 𝑦 − 𝑀 + 𝑦 − 𝑀
1 6 1 6
1
𝑓 𝑥 = [ 3−𝑥 276 + 𝑥 − 2 0 ]
6
276
+ 3−𝑥 33 − + 𝑥 − 2 244 − 0
6
(∵ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑎 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 )
54
𝑓 𝑥 = 27 −𝑥 −27𝑥 + 9𝑥 46 + 𝑥 − 8 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 0
+ 3 − 𝑥 −13 + (𝑥 − 2)(244)
𝑓 𝑥 = 1242 − 46𝑥 − 1242𝑥 + 414𝑥 − 39 + 13x + 244x − 488
= −46𝑥 +414𝑥 − 985𝑥 + 715
𝑓 𝑥 = 1242 − 46𝑥 − 1242𝑥 + 414𝑥 − 39 + 13x
+244x − 488
𝑓 𝑥 = −46𝑥 +414𝑥 − 985𝑥 + 715
At 𝑥 = 2.5
𝑓 2.5 = 𝑦 2.5 = −46 2.5 + 414 2.5 − 985 2.5 + 715
= 121.25
55
