Chapter Two
First-Order Differential Equations
2.2 Separable Variables
Definition:
A first-order differential equation of the form
is said to be separable
Example:
Solve
By long division
Example:
Solve
1
Example:
Solve
Example:
Solve
2
Example:
Solve
Example:
Solve the initial-value problem
3
Example:
Find a solution of the given differential equation that passes through the indicated points
4
2.4 Exact Equations
Criterion for an Exact Differential Equation
Exact Differential Equation
5
Example:
Solve
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
Example:
Solve
6
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
Example:
Solve
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
7
, where
Example:
Solve the initial-value problem
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
8
Example:
Find the value of so that the differential equation
is an exact differential equation
Example:
Determine a function so that the differential equation
is exact
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
9
, where
Note:
It is sometimes possible to transform a nonexact differential equation
into an exact equation by multiplying it by an integrating
factor
Example:
Solve the equation by
verifying that the function is an integrating factor
Nonexact DE
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
11
, where
Integrating Factor:
(1) If then
Example:
Solve
Nonexact DE
11
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
, where
(2) If then
Example:
Solve
12
Nonexact DE
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
-2
-2
(3) If and then
13
Example:
Solve
Nonexact DE
, where
, where
Exact DE
There exists a function such that
14
, where
2.3 Linear Equations
Linear differential equations of order
Linear differential equations of order
(Linear equation)
, where
(Standard form)
Linear equations in :
(1)
15
, where
(2)
(3)
Linear equations in :
(1)
(2)
(3)
16
Solving a Linear First-Order Equations
(1) Write the differential equation in the form
(2) Find the integrating factor
(3) Multiply the equation obtained in step (1) by the integrating factor
(4)
(5) The solution is:
Example:
Solve
Example:
Solve
17
,
Let
Example:
Find a continuous solution satisfying
, where
18
and the initial condition
(1) For
(2) For
The solution is:
The continuous solution is
19
Example:
Find the general solution of the given differential equation. State an interval on which the
general solution is defined
(1)
(2)
21
,
(3)
Example:
Solve the given differential equation subject to the indicated initial condition
21
Example:
Find a continuous solution satisfying the given differential equation and the indicated
initial condition
, ,
(1) For
Let
22
(2) For
where
The solution is:
The continuous solution is
2.5 Solutions By Substitutions
Homogeneous Equations:
Definition:
The function is said to be homogeneous of degree if
23
Example:
is homogeneous of degree
Example:
is homogeneous of degree
Example:
is homogeneous of degree
Theorem:
If is a homogeneous function of degree then
and
24
Example:
is homogeneous of degree
Definition:
A differential equation of the form is said to be homogeneous
if both and are homogeneous functions of the same degree
Theorem:
If and are both homogeneous functions of the same degree then the
function is homogeneous of degree
Proof:
is homogeneous of degree
25
