CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a
few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In
contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different
tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today
as they control many of the common devices we use.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
economies of scale.
Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have
some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors
which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different
applications to be load and peripherals to be connected.
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either
fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras,
household appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious
cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system.
Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a programming interface,
and embedded systems programming is a specialized occupation.Certain operating

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systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market, such as Embedded
Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer products use very
inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and operating
system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the
system's memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access
memory), as programs on a personal computer are.

1.2. CHARACTERISTIC OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Speed (bytes/sec): Should be high speed
 Power (watts): Low power dissipation
 Size and weight: As far as possible small in size and low weight
 Accuracy (%error): Must be very accurate
 Adaptability: High adaptability and accessibility
 Reliability: Must be reliable over a long period of time

1.3. APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded
products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets.
Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven
in your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space
enable you to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many
controllers embedded in your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and
most of the times you tend to ignore all these controllers.

 Robotics: industrial robots, machine tools, Robocop soccer robots

 Automotive: cars, trucks, trains
 Aviation: airplanes, helicopters
 Home and Building Automation
 Aerospace: rockets, satellites
 Energy systems: windmills, nuclear plants
Medical systems: prostheses, revalidation machine.

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1.4. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT:
Introduction:
As the concept of smart living gains traction across the globe, home automation
has emerged as a critical component of modern-day residential and commercial
infrastructure. With rapid advancements in IoT and microcontroller-based systems,
homes can now adapt intelligently to the habits, schedules, and needs of their inhabitants.
The aim of home automation is not only to provide convenience but also to reduce human
intervention in repetitive tasks, improve energy efficiency, and enhance overall safety.
The integration of technologies like motion detection, intelligent switching, and
environmental control enables devices to operate contextually, which contributes
significantly to a seamless and sustainable living experience. In this project, we explore
the practical implementation of a simple yet effective home automation system using a
Raspberry Pi—a compact and versatile single-board computer that serves as the brain of
the operation. The system uses a PIR sensor to detect motion, a relay to control electrical
appliances, a 16x2 LCD to display system status, and basic devices like a light bulb and a
CPU fan to simulate commonly used household gadgets. A reliable power supply ensures
uninterrupted operation, and the setup is designed with simplicity, affordability, and
expandability in mind. This project is a stepping stone toward fully automated homes and
can be further extended to include features like smartphone control, voice assistants, and
real-time notifications.

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 CHAPTER- 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review:
Numerous studies and implementations over the years have highlighted the
potential and benefits of home automation. Traditional systems used proprietary
controllers and expensive hardware, limiting their adoption to high-end homes. However,
the emergence of low-cost microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi has
democratized access to home automation technologies. PIR sensors, commonly used for
motion detection in security systems and lighting controls, have proven to be reliable in
detecting human presence with minimal power consumption. Several projects have
demonstrated successful use of Raspberry Pi for automation tasks ranging from light
control to temperature regulation and surveillance. Relay modules, acting as digital
switches, have enabled microcontrollers to interact safely with high-voltage devices. CPU
fans or small cooling units are often used in DIY projects to represent ventilation systems
or automatic exhausts. The integration of 16x2 LCD displays for real-time output has also
become popular in embedded systems, offering quick and efficient communication of
system status to users. While commercial systems like Google Nest, Amazon Alexa, and
Apple HomeKit dominate the high-end market, they come with higher costs and
proprietary limitations. In contrast, DIY systems using Raspberry Pi offer customization,
transparency, and flexibility—features highly valued in educational, experimental, and
budget-conscious environments.

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 CHAPTER -3

EXISTING METHOD

Existing System:
Existing home automation solutions are broadly categorized into manual systems,
semi-automated setups, and fully automated smart environments. Manual systems rely on
physical switches and provide no automation. Semi-automated systems may include
timers or basic sensor-triggered devices but lack central control or intelligent
coordination. Fully automated systems like smart homes utilize advanced technologies
such as machine learning, remote access via mobile apps, voice recognition, and cloud
integration. However, these systems often require expensive hardware, subscription-based
software, or proprietary ecosystems, making them inaccessible to many users, especially
in developing countries. Additionally, most commercial solutions demand stable internet
connectivity, which may not always be available. Some DIY projects using Arduino or
other microcontrollers provide partial automation but are limited by processing
capabilities and lack native support for multitasking or multimedia interaction.
Furthermore, many existing systems do not offer local feedback mechanisms like LCDs
or LEDs to indicate system status, which can be useful in non-internet-dependent
scenarios.

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 CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Proposed System:
The proposed system utilizes a Raspberry Pi-based architecture to automate home
appliances based on motion detection. The PIR sensor detects any human movement
within its range and sends a signal to the Raspberry Pi, which then processes the input
and controls a relay module accordingly. When motion is detected, the relay activates the
light and the CPU fan to simulate typical home devices like lights, exhausts, or air
circulators. The fan represents temperature or air quality management systems, while the
light simulates illumination control. The system is powered by a regulated power supply
to ensure safe and efficient operation. A 16x2 LCD connected to the Raspberry Pi
displays real-time messages like "Idle", "Motion Detected", or "Devices Activated",
giving users a clear understanding of system behavior. The Raspberry Pi’s advanced
GPIO handling and ability to run a full operating system allow it to support more
complex logic, such as time-based automation, remote control through a web server, and
future integration with smart assistants. This system can be easily scaled to include
additional sensors like temperature or humidity detectors, and can be upgraded for remote
access through smartphone apps or IoT dashboards. Its low cost, flexibility, and open-
source nature make it ideal for both domestic users and students learning about embedded
systems and automation. Ultimately, this project illustrates how simple components can
be combined into a practical, responsive, and intelligent home automation solution that
promotes energy conservation, comfort, and modern living.

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 4.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Water pump

POWER SUPPLY

RELAY

Hc05 module
RASPBERRY PICO LIGHT

FAN
Servo motor

Figure: Block diagram of Home Automation Using Raspberry Pi

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4.2. WORKING:

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 CHAPTER -5

TOOL CONTENT

5.1. HARDWARE TOOLS:

5.1 RASPBERRY PI 3 MODEL B:

The Raspberry Pi is a list card-sized single-board PC created in the UK by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation with the expectation of advancing the instructing of
fundamental software engineering in schools.
o The Raspberry Pi 3 conveys multiple times the preparing limit of
Raspberry Pi 1 model.
o This second era Raspberry Pi has an updated Broadcom BCM2837
processor, which is an incredible ARM Cortex-A53 based 64 bit quad-
center processor that runs at 1.2GHz. The board likewise includes an
expansion in memory ability to 1Gbyte.
The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2836 framework on a chip which incorporates a
900 MHz 32-digit quad-center ARM Cortex-A7, Video Core IV GPU, and was initially
dispatched with 256 megabytes of RAM, later overhauled .

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booting and persevering stockpiling, with the Model B+ utilizing a Micro SD as demonstrated in
figure 2.1.
o The Foundation gives Debian and Arch Linux ARM circulations for download.
o Tools are accessible for Python as the primary programming language, with help for
BBC BASIC (by means of the RISC OS picture or the Brandy Basic clone for
Linux), C, Java and Perl.

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 5.1 IMPORTANCE OF
RASPBERRYPI 3
SPECIFICATIONS:
● Chip Broadcom BCM2837 SoC
● Core architecture: Quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
● 1.2GHz 32/64- bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
● GPU Dual Core Video Core IV® Multimedia Co-Processor
● Provides Open GL ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated Open VG, and1080p30 H.264
● high-profile decode Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24GFLOPswith texture filtering
and DMA infrastructure
● Memory 1 GB LPDDR2 RAM at 900 MHz
● Operating System Boots from Micro SD card, running a version of theLinux operating
system
● Dimensions 85 x 56 x 17mm
● Power Micro USB socket 5V, 2A
● Operating system-Linux, Fedora, RISC OS, Free BSD, Net BSD
● Power 2.5w, CPU-ARM116JZF-S.

CONNECTORS
• Ethernet 10/100 Base T Ethernet attachment.
• Video Output HDMI.
• Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC).
• Audio Output 3.5mm jack, HDMI.
• USB 4 x USB 2.0 Connector.
• GPIO Connector 40-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil) development header: 2x20 strip.
• Providing 40 GPIO sticks just as +3.3 V, +5 V and GND supply lines.
• Camera Connector 15-pin MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2).
• JTAG Not populated.

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APPLICATIONS:
● Living room PC.
● A mini Web browser.
● Arcade Pi.
● Robotics.
● Firefox OS on Pi.
● Bit Torrent Server.
● Weather Station.
● Home automation.
● Raspberry Pi Cluster.

5.2 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

The Raspberry Pi depends on the Broadcom BCM2837 framework on a chip SOC),
which incorporates a 64- bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53, 1.2GHz processor.
Video Core IV GPU, and was initially sent with 512 megabytes of RAM, later updated
(Model B and Model B+) to 1GB. The framework has Secure Digital (SD) or Micro SD
(Model B+) attachments for boot media and tenacious capacity.
The Raspberry Pi 3 conveys multiple times the preparing limit of past models. This
second era Raspberry Pi has an updated Broadcom BCM2837 processor, which is an
incredible ARM Cortex-A53 based quad-center processor that runs at 1.2GHz.
The board additionally includes an expansion in memory ability to 1Gbyte.
5.3 PERFORMANCES
The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-center Cortex-A53 processor, is portrayed as multiple
times the exhibition of a Raspberry Pi 1. This was recommended to be profoundly reliant
upon task stringing and guidance set use Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be
around 80% quicker than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelized undertakings.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication. This
module can be used in a master or slave configuration.

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HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed
for transparent wireless serial connection setup.

Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data
Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband
Through which one can build wireless Personal Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio technology to send data over air.

It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It communicates with

microcontroller using serial port (USART).

Fig 5.3.2 bluetooth module

Pin Description

Fig 5.3.3 bluetooth Pin descriptions

Pin
Pin Name Description
No
This pin is used to toggle between Data Mode (set low) and AT
1 Enable / Key
command mode (set high). By default it is in Data mode
2 Vcc Powers the module. Connect to +5V Supply voltage
3 Ground Ground pin of module, connect to system ground.

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 TX – Transmits Serial Data. Everything received via Bluetooth will be
4
Transmitter given out by this pin as serial data.
RX – Receive Serial Data. Every serial data given to this pin will be
5
Receiver broadcasted via Bluetooth
The state pin is connected to on board LED, it can be used as a
6 State
feedback to check if Bluetooth is working properly.
Indicates the status of Module

7 LED  Blink once in 2 sec: Module has entered Command Mode

 Repeated Blinking: Waiting for connection in Data Mode
 Blink twice in 1 sec: Connection successful in Data Mode
Used to control the Key/Enable pin to toggle between Data and
8 Button
command Mode

HC-05 module Information

 HC-05 has red LED which indicates connection status, whether the Bluetooth is
connected or not. Before connecting to HC-05 module this red LED blinks
continuously in a periodic manner. When it gets connected to any other Bluetooth
device, its blinking slows down to two seconds.
 This module works on 3.3 V. We can connect 5V supply voltage as well since the
module has on board 5 to 3.3 V regulator.
 As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for RX/TX and microcontroller can
detect 3.3 V level, so, no need to shift transmit level of HC-05 module. But we
need to shift the transmit voltage level from microcontroller to RX of HC-05
module.

Bluetooth communication between Devices

 E.g. Send data from Smartphone terminal to HC-05 Bluetooth module and see this
data on PC serial terminal and vice versa.

 To communicate smart phone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, smart phone

requires Bluetooth terminal application for transmitting and receiving data. You
can find Bluetooth terminal applications for android and windows in respective
app. store.

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 Fig 5.3.4:interfacing of Bluetooth module

Bluetooth Module Serial Interface

So, when we want to communicate through smart phone with HC-05 Bluetooth module,
connect this HC-05 module to the PC via serial to USB converter.

Before establishing communication between two Bluetooth devices, 1st we need to pair
HC-05 module to smart phone for communication.

HC-05 Default Settings

 Default Bluetooth Name: “HC-05”

 Default Password: 1234 or 0000

 Default Communication: Slave

 Default Mode: Data Mode

 Data Mode Baud Rate: 9600, 8, N, 1

 Command Mode Baud Rate: 38400, 8, N, 1

 Default firmware: LINVOR

Pair HC-05 and smartphone:

1. Search for new Bluetooth device from your phone. You will find Bluetooth device with
“HC-05” name.
2. Click on connect/pair device option; default pin for HC-05 is 1234 or 0000.

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 After pairing two Bluetooth devices, open terminal software (e.g. Teraterm, Realterm
etc.) in PC, and select the port where we have connected USB to serial module. Also
select default baud rate of 9600 bps.

In smart phone, open Bluetooth terminal application and connect to paired device HC-
05.

It is simple to communicate, we just have to type in the Bluetooth terminal application

of smartphone. Characters will get sent wirelessly to Bluetooth module HC-05. HC-05
will automatically transmit it serially to the PC, which will appear on terminal. Same way
we can send data from PC to smartphone.

Command Mode
 When we want to change settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module like change
password for connection, baud rate, Bluetooth device’s name etc.
 To do this, HC-05 has AT commands.
 To use HC-05 Bluetooth module in AT command mode, connect “Key” pin to
High (VCC).
 Default Baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps.
 Following are some AT command generally used to change setting of Bluetooth
module.
 To send these commands, we have to connect HC-05 Bluetooth module to the PC
via serial to USB converter and transmit these command through serial terminal of
PC.

Command Description Response

AT Checking communication OK
Set Password
AT+PSWD=XXXX OK
e.g. AT+PSWD=4567
Set Bluetooth Device Name
AT+NAME=XXXX OK
e.g. AT+NAME=MyHC-05
Change Baud rate
AT+UART=Baud rate,
OK
stop bit, parity bit
e.g. AT+UART=9600,1,0
+Version: XX OK
Respond version no. of
AT+VERSION?
Bluetooth module
e.g. +Version: 2.0 20130107 OK
AT+ORGL Send detail of setting done by Parameters: device type, module

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 manufacturer mode, serial parameter, passkey,etc.

Where to use HC-05 Bluetooth module

The HC-05 is a very cool module which can add two-way (full-duplex) wireless
functionality to your projects. You can use this module to communicate between two
microcontrollers like Arduino or communicate with any device with Bluetooth
functionality like a Phone or Laptop. There are many android applications that are already
available which makes this process a lot easier. The module communicates with the help
of USART at 9600 baud rate hence it is easy to interface with any microcontroller that
supports USART. We can also configure the default values of the module by using the
command mode. So if you looking for a Wireless module that could transfer data from
your computer or mobile phone to microcontroller or vice versa then this module might
be the right choice for you. However do not expect this module to transfer multimedia
like photos or songs; you might have to look into the CSR8645 module for that.

How to Use the HC-05 Bluetooth module

The HC-05 has two operating modes, one is the Data mode in which it can send
and receive data from other Bluetooth devices and the other is the AT Command mode
where the default device settings can be changed. We can operate the device in either of
these two modes by using the key pin as explained in the pin description.

It is very easy to pair the HC-05 module with microcontrollers because it operates
using the Serial Port Protocol (SPP). Simply power the module with +5V and connect the
Rx pin of the module to the Tx of MCU and Tx pin of module to Rx of MCU as shown in
the figure below

Fig5.3.5:Hc-05 Bluetooth

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 During power up the key pin can be grounded to enter into Command mode, if left
free it will by default enter into the data mode. As soon as the module is powered you
should be able to discover the Bluetooth device as “HC-05” then connect with it using the
default password 1234 and start communicating with it. The name password and other
default parameters can be changed by entering into the

Specifications

 Serial Bluetooth module for Arduino and other microcontrollers

 Operating Voltage: 4V to 6V (Typically +5V)
 Operating Current: 30mA
 Range: <100m
 Works with Serial communication (USART) and TTL compatible
 Follows IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol
 Uses Frequency-Hopping Spread spectrum (FHSS)
 Can operate in Master, Slave or Master/Slave mode
 Can be easily interfaced with Laptop or Mobile phones with Bluetooth
 Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
Applications

1. Wireless communication between two microcontrollers

2. Communicate with Laptop, Desktops and mobile phones

3. Data Logging application

4. Consumer applications

5. Wireless Robots

6. Home Automation

DC motor and l293d driver

A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical power is known as a
Direct Current motor. DC motor working is based on the principle that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force.

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 Fig:5.3.6 DC motor

Working principle of a DC motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The basic working principle of a DC motor is: "whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The
direction of this force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule and its magnitude is given by F
= BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I = current and L = length of the conductor
within the magnetic field.
Fleming's left hand rule:
If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of our left hand to be
perpendicular to each other, and the direction of magnetic field is represented by the first
finger, direction of the current is represented by the second finger, then the thumb
represents direction of the force experienced by the current carrying conductor.

When armature windings are connected to a DC supply, an electric current sets up

in the winding. Magnetic field may be provided by field winding (electromagnetism) or
by using permanent magnets. In this case, current carrying armature conductors
experience a force due to the magnetic field, according to the principle stated above.
Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the
direction of force would have reversed every time when the direction of movement of
conductor is reversed in the magnetic field.

Back EMF
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 According to fundamental laws of nature, no energy conversion is possible until
there is something to oppose the conversion. In case of generators this opposition is
provided by magnetic drag, but in case of dc motors there is back emf.
When the armature of a motor is rotating, the conductors are also cutting the
magnetic flux lines and hence according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, an emf induces in the armature conductors. The direction of this induced emf is
such that it opposes the armature current (I a). The circuit diagram below illustrates the
direction of the back emfand armature current. Magnitude of the Back emf can be given
by emf equation of a DC generator

Fig:5.3.7:block EMF
Significance of back emf:
Magnitude of back emf is directly proportional to speed of the motor. Consider the
load on a dc motor is suddenly reduced. In this case, required torque will be small as
compared to the current torque. Speed of the motor will start increasing due to the excess
torque. Hence, being proportional to the speed, magnitude of the back emf will also
increase. With increasing back emf armature current will start decreasing. Torque being
proportional to the armature current, it will also decrease until it becomes sufficient for
the load. Thus, speed of the motor will regulate.
On the other hand, if a dc motor is suddenly loaded, the load will cause decrease
in the speed. Due to decrease in speed, back emf will also decrease allowing more
armature current. Increased armature current will increase the torque to satisfy the load
requirement. Hence, presence of the back emf makes a dc motor ‘self-regulating’.

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Types of DC Motors
DC motors are usually classified on the basis of their excitation configuration, as follows

 Separately excited (field winding is fed by external source)

 Self-excited -

 Series wound (field winding is connected in series with the

armature)
 Shunt wound (field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature)
 Compound wound -
 Long shunt
 Short shunt

Applications of a DC Motor

It depends on the type of DC motor, which applications are ideal. Generally

speaking, the following applications are common:

 Cranes

 Conveyors

 Pumps

 Fans

 Machine tools

 Air compressors

 Toys

 Motor starters in cars

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How simple or geared DC motor work with microcontroller?

Fig 5.3.10:working of DC motor

 As you can see on above pic, understanding of motor is simple as seen.
 Motor rotates in the direction of higher potential to lower potential.
 Here we make this diagram as simple as we can, cause easy understanding (not use
L293D IC).

Relay
What is a relay?
A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and turn off a circuit by a low
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Fig 5.3.11:relay

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Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used
to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a
lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They
played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used
in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source
to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform
Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high
power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors

Fig 5.3.12:relay pinout

Working
It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of the relay
senses the fault current, it energizes the electromagnetic field which produces the
temporary magnetic field.

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 Fig 5.3.13.:relay block diagram
This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections. The
small power relay has only one contact, and the high power relay has two contacts for
opening the switch.The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has an
iron core which is wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil through
the contacts of the load and the control switch. The current flow through the coil produces
the magnetic field around it.
Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence
close the circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the contact is already
closed, then it moves oppositely and hence opens the contacts.

Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 – pin relay shown below.
There are two colours shown. The green color represents the control circuit and the red
colour represents the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control
circuit. A switch is connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the
control circuit. Now let us take the different step that occurs in a relay.

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 Fig:5.3.14:relay basics
 Energized Relay (ON)

As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by pins 1 and 3
causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2
and 4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the
load circuit, it is used to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the
electrical relay in energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.

 De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the relay switch opens and thus
the open circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes
de-energized and thus in off position.

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 In simple, when a voltage is applied to pin 1, the electromagnet activates, causing a
magnetic field to be developed, which goes on to close the pins 2 and 4 causing a
closed circuit. When there is no voltage on pin 1, there will be no electromagnetic
force and thus no magnetic field. Thus the switches remain open.

Pole and Throw

Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay
is said to switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly
three ways. They are
 Normally Open Contact (NO) – NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes the
circuit when the relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive.
 Normally Closed Contact (NC) – NC contact is also known as break contact. This is
opposite to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the
relay is deactivated, the circuit connects.
 Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts – This type of contacts are used to
control two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact
with a common terminal. According to their type they are called by the names break
before make and make before break contacts.

Relays can be used to control several circuits by just one signal. A relay switches one or
more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil.

Relays are also named with designations like

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 Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) – The SPST relay has a total of four terminals. Out of
these two terminals can be connected or disconnected. The other two terminals are needed
for the coil to be connected.
 Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) – The SPDT relay has a total of five terminals. Out
of these two are the coil terminals. A common terminal is also included which connects to
either of two others.
 Double Pole Single Throw (DPST) – The DPST relay has a total of six terminals. These
terminals are further divided into two pairs. Thus they can act as two SPST’s which are
actuated by a single coil. Out of the six terminals two of them are coil terminals.
 Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) – The DPDT relay is the biggest of all. It has
mainly eight relay terminals. Out of these two rows are designed to be change over
terminals. They are designed to act as two SPDT relays which are actuated by a single
coil.

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GPIO PIN DESCRIPTIONS FOR RASPBERRY PI

Notwithstanding the natural USB, Ethernet and HDMI ports, the R-Pi offers lower-level
interfaces expected to associate all the more straightforwardly with chips and subsystem
modules.

These GPIO (broadly useful I/O) signals on the 2x13 header pins incorporate SPI, I²C,
and sequential UART, 3V3 and 5V force. These interfaces are not "attachment and
play" and expect care to stay away from miswriting.

The pins utilize a 3V3 rationale level and are not open minded toward 5V levels, for
example, you may discover on a 5V fueled Arduino. CSI (camera sequential interface)
can be utilized to associate the 5 MP camera accessible.

Not yet programming empowered is the flex link connectors with DSI (show sequential
interface) and a sequential connection inside the HDMI connector called CEC

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GPIO functions: SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT
Universally useful information/yield (GPIO) is a nonexclusive pin on a coordinated
circuit whose conduct, including whether it is an info or yield pin, can be constrained by
the client at run time. GPIO pins have no unique reason characterized, and go unused as
a matter of course.

The thought is that occasionally the framework integrator constructing a full framework
that utilizes the chip may think that its valuable to have a small bunch of extra
computerized control lines, and having these accessible from the chip can stay away
from the exertion of masterminding extra hardware to give them.

GPIOs are used in:

o Devices with pin shortage: incorporated circuits like framework on-

a-chip, implanted and custom equipment, and programmable
rationale gadgets (for instance, FPGAs.

o Multifunction chips: power chiefs, sound codes, and video cards.

o Embedded applications (for instance, Arduino, Beagle Bone, PSoC

packs and Raspberry Pi) utilize GPIO for perusing from different
natural sensors (IR, video, temperature, 3-hub direction, and speed
increase), and for composing yield to DC engines (by means of
PWM), sound, LCD presentations, or LEDs for status.
GPIO capabilities may include:

o GPIO pins can be

arranged to be
information or yield
o GPIO pins can be
empowered/crippled

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 o Input esteems are
clear (ordinarily
high=1, low=0)
o Output esteems
arewritable/comprehe
nsible
o Input esteems can frequently be utilized as IRQs (normally for wakeup
occasions) GPIO peripherals fluctuate broadly. Now and again, they are
exceptionally basic, a

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Fig5.4.2RaspberryPi-3 PowerSupply

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Servo motor
Abstract:
The servo motor is most commonly used for high technology devices in the industrial applications
like automation technology. It is a self-contained electrical device, that rotates parts of machine with
high efficiency and great precision. Moreover the output shaft of this motor can be moved to a
particular angle. Servo motors are mainly used in home electronics, toys, cars, airplanes and many
more devices.
Thus this blog discusses the definition, types, mechanism, principle, working, controlling, and lastly
the applications of a servo machine.

Definition:
A servo motor is a rotary actuator or a motor that allows for a precise control in terms of the angular
position, acceleration, and velocity. Basically it has certain capabilities that a regular motor does not
have. Consequently it makes use of a regular motor and pairs it with a sensor for position feedback.

Fig 5..4.4:servomotor

Principle of working:

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Servo motor works on the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) principle, which means its angle of
rotation, is controlled by the duration of pulse applied to its control PIN. Basically servo motor is
made up of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears.

Mechanism of servomotor:
Basically a servo motor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its
motion and final position. Moreover the input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital)
representing the position commanded for the output shaft.
The motor is incorporates some type of encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the
simplest case, we measure only the position. Then the measured position of the output is compared
with the command position, the external input to controller. Now if the output position differs from
that of the expected output, an error signal generates. This then causes the motor to rotate in either
direction, as per need to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the position
approaches, the error signal reduces to zero. Finally the motor stops.
The very simple servomotors can position only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang control of
their motor. Further the motor always rotates at full speed. Though this type of servomotor doesn’t
have many uses in industrial motion control, however it forms the basis of simple and cheap servo
used for radio control models.
Servomotors also find uses in optical rotary encoders to measure the speed of output shaft and a
variable-speed drive to control the motor speed. Now this, when combined with a PID control
algorithm further allows the servomotor to be in its command position more quickly and more
precisely with less overshooting
Working of servomotors
Servo motors control position and speed very precisely. Now a potentiometer can sense the
mechanical position of the shaft. Hence it couples with the motor shaft through gears. The current
position of the shaft is converted into electrical signal by potentiometer, and is compared with the
command input signal. In modern servo motors, electronic encoders or sensors sense the position of
the shaft
We give command input according to the position of shaft. If the feedback signal differs from the
given input, an error signal alerts the user. We amplify this error signal and apply as the input to the
motor, hence the motor rotates. And when the shaft reaches to the require position error signal
become zero , and hence the motor stays standstill holding the position.

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The command input is in form of electrical pulses as the actual input to the motor is the difference
between feedback signal (current position) and required signal, hence speed of the motor is
proportional to the difference between the current position and required position. The amount of
power require by the motor is proportional to the distance it needs to travel.

` Fig:5.4.5 working of servomotor

Controlling Servo Motor:

All motors have three wires coming out of them. Out of which two will be used for Supply (positive
and negative) and one will be used for the signal that is to be sent from the MCU.
Servo motor is controlled by PWM (Pulse with Modulation) which is provided by the control wires.
There is a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse and a repetition rate. Servo motor can turn 90 degree
from either direction form its neutral position. The servo motor expects to see a pulse every 20
milliseconds (ms) and the length of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. For example, a
1.5ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position, such as if pulse is shorter than 1.5ms shaft
moves to 0° and if it is longer than 1.5ms than it will turn the servo to 180°.
Servo motor works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of rotation is
controlled by the duration of applied pulse to its Control PIN. Basically servo motor is made up
of DC motor which is controlled by a variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears. High
speed force of DC motor is converted into torque by Gears. We know that WORK= FORCE X
DISTANCE, in DC motor Force is less and distance (speed) is high and in Servo, force is High and
distance is less. Potentiometer is connected to the output shaft of the Servo, to calculate the angle and
stop the DC motor on required angle.

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 Fig 5.4.6:controlling of motor
Servo motor can be rotated from 0 to 180 degree, but it can go up to 210 degree, depending on the
manufacturing. This degree of rotation can be controlled by applying the Electrical Pulse of proper
width, to its Control pin. Servo checks the pulse in every 20 milliseconds. Pulse of 1 ms (1
millisecond) width can rotate servo to 0 degree, 1.5ms can rotate to 90 degree (neutral position) and
2 ms pulse can rotate it to 180 degree.
All servo motors work directly with your +5V supply rails but we have to be careful on the amount
of current the motor would consume, if you are planning to use more than two servo motors a proper
servo shield should be designed.

Applications:
1. Robotics: At every joint of the robot, we connect a servomotor. Thus giving the robot arm its
precise angle.
2. Conveyor belts: servo motors move, stop, and start conveyor belts carrying product along to
various stages, for example, in product packaging/ bottling, and labeling.
3. Camera auto focus: A highly precise servo motor build into the camera corrects a camera lens to
sharpen out of focus images.
4. Solar tracking system: Servo motors adjust the angle of solar panels throughout the day and hence
each panel continues to face the sun which results in harnessing maximum energy from sunup to
sundown.
Advantages:

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If a heavy load is placed on the motor, the driver will increase the current to the motor coil as it
attempts to rotate the motor. Basically, there is no out-of-step condition.
 High-speed operation is possible.
Disadvantages:
 Since the servomotor tries to rotate according to the command pulses, but lags behind, it is not
suitable for precision control of rotation.
 Higher cost.
 When stopped, the motor’s rotor continues to move back and forth one pulse, so that it is not
suitable if you need to prevent vibration


Fig:5.4.7:errors

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5.1.4. POWER SUPPLY:
A power supply is a сomponent that provides at least one eleсtriсal сharge with power. It
typiсallyсonverts one type of eleсtriсal power to another, but it сan also сonvert a different Energy
form in eleсtriсal energy,suсh as solar, meсhaniсal, or сhemiсal.
A power supply provides eleсtriсal power to сomponents. Usually the term refers to deviсes built
into the powered сomponent.Сomputer power supplies, for example, сonvert AС сurrent to DС
сurrent and are generally loсated along with at least one fan at the baсk of the сomputerсase.
Most сomputer power supplies also have an input voltage switсh that, depending on the
geographiсloсation, сan be set to 110v/115v or 220v/240v. Due to the different power voltages
supplied by power outlets in different сountries, this switсh position is сruсial.

Some basic components used in the supply of power:

Transformer:
A transformer is a statiс eleсtriсal gadget that exсhanges сontrol between at least two сirсuits. A
fluсtuating сurrent сreates a сhanging attraсtive motion in one transformer сurl, whiсh thus aсtuates a
differing eleсtromotive power over a seсond loop twisted around a similar сenter.
Without a metalliс assoсiation between the two сirсuits, eleсtriсal vitality сan be exсhanged between
the two loops. The enlistment law of Faraday found in 1831 portrayed the impaсt of prompted
voltage in any сurl beсause of the сhanging attraсtive flux surrounded by the сoil.

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 .

5.5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

5.5.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

 The Raspberry Pi may be a computer all on its own, but you'll still need a lot of other things
to make it work:
 A Raspberry Pi model B
 An HDMI-or composite video-able TV or screen: A HDMI-able screen since it offers better
goal and inherent sound. You can utilize simple on the off chance that you need, in any
case.
 An HDMI or composite video link: You'll need this link to interface Raspberry Pi to TV or
screen.
 A 4GB Class 4 SD card (or better) and a card peruser: Most SD cards will work, however
some aren't viable and will consequently cause issues.
 A USB console and mouse: Any standard USB console or mouse will do. Remote (non-
Bluetooth) peripherals worked for me, yet I needed to unplug them and attachment them
back in after the Raspberry Pi booted.
 An Ethernet link: Any standard Ethernet link will do. We need this to interface with
network and the web, in any case, so we can forget about this thing whenever wanted.
 A great quality, miniature USB power supply that can give in any event 700mA at 5V:
Most present day Smartphone chargers supply 700mA at 5V, however not all do. In the
event that it offers at any rate that amount power, presumably great to go.

SET UP RASPBERRY PI WITH A BASIC OPERATING SYS

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 5.6.OPERATING SYSTEM

Fig 5.6 Image File Selection

 Download the most recent variant of Raspbian and unfasten the .img record inside. (It's
practically 500MB so it might take a short time to download.)
Download RPi-sd card developer (make certain to pick the proper variant for introduced adaptation
of OS X) and unfasten the application.
 Insert SD card into Mac utilizing a card peruser.
 Open RPi- sd card manufacturer. You'll promptly be approached to pick a Raspbian picture.
Pick the
 .img document you downloaded before.
 It will ask SD card is associated. Since we embedded it before, it is, so feel free to click
Continue. It will introduce SD card alternatives.
 If you just have one embedded, you will not see whatever else in the rundown and it'll be
checked. If not, simply check just the card you need to utilize and click OK.
 Enter your executive secret word and snap OK.

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  You'll be inquired as to whether the SD card was launched out. This should occur, as the
application needs to un amount it so it can play out an immediate duplicate.
 Double-watch that your SD card is not, at this point accessible in the Finder. Try not to
eliminate it from your USB port. At the point when you're certain, click Continue.
 RPi-sd card developer wraps up setting up your SD card, securely launch it and supplement
it into your Raspberry Pi unit.
 RPi-sd card developer isn't an application to such an extent as it's an Automator activity that
acts like one. A few group have detailed issues utilizing it, so in the event that you run into
issues simply open up the Terminal application (Hard Drive → Applications → Utilities →
Terminal) and adhere to the directions for Linux.
 The Raspberry Pi is a truly fit minicomputer that is adequately little to fit in your pocket
(despite the fact that you'd likely never keep it there).
 You can amount to two USB gadgets (which, as a rule, will be a mouse and console) and
interface it to the web through wired Ethernet. The Raspberry Pi is amazing and reasonable,
permitting you to make a home media focus, web radio, or even your own VPN worker for
next to nothing.
 That said, a little arrangement and a ton of different parts are needed to get it ready for
action. In this post we'll investigate how to get a Raspberry Pi set up so you can begin
utilizing it for an assortment of purposes.
 Open RPi-sd card developer. You'll promptly be approached to pick a Raspbian picture. Pick
the .img document you downloaded before.
 It will ask SD card is associated. Since we embedded it before, it is, so feel free to click
Continue. It will introduce SD card choices.
 If you just have one embedded, you will not see whatever else in the rundown and it'll be
checked. If not, simply check just the card you need to utilize and click OK.
 Enter your head secret word and snap OK.

RASPBERRY PI OS INSTALLATION:

Raspberry Pi OS is the suggested working framework for ordinary use on a Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi OS is a free working framework dependent on Debian, advanced for the
Raspberry Pi equipment. Raspberry Pi OS accompanies more than 35,000 bundles: precompiled
programming packaged in a decent configuration for simple establishment on your Raspberry Pi.

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Raspberry Pi OS is a local area project under dynamic turn of events, with an accentuation on
improving the solidness and execution of whatever number Debian bundles as could reasonably be
expected.
Introducing working framework pictures
This asset discloses how to introduce a Raspberry Pi working framework picture on a SD card. You
will require another PC with a SD card peruser to introduce the picture.
Before you start, remember to check the SD card prerequisites.

Utilizing Raspberry Pi Imager

Raspberry Pi have built up a graphical SD card composing device that deals with Mac OS, Ubuntu
18.04 and Windows, and is the least demanding alternative for most clients as it will download the
picture and introduce it naturally to the SD card.

• Download the most recent rendition of Raspberry Pi Imager and introduce it.
• If you need to utilize Raspberry Pi Imager on the Raspberry Pi itself, you can introduce it
from a terminal utilizing sudo well-suited introduce rpi-imager.
• Connect a SD card peruser with the SD card inside.
• Open Raspberry Pi Imager and pick the necessary OS from the rundown introduced.

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• Choose the SD card you wish to compose your picture to.
• Review your choices and snap 'WRITE' to start composing information to the SD
card.

Boot your new OS

You would now be able to embed the SD card into the Raspberry Pi and force it up.
For the authority Raspberry Pi OS, on the off chance that you need to physically sign in,
the default client name is pi, with secret key raspberry. Recall the default console design
is set to UK.

Arranging Raspberry Pi OS:

raspi-config
This page portrays the support based raspi-config application. On the off chance that
you are utilizing the Raspberry Pi work area, you can utilize the graphical Raspberry
Pi Configuration application from the Preferences menu to arrange your Raspberry Pi.

raspi-config is the Raspberry Pi arrangement instrument initially composed by Alex

Bradbury. It targets Raspberry Pi OS.
sudoraspi-config
The sudo is required because you will be changing files that you do not own as the pi
user.You should see a blue screen with options in a grey box:
Note that the menu shown may differ slightly. It has the following top level options
available:
Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool (rasp pi-config) │1 System Options
Configure system settings Display Options
Configure display settings
Interface Options Configure connections to peripherals4 Performance Options
Configure performance settings
5 Localisation Options Configure language and regional settings6 Advanced
Options
Configure advanced settings
Update this tool to the latest version
About raspi-config Information about this configuration tool
<Select> <Finish>
Moving around the menu
Go through the and down bolt keys to move the featured determination between the
alternatives accessible. Squeezing the correct bolt key will leap out of the Options menu
and take you to the <Select> and <Finish> catches. Squeezing left will return you to the
choices. Then again, you can utilize the Tab key to switch between these.

Note that in considerable arrangements of alternative qualities (like the rundown of

timezone urban areas), you can likewise type a letter to jump to that part of the
rundown. For instance, entering L will skip you to Lisbon, only two alternatives from
London, to save you looking over entirely through the letter set.

5.7 HOOK UP RASPBERRY PICOO

Interfacing everything to Raspberry Pi is really simple. Start by associating the HDMI
link from the unit to your TV (or screen). In case you're utilizing the simple composite
video connetion all things considered, associate it to your TV (or screen) and plug in a
bunch of speakers to the 3.5mm sound jack..
On the off chance that you need your Raspberry Pi to interface with your organization
and additionally the web, utilize an Ethernet link to associate it to your switch. In the
event that you've set up a PC previously, this should all appear to be recognizable.
At long last, you need to interface Raspberry Pi with a miniature USB power connector.
As referenced before, you need a connector that can give at any rate 700mA at 5V.
Luckily, you likely as of now have one.

Fig 5.7 Raspberry Picoo Connection

Numerous Smartphone and tablet chargers use miniature USB and give 700mA at 5V (or
more). You can discover by perusing the little content on the fitting and searching for the
yield segment.

5.8 CONFIGURE RASPBERRY PI

Fig 5.8.RASPBERRY PICOO CONFIGURATION

When Raspberry Pi boots interestingly you'll have to design a couple of things. You'll
know it's prepared for you when you see a Raspi-config window with a huge rundown
of settings. You can meddle with the others in the event that you feel so slanted.

Be that as it may, the lone thing you truly need to do is extend the record framework so
you can go through all the space on your SD card. To do as such, follow these means:

1. Select extend rootfs (the subsequent choice) and press enter.

2. Confirm that you need to extend the record framework and let Raspbian do its
thing.
3. When you're gotten back to the setup list, go right to the base and select the
Finish choice.
4. It'll inquire as to whether you need to reboot. Pick yes.
Your Raspberry Pi will reboot and take a little longer this time since it needs to extend the
record framework. Following an about brief you'll be approached to sign in Once you've

logged in, you've got yourself a working Raspberry Pi.

CHAPTER -6
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

Rebuilding consumer expectations, home automation has been projected to

target wide array applications for the new digital consumer. Some of the
areas where consumers can expect to see homedemonstrated from computer
instead of mobile phone for controlling the appliances of any large places
like industries, hospitals, institution, etc centrally

ADVANTAGES:
 Lighting control  HVAC
 Lawn/Gardening management
 Smart Home Appliances
 Improved Home safety and security
 Home air quality and water quality monitoring
 Natural Language-based voice assistants
 Better Infotainment delivery
 AI-driven digital experiences
 Smart Switches
 Smart Locks
 CHAPTER -7

CONCLUSION

Home Automation is undeniably a resource which can make a home

environment automated . People can control their electrical devices via these
home automation devices and set up controlling actions through Mobile. In
future this product may have high potential for marketing. Further it can
bedemonstrated from computer instead of mobile phone for controlling the
appliances of any large places like industries, hospitals, institution, etc
centrally.
 CHAPTER-8

FUTURE SCOPE

- Internet of things is a technology of the future that has already started to touch our
homes. Here we propose an IOT based home automation system using raspberry pi that
automates home appliances and allows user to control them easily through internet from
anywhere over the world. Our proposed system consists of a microcontroller based circuit
that has lights and fan connected to it along with LCD display and Wi-fi connector
interfaced with raspberry pi. Our system interacts with out online IOT system that IOT
Gecko free web interface for controlling our home appliances with ease. After linking
with IOT Gecko, the user is allowed to send load switching commands over IOT to our
circuit.
 CHAPTER-9

REFERENCES
[1] M. N. N. A. Asghar, M.H., "Principle application and vision in internet of things (iot)",
Communication Technologies (GCCT) 2015 Global Conference on, may 2015.
[2] A. R. C. Y. O. K. Withanage, C., "A comparison of the popular home automation
technologies", pp. 1-11, may 2014.
[3] B. R. Pavithra, D., "Iot based monitoring and control system for home automation",
pp. 169-173, April 2015.
[4] M. J. H. B. T. A. M. K. T. Baig, M.Q., "Artificial intelligence modelling and simulation
(aims) 2014 2nd international conference on", pp. 109-114, November 2014.
[5] B. S. S. Tharaniya, M. Soundhari, "Intelligent interface based speech recognition for
home automation using android application", pp. 1-11, march 2015.
[6] F. M. G. K. D. Sukmana, Husni Teja, "Wireless and mobile (apwimob) 2015 ieeeasia
pacific conference on", pp. 183-187, august 2015.
[7] S. E. T. B. C. A. Urfaliglu, O., "Signal processing communication and applications
conference 2008. siu 2008. ieee 16th", pp. 1-4, april 2008.
[8] E. A. Elkamchouchi, H., "Design and prototype implementation of sms based home
automation system", pp. 162-167, november 2012.
[9] O. N. C. S. A. P. B. Sahani, M, "Circuit power and computing technologies (iccpet)
2015 international conference on", pp. 1- 6, March 2015
[10] T. Ming, Zhao Chua, "Automatic face and gesture recognition 2008. fg ‘08. 8th ieee
international conference on", pp. 1-6, September 2008.