Factsheet 1: Heat Generation

Manufacturing Pages
2-3
Contents
Introduction

for Clean Heat 4-10

Main Components:
• Industrial and Domestic Heat Pumps

in Scotland 11-17
18-21
• Industrial Electrode and Domestic Electric Boilers
• Geothermal Drill Rigs
22-24 Summary of Manufacturing Processes
25-26 Market Information
27 Next Steps

1
Factsheet 1: Heat Generation Introduction (1)

What is Clean Heat?

Clean heat refers to heat generation, distribution, and building energy efficiency technologies that provide heating and hot water
with minimal environmental impact. Key technologies include heat pumps, heat networks, and direct electric systems, supported by
measures to reduce heat demand and optimise usage through sensors, controls, and efficient design.
These factsheets aim to guide Scottish manufacturers to understand and enter the clean heat sector. Factsheet 1 focuses on key
technologies used for Heat Generation.

Factsheet 1 Factsheet 2 Factsheet 3 Factsheet 4 Factsheet 5 Factsheet 6

Heat Heat Network Technology Building Energy Energy Centre
Heat in Properties
Generation Distribution Enablers Efficiency Construction
• Industrial Heat Pumps • Pipework • Radiators • Control Panels • Cladding • Large Thermal Store
• Domestic Heat Pumps • Circulation Pumps • Underfloor Heating • Thermostats • Insulation • Large Pumps
• Electrode Boilers • Valves • Infrared Panels • Sensors and Meters • Windows & Doors • Structural Steel
• Electric Boilers • Corrosion Control • Hot Water Cylinders • Actuators • Ventilation Systems • Electrical Switchgear
• Geothermal Drill Rigs • Storage Buffers • Storage Heaters • Design Apps • Offsite Manufacturing • Cabling

Clean heat presents significant market opportunities for Scotland, UK and internationally. Clean heat is essential for all buildings to
meet Scotland’s 2045 net-zero target. This will be achieved via Local Heat and Energy Efficiency Strategies regulations, and the
proposed Heat in Buildings Act. Already from April 2024, all new buildings must include clean heat systems. Existing buildings will
require energy efficiency upgrades and clean heat retrofits and urban areas will see new heat networks (Heat Networks Act 2021).

2
Heat Generation: Introduction (2)

Clean heat generators offer benefits to decarbonising heat, making them an attractive option for both residential and industrial.

Key heat generators technologies include: What are heat generators

• Industrial and domestic heat pumps – Clean heat generators are systems designed to produce heat with minimal
pump, heat exchanger, compressor. environmental impact.

• Industrial Electrode Boilers – boiler, They utilise renewable or low-emission energy sources to provide heating for
electrode heating element. residential, commercial, or industrial applications.

• Domestic Electric Boilers – boiler,

Benefits of clean heat generators:
electric heating element.
• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Clean heat generators have a lower carbon
• Geothermal Drill Rig – drill bit,
pipework. footprint compared to traditional fossil fuel-based heating systems.
• Energy Efficiency: Many clean heat generators, like heat pumps are highly
efficient.
• Renewable Energy Utilisation: The use of clean heat generators will tend to use
renewable sources of energy which reduces dependency on fossil fuels.
• Improved Air Quality: Lower emissions of pollutants contribute to better air
quality.
• Net Zero Targets: Clean heat generators are a crucial part of the transition to
sustainable energy systems, helping to reduce environmental impact and
Heat pump promote energy efficiency.

3
Heat Generation: Industrial Heat Pump – Introduction

Industrial heat pumps transfer heat from the ground, air, or water to provide heating and cooling for buildings or district networks.

5
Key Bill of Materials
4
1 Compressor
3
2 Heat Exchanger
2 3 Expansion Valve
Back View
4 Filter / Drier
5 Evaporator
1 6 Skid
Refrigerant Loop
Water Services
6

Diagram of an industrial heat pump

4
Heat Generation: Industrial Heat Pump – Subcomponents

Key subcomponents of an industrial pump are the expansion valve, compressor and heat exchanger.

Heat Exchanger Compressor Expansion Valve

Efficiently transfers Is a mechanical Regulates the flow of
device that increases refrigerant into the
the heat between
two or more fluids the pressure of a gas evaporator, reducing
(refrigerant) by its pressure and
without mixing them.
reducing its volume. temperature to
optimise heat
Heat exchanger Compressor Expansion absorption and
valve efficient operation.
Finned (fins, tubes), Housing, impeller,
Shell (casing, tube piston, rotor, Valve body,
Subcomponents
Subcomponents plate, tubes, baffles), valves, bearings, diaphragm, sensing
Subcomponents
Plate (cover, plate, motor bulb, spring, valve
gasket, bolts) tens of kg up to seat and orifice
Typical Weight
100 kg to several several tonnes
Typical Weight Typical Weight 0.5 kg to several kg
tonnes Typical dependent on
Typical Dimensions system Typical 10-20 cm (l), 5-10
1 m up to 5 m
Dimensions Dimensions cm (w), 5-15 cm (h)
ISO 8573, ISO
EN13445, PD 5500 Standards 1217, EN 1012-1 & Standards ISO 5149, EN 378
Standards
and HEI Standards 1012-2

5
Heat Generation: Domestic Heat Pump – Introduction

Domestic heat pumps transfer heat from the ground, air, or water for heating and cooling for buildings using renewable energy.

Key Bill of Materials

5
1 Compressor
4
2 Heat Exchanger

6 3 Filter / Drier
2 4 Expansion Valve
5 Evaporator Coil
8 6 4 Port – Reverser Valve
External View
7 Accumulator
1
3 8 Circulation Pump
Refrigerant Loop
7 Water Services

Diagram of a domestic heat pump

6
Heat Generation: Domestic Heat Pump – Subcomponents

Key subcomponents of a domestic heat pump are shown below.

Heat Exchanger Compressor Pump

Allows efficient Is a mechanical device
It is a key component
operation of the heat that increases the
and plays a crucial role
pump, transferring the pressure of the
in circulating the
heat between two or refrigerant to enable the
refrigerant through
Heat more fluids without efficient heat transfer
the heat pump system.
exchanger mixing them. Compressor process. Pump

Finned (fins, tubes), Housing, impeller, Housing, impeller,

Shell (casing, tube Subcomponents piston, rotor, valves, Subcomponents shaft, bearings and
plate, tubes, bearings, seals, motor
Subcomponents electric motor
baffles) and Plate
(cover, plate, Typical Weight 5 kg to 25 kg
gasket, bolts) Typical Weight 5 kg to 25 kg

Typical Weight 5 kg to 25 kg Typical 20 cm to 50 cm (l), 15

Typical 20 cm to 50 cm (l), 15
Dimensions cm to 30 cm (diam)
Typical 15 cm to 30 cm (l), Dimensions cm to 30 cm (diam)
Dimensions 20 cm to 50 cm (h) ISO 8573, ISO 1217,
Standards EN 1012-1, EN 1012- ISO 5199, ISO 9906,
Standards
EN13445, PD 5500 2 BS 5257
Standards
and HEI Standards

7
Heat Generation: Industrial and Domestic Heat Pump – Manufacturing Process (1)

Manufacturing processes for the assembly of a heat pump and the fabrication of the major components that make up the product.

Component Casing Cleaning and Testing and

Subassembly Final Assembly
Manufacture Manufacture Surface Treatment Quality Control

Heat Exchanger and Compressor: Manufacturing Process

Cutting and Forming: Welding: Assembly:
Testing:
Shaping: Components Components Assembled into
Quality checks
Materials cut and formed into brazed / heat exchanger.
determine if
shaped into final shapes soldered to form Including gaskets,
specifications and
components, e.g., using bending, assemblies, such seals, and critical
performance
Heat plates, tubes, and rolling, and as tube bundles components, with
standards are met
exchanger shells stamping or plate packs washing / flushing

Machining: Testing:
Casting: After casting, Forming: Assembly: Tested under
Casing and rotors components Components Parts assembled operating
are cast from are machined formed into final into subassemblies, conditions to
metals such as to precise shapes using such as compressor verify
stainless-steel cast dimensions. To bending, rolling, / pump housing performance,
iron or aluminum include and stamping and rotor assembly efficiency, and
Compressor drilling, milling reliability

8
Heat Generation: Industrial and Domestic Heat Pump – Manufacturing Process (2)

Manufacturing processes for assembly of a heat pump and the fabrication of the major components that make up the product.

Component Casing Cleaning and Testing and

Subassembly Final Assembly
Manufacture Manufacture Surface Treatment Quality Control

Pump and Expansion Valve: Manufacturing Process

Assembly: Testing:
Casting: Machining: Subassembly:
Subassemblies are The assembled
Pump casing After casting, Machined parts are
put together to pump is tested
and impeller components are assembled into
complete the pump. under operational
are cast from machined to subassemblies,
Includes installing conditions to verify
metals such as precise dimensions. such as the pump
seals, bearings, and performance,
stainless steel To include drilling, housing and rotor
other critical efficiency, and
Pump or cast iron milling assembly
components reliability
Machining:
Testing:
Casting: Precision Assembly: Cleaning and Surface
For leaks, pressure
The expansion machining, e.g., This includes fitting Treatment:
tolerance, and
valve body is CNC, are used to the diaphragm, Valves are cleaned.
operation. Calibrati
created using create intricate spring, and Electroplating or
on so valve opens
casting or valve parts, components that passivation may be
and closes at
forging including the regulate the valves’ applied to enhance
Expansion correct pressure
methods orifice, stem and operation corrosion resistance
valve and temperature
seat

9
Heat Generation: Heat Pump – Manufacture Design Data

Large Heat
Main materials Pumps
and - Design data
characteristics usedsummarizing
in industrial key
andcomponents, materials
domestic heat and dimensions
pump manufacturing.

Component Material Dimensions* Weight* Standards

Pump ISO 5199, ANS/HI
Stainless Steel or Cast Iron 0.1 to 0.6 m (d), 0.15 to 1.5 m (l) 1 kg to 3 tonnes
Casing 9.6.1
Pump

Impeller Bronze or Stainless Steel 0.5 to 0.4 m (d), 0.05 to 0.3 m (l) 0.2 kg to 500 kg ISO 9906
Motor Copper, Steel and Carbon 0.1 to 0.5 m (d), 0.15 to 1 m (l) 2 kg to 3 tonnes IEC 60034
Shaft Carbon or Stainless Steel 0.1 m (d), 0.1 to 0.3 m (l) 0.1 kg to 500 kg ISO 1940
Shell Stainless Steel or Cast Iron 0.01 to 1 m (d), 0.5 to 6 m (l) 5 kg to 3 tonnes ASME Section VIII
Exchanger

Copper, Stainless Steel or ASTM B75, ASTM

Heat

Tubes 0.01 to 0.04 m (d), 0.5 to 6 m (l) 0.1 kg to 500 kg

Titanium A213
Tube Sheets Carbon or Stainless Steel 0.01 to 1 m (d), 0.01 to 0.05 m (t) 2 kg to 3 tonnes ASME Section VIII
Casing Stainless Steel or Cast Iron 0.15 to 0.08 m (d), 0.2 to 1.5 m (l) 5 kg to 3 tonnes ASME Section VIII
Compressor

Impeller Stainless Steel or Aluminium 0.05 m (d), 0.05 m (l) 0.5 kg to 500 kg API 617
Pistons Aluminium or Cast iron 0.025 to 0.15 m (d), 0.05 m (l) 0.2 kg to 500 kg API 618
Rotors Stainless Steel or Aluminium 0.05 m (d), 0.1 to 0.6 m (l) 1 kg to 500 kg ISO 10440
Valve Body Stainless Steel or Brass 0.01 to 0.15 m (d), 0.05 to 0.3 m (l) 0.2 kg to 2 kg ISO 5149, EN 378
Expansion

0.025 to 0.15 m (d), 0.0025 to 0.005

Diaphragm Rubber or Synthetics 0.02 kg to 0.2 kg ISO 5149, EN 378
Valve

m (t)
0.005 kg to 0.05
Orifice Stainless Steel or Brass 0.0005 mm to 0.01 m (d), 0.005 m (l) ISO 5149, EN 378
kg
*The dimensions and weights are approximate and can vary based on the specific requirements of the materials and the manufacturer’s design standards.

10
Heat Generation: Industrial Electrode Boilers – Introduction

Industrial Electrode Boilers offer high efficiency, reduced emissions, and enhanced safety, whilst minimising maintenance.

Key Bill of Materials

1 Cold water feed & circulation pump
3 2 Control sleeve, jet column & control cylinder rod
2 3 Insulator & electrode
4
4 Counter electrode
5 Backup immersion heating element
5 1 6 Steam outlet

Diagram of an industrial electric boiler

11
Heat Generation: Industrial Electrode Boilers – Subcomponents

Key subcomponents of industrial electrode boilers are shown below.

Boiler Vessel Heating Element Boiler Pump

The outer casing of the Electrodes are solid Ensures the
boiler system containing steel plate with water circulates
the water and steam. It machined holes through the
can withstand the high matching the holes boiler and
pressures and in the bottom of the heating system.
temperatures generated electrode box for
within the vessel under Heating smooth flow to
Boiler vessel operation. element avoid splashing.
Boiler pump

A few hundred kilograms Sensors, control Casing, impeller,

Typical Weight Subcomponents
to several tonnes Subcomponents unit, user interface, shaft, bearings
power supply 20 kg to several
Typical 0.5 m to 2 m (d), 1 m to 5 Typical Weight
Varies widely, hundred kg
Dimensions m (l) Typical Weight typically a few Dependent on
kilograms each. Typical
Typical Capacity Over 4 MW system
Dimensions
Typical Generally small requirements
ASME Section I for power Dimensions and lightweight ISO 5199 for
Standards
boilers Standards NEC Article 425 technical
Standards
specifications for
centrifugal pumps.

12
Heat Generation: Domestic Electric Boilers – Introduction

Domestic electric boilers offer high efficiency, reduced emissions, and enhanced safety, whilst minimising maintenance.

6
8
Key Bill of Materials
7
1 Magnetic Filter
4 Circulation Pump
2
5
3 Pressure Relief Valve
4 Expansion Tank
5 Hot Water Cylinder with Insulation Jacket
6 Auto Air Vent
7 Electric Heating Element
2
8 Electronics and Controls
1

Diagram of a domestic electric boiler

13
Heat Generation: Domestic Electric Boilers – Subcomponents

Key subcomponents of domestic electric boilers are shown below.

Heating Element Pumps Vessel

Immersion heaters The boiler circulating Closed expansion
or electrode pump is rated for vessels with
elements that continuous duty at the variable pressure to
convert electrical boiler operating protect from
energy into heat. pressure and excessive pressure.
temperature.
Heating Centrifugal type pumps
element Pump are widely used. Vessel

Metal sheath, Expansion vessel,

Housing, impeller,
Subcomponent resistance wire, Subcomponents control system, safety
Subcomponents shaft, bearings and
s insulation, safety devices
electric motor
sensor, thermostat
Typical Weight 25 kg to 60 kg
Generally small and
Typical lightweight. Typical 0.5 m to 2 m (d), 1 m to
Typical Weight 2 kgs to 5 kgs.
Dimensions Typically, a few Dimensions 3 m (l)
kilograms each. Typical Capacity Less than 45 kW
IEC 60335-2-73 BS EN 12828, BS EN
Standards ASME Boiler and
Standards safety of electric 60335-2-51
Standards Pressure Vessel Code,
heating elements. BS EN 12828

14
Heat Generation: Manufacturing Process: (2) Industrial Electrode Boiler

The typical manufacturing processes for assembly of an industrial electrode boiler.

Component Electrical Component Testing and Quality Finishing and

Subassembly
Manufacture Assembly Control Packaging

Electrode Boiler and Heating Electrode: Manufacturing Process

Finishing and
Cutting and Assembly:
Testing: Coating:
Shaping: Forming: Machined
Boiler is tested under Surface
Raw materials are Components formed parts, such as
operational conditions treatments such
cut and shaped into final shapes the heating
to verify performance, as painting or
into the required using bending, element
efficiency, and coating protect
Electrode components, such rolling, and stamping assembly and
reliability against corrosion
boiler as casings control panel
and wear

Material Selection: Assembly: Final Assembly

Fabrication:
Conductive & Electrode is Quality Control & and Integration:
Electrode is cut to Integrated into
insulating mounted into Testing:
shape and surface
materials the boiler Tested for conductivity, boiler system,
treatments such as properly
withstand high system and thermal performance
polishing & coating
temperatures & insulated to and structural integrity connected and
enhance conductivity
corrosion, and prevent to ensure operational aligned with
and resistance to other
Heating prevent electrical electrical performance
corrosion
electrode leakage short circuits components

15
Heat Generation: Manufacturing Process: (1) Domestic electric Boiler

The typical manufacturing processes for the assembly of a domestic electric boiler.

Component Electrical Component Testing and Finishing and

Subassembly
Manufacture Assembly Quality Control Packaging

Water Boiler and Heating Element: Manufacturing Process

Testing: Finishing and
Cutting and Assembly:
Forming: Boiler is tested Coating:
Shaping: Machined
Components under operational Boilers undergo
Raw materials are parts, such as
formed into final conditions to surface treatments
cut and shaped the heating
shapes using verify such as painting or
into the required element
bending, rolling, performance, coating to protect
components, assembly and
and stamping efficiency, and against corrosion
Water boiler such as casings control panel
reliability and wear
Forming: Assembly: Testing:
Cutting and Finishing and
The heating Element Element tested
Shaping: Coating:
element wire component for electrical
Raw materials are Fittings/connectors
wound into a coil obtained by compliance:
cut and shaped to integrate into
shape. Ensures insulating, Electrical
into the required boiler system. To
even heat sheathing, Resistance
components, include mounting
distribution and compaction, Insulation
such as heating brackets or other
Heating efficient sealing and Resistance
elements hardware
element performance annealing High Voltage

16
Heat Generation: Electric and Electrode Boiler – Manufacture Design Data

Main materials and characteristics used in electric and electrode boiler manufacturing.

Component Material Dimensions Weight Standards

Stainless Steel, Carbon
Boiler Shell 0.5 to 2 m 500 kg to several tonnes ASME Section for Power Boilers
Steel
Electric / Electrode Few kg to several IEC 60335-2-73 for safety of
Copper, Stainless Steel 0.5 to 2 m
Heating Elements hundred kg Electric Heating Elements
ISO 5199 for technical
20 kg to several hundred
Circulation Pump Stainless Steel, Cast Iron 0.5 m specifications for Centrifugal
kg
Pump
ASME Section I for Safety
Safety Valves Stainless Steel, Brass 0.1 m Few kg
Valves
ASME Section I for Water Level
Water Level Gauge Glass, Stainless Steel 0.5 m Few kg
Indicators

*The dimensions and weights are approximate and can vary based on the specific requirements of the materials and the manufacturer’s design standards.

17
Heat Generation: Geothermal Drill Rigs – Introduction

Drill rigs for geothermal clean heat systems enable access to deep, high-temperature geothermal reservoirs.

Key Bill of Materials

3 Derrick steel framework
1
2 Rig floor
3 Pulley system
4 4 Top drive
5 Draw-works (hoist)
5 6 Blowout preventer
2
7 Drill string
6 8 Tool (drill bit)

Diagram of a geothermal drill rig

18
Heat Generation: Geothermal Dill Rig – Subcomponent

Key subcomponents of a generic geothermal drill rig are shown below.

Drill Bit Drill Pipes Additional

A specialised tool They can withstand Subcomponents
designed to withstand the harsh conditions A geothermal drill rig
the extreme encountered, such as includes several other
conditions of up to high temperatures, key components that
260 °C encountered. high pressures, and are essential for
abrasive rock efficient and safe
formations. Geotherma drilling operations.
Drill bit Drill pipe l drill rig

Cutting elements, Body, Drill pipe, Drill Derrick, Mud

Subcomponents
Nozzles, Bearings, Collars, Tool Joints Pumps, Blowout
Subcomponents Gauge Protection, Preventer, Rotary
Between 20 kg/m
Shank, Flow Channels, Table, Drawworks,
Typical Weight (standard) up to 100
Backreamers Drilling Fluid
kg/m (heavy) Subcomponents
500 kg (small) to System, Casing
Typical Weight
10,000 kg (large) Typical 9cm to 14cm Equipment,
Typical 10 cm to 50 cm (d), 30 Dimensions (diam), 9.45 m (l) Instrumentation,
Dimensions cm to 60 cm (l) Power Generation,
Standards ISO 11961 Well Controls
Standards ISO 10424-1, ISO 9001

19
Heat Generation: Geothermal Drill Rig – Manufacturing Process

Typical manufacturing processes for the assembly of a geothermal drill rig.

Component Major Component Systems Quality Control Final Assembly Packaging

Manufacture Assembly Integration and Testing and Inspection and Shipping

Drill Rig and Drill Pipes: Manufacturing Process

Cutting and Shaping: Forming: Assembly: Test:

Materials cut and Components To form complete drill rig. Drill rig tested under
shaped into formed using CNC Includes installing operational conditions
components, such as machining and heat hydraulic systems, control to verify its
drill bits using CNC treatment using panels, and other critical performance, efficiency,
Drill bit machining carbide tool bits components and reliability

Forming: Assembly: Test:

Cutting and Shaping:
Components To form complete drill rig. Drill rig tested under
Materials cut and
formed into final Includes installing operational conditions
shaped into
shapes using hydraulic systems, control to verify its
components, such as
bending, rolling, panels, and other critical performance, efficiency,
drill pipes
and stamping components and reliability
Drill pipe

20
Heat Generation: Geothermal Drill Rig – Manufacture Design Data

Main materials and characteristics used in geothermal drill rig manufacturing.

Component Material Dimensions Weight Standards

Diamond, Tungsten
API Spec 7-1, API RP 7G, ISO 10424-
Drill Bit Carbide, High Strength 21 cm to 45 cm 100 kg to 300 kg
1, ISO 9001, ASTM Standards
Steel
API Spec 5DP, API Spec 7-1, ISO
Drill Pipe High Strength Steel 20 kg/m to 38
90 cm to 130 cm (w), 9.45 m (l) 11961,
(String) Alloys kg/m
ISO 104-1, ASTM A106/A106M
30 m to 45 m (h), 10 m x 10 m API Spec 4F, API RP 4G, ISO 13626,
Derrick Structural Steel -
(footprint) ISO 9001, ASTM Standards
API Standard 53, API Spec 16A, API
Blowout High Strength Steel 10 tonnes to 20
18 cm to 50 cm (bore) Spec 16C, API 16D, ISO 13533, ISO
Preventer Alloys, Elastomers tones
9001
49 cm to 76 cm (central API Spec 7K, API RP 7L, ISO 14693,
Rotary Table High Strength Steel -
opening) ISO 9001, ASTM Standards
3 m to 4.5 m (l), 2.4 m to 3 m
9 tonnes to 23 API Spec 7K, API RP 500, ISO 13535,
Drawworks High Strength Steel (w),
tonnes ISO 10423, ASME B30.7
24 m to 35 m (h)
High Strength Steel,
Casing 60 kg/m to 110 API Spec 5CT, API RP5C1/5C5, ISO
Corrosion Resistant 50 cm to 250 cm (d)
Equipment kg/m 11960, ISO 10400, ASME B31.3 & 8
Alloys
*The dimensions and weights are approximate and can vary based on the specific requirements of the materials and the manufacturer’s design standards.

21
Heat Generation: Summary of Manufacturing Processes and Equipment (1)

Summary of the key processes and equipment required for manufacturing heat pump components.

Expansion Heat
Process Equipment/Facilities Pump Compressor
Valve Exchanger
Casting, Milling, Drilling Furnaces, CNC Machining, Drilling Machines X X X
Tube/Metal Forming, CNC Tube Benders, Roll Bending Machines, Stamping
X X
Bending Presses
Welding, Brazing, Soldering Welding Machines, Cutting Torches, Fabrication Tools X X X
Hardening, Tempering, Furnaces, Quenching / Induction / Tempering
X X X
Annealing Equipment
Painting, Powder Coating,
Spray Booths, Curing Ovens, Electroplating Equipment X X X X
Plating
Assembly Line Conveyors, Robotic Systems, Assembly Machines X X X X

Clean Room Air Filtration, Ventilation, Environmental Control Systems X X X

Refrigerant Fill Pumps, Refrigerant Filling Stations, Leak Detectors X X

Final Test and Quality

Vision Inspection, EOL testing X X X X
Control

22
Heat Generation: Summary of Manufacturing Processes and Equipment (2)

Summary of the key processes and equipment required for manufacturing electric and electrode boilers.

Process Equipment/Facilities Electric Boiler Electrode Boiler

Tube / Metal Forming and CNC Tube Benders, Roll Bending Machines,
X X
Bending Stamping Presses
Welding, Brazing and Welding Machines, Cutting Torches, and Fabrication
X X
Soldering Tools, Furnace
Furnaces, Quenching Equipment, Induction
Heat Treatment X X
Hardening Machines, Tempering Furnaces
Spray Booths, Powder Spray Guns, Powder Feed
Painting including Powder
System, Curing Ovens, Mixing and Dispensing X X
Coating and Plating
Systems
Assembly Line Conveyors, Robotic Systems, Assembly Machines X X
Air Filtration and Ventilation Systems, Environmental
Clean Room X X
Control Systems, Monitoring and Testing Equipment
Final Test and Quality
Vision Inspection, EOL Testing X X
Control

23
Heat Generation: Summary of Manufacturing Processes and Equipment (3)

Summary of the key processes and equipment required for manufacturing geothermal drill rigs.

Process Equipment/Facilities Geothermal Drill Rig

Tooling CNC machining, Heat Treatment Equipment X

Tube / Metal Forming & Bending CNC Tube Benders, Roll Bending Machines, Stamping Presses X

Welding Machines, Cutting Torches, and Fabrication Tools,

Welding, Brazing and Soldering X
furnace
Furnaces, Quenching Equipment, Induction Hardening Machines,
Heat Treatment X
Tempering Furnaces

Assembly Line Conveyors, Robotic Systems, Assembly Machines X

Material Handling Lifting Equipment (Light Duty-Max 1T) X

Final Test and Quality Control Vision Inspection, EOL Testing X

24
Heat Generation: Market Information (1)

Market size and growth.

Heat Pumps (domestic) Electric Boilers

The UK heat pump market is growing rapidly, driven by government • The Scottish Enterprise report on Market
initiatives and increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions. Opportunities for Scottish Direct Electric Heat
• Market Size: UK heat pump market is expected to have an annual Manufacturing highlights opportunities in the
growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1% from 2024 to 2029. electric heat market.

• Annual Deployment Rate: The UK government aims to increase the • The UK heating equipment market, which
number of heat pump installations to 600,000 units per year by 2028. includes electric boilers, is expected to grow at a
CAGR of 4.7% from 2022 to 2027, with the UK
• Current Deployment: UK had 60,000 heat pumps installed in 2024
residential boiler market projected to grow at a
(43% increase), Scotland had 7,600, up 18%.
CAGR of 6.8% from 2023 to 2033.

UK and EU Heat Pump Installations (units) UK Electric Boiler Installations (units)

700,000 11,000,000
600,000 900,000
500,000
800,000
400,000
6,000,000 700,000
300,000
200,000 600,000
100,000 500,000
- 1,000,000 400,000
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
UK Heat pump installations (units)

25
Heat Generation: Market Information (2)

Support available and competitor analysis.

Scotland Competitor Analysis

Scottish Local Authorities have a Local Heat and Energy Efficiency Strategy Heat Pumps
(LHEES) and LHEES Officers with a local view clean heat system plans. • The EHPA publishes a map of heat pump
• The Heat Network Fund provides capital funding to support development of manufacturing facilities across Europe.
low or zero emission district heat networks.
• In Scotland manufacturers include Star
• Home Energy Scotland administer grants and loans for domestic properties, Renewables (industrial), Mitsubishi
including a grant for installing heat pumps.
Electric and Likido.
• Business Energy Scotland administer grants and loans for commercial
properties, including the SME Loan Fund. Electric and Electrode Boilers

UK • Manufacturers are Cochran (industrial) /

Thermaflow (Scotland), Worcester Bosch /
From April 2025, the Clean Heat Market Mechanism (CHMM) is designed to
Baxi (England) and Vaillant (Germany)
increase the number of domestic heat pumps being deployed.
Geothermal Rigs
England and Wales
Image / diagram • Manufacturers are located outside the UK
• The Boiler Upgrade Scheme provides a grant for householders to install a
heat pump. in USA and Europe including Geoprobe
Systems, Diedrich Drill Inc, and HARDAB.
• The Heat Network Investment Project (HNIP) provides funds supporting
deployment of heat networks, which can include geothermal projects. • OSSO are a Scottish company that has
• Heat Pump Investment Accelerator Competition: Up to £30 million for private diversified from oil and gas into
sector investment in heat pump and component manufacturing. geothermal.

26
Heat Generation: Next Steps

Scottish Enterprise can support you to explore growth in clean heat.

Clean Heat Market Opportunities Further Reading

Clean heat will play a crucial role in meeting Scotland’s net zero • Market Opportunities for Scottish Direct Electric
targets. There is a huge growth potential for Scottish businesses too. Heat Manufacturing (2023)
• For general enquiries, and to access our Clean Heat team, please • Economic Value of Clean Heat in Scotland (2024)
contact us • Heat Pump and Heating System Components
• For specialist advice on manufacturing and productivity, contact the Analysis (2023)
Scottish Manufacturing Advisory Service (SMAS) • Heat Pumps and Heat Networks Assemblies and
• For information on domestic and international markets contact our Key Component Analysis (2022)
Market Research service
• If you are based in the Highlands and Islands, or the south of External Support Services in Scotland
Scotland, please contact Highlands and Islands Enterprise or South • National Manufacturing Institute Scotland (NMIS)
of Scotland Enterprise respectively. world-leading manufacturing facilities for
Newsletter collaborative R&D projects
Please complete this subscription form if you would like to receive an • Built Environment - Smarter Transformation (BE-ST)
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