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4.program-find S

The document outlines the implementation of the Find-S algorithm, a supervised learning method for identifying the most specific hypothesis consistent with positive training examples from a dataset. It details the algorithm's steps, including initializing the hypothesis, iterating through training examples, and updating the hypothesis based on positive instances. The final output hypothesis represents the most specific generalization derived from the dataset, although the algorithm has limitations such as ignoring negative examples and being unable to handle noise.

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2 views4 pages

4.program-find S

The document outlines the implementation of the Find-S algorithm, a supervised learning method for identifying the most specific hypothesis consistent with positive training examples from a dataset. It details the algorithm's steps, including initializing the hypothesis, iterating through training examples, and updating the hypothesis based on positive instances. The final output hypothesis represents the most specific generalization derived from the dataset, although the algorithm has limitations such as ignoring negative examples and being unable to handle noise.

Uploaded by

1bi22cd016
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment 4

For a given set of training data examples stored


in a .CSV file, implement and demonstrate the
Find-S algorithm to output a description of the
set of all hypotheses consistent with the training
examples.

Introduction to the Find-S Algorithm


What is the Find-S Algorithm?
The Find-S algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm used in concept
learning to find the most specific hypothesis that is consistent with a given set
of positive training examples. It is one of the simplest algorithms for learning
from examples in a hypothesis space.

Importance of Find-S Algorithm


Helps in understanding how hypotheses are learned from
training data. Provides a structured way to generalize from
specific instances.
Forms the foundation for more advanced machine learning algorithms.

Working of the Find-S Algorithm


The Find-S algorithm follows these steps:

1.Initialize the Hypothesis:

Start with the most specific hypothesis (i.e., all attributes set to the most
restrictive value).
2.Iterate Through Each Training Example:

If the example is positive (output = "Yes"), update the hypothesis:


Replace any attribute value in the hypothesis that is not consistent
with the example with a more general value ( ? ).
If the example is negative (output = "No"), ignore it.
3.Final Hypothesis:

After processing all positive examples, the final hypothesis represents


the most specific generalization of the training data.

Applying Find-S Algorithm to the Given Dataset


Training Dataset
The dataset contains five attributes:

Experienc Qualificatio Skill Age Hired


e n (Target)
Yes Masters Python 30 Yes

Yes Bachelors Python 25 Yes

No Bachelors Java 28 No

Yes Masters Java 40 Yes

No Masters Python 35 No

The target variable is "Hired" (Yes/No).


Only positive examples (Yes) are considered for hypothesis generation.
The algorithm will generate the most specific hypothesis that covers all
positive instances.

Understanding the Output Hypothesis


1.Initial Hypothesis
The algorithm starts with the most specific hypothesis:
h = ("Ø", "Ø", "Ø", "Ø") (empty hypothesis).

2.Iterative Learning Process


It generalizes step by step based on the positive training examples.
Attributes that differ among positive examples are replaced with ? (wildcard).

3.Final Hypothesis
The final hypothesis is the most specific generalization covering all
positive examples. It represents a logical rule derived from the dataset.

Limitations of Find-S
Only considers positive examples: It ignores negative examples, which may
lead to an incomplete hypothesis.
Cannot handle noise or missing data: Works only when training data is perfect.
Finds only one hypothesis: Does not provide alternative consistent hypotheses.

Understanding Find-S Algorithm and Hypothesis Concept


The Find-S algorithm is a simple machine-learning algorithm used in concept
learning. It finds the most specific hypothesis that is consistent with all
positive examples in a given training dataset. The algorithm assumes:

The target concept is represented in a binary


classification (yes/no, true/false, etc.).
The hypothesis space uses conjunctive attributes (each
attribute in a hypothesis must match exactly).
There is at least one positive example in the dataset.

In [2]: import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_csv(r"C:\Users\vijay\Desktop\Machine Learning Course Batches\


FDP_ML_
In [5] print(data)
:
Experience Qualificatio Skill Age Hired
0
n
1 Yes Masters Python 30 Yes
2 Yes Bachelors Python 25 Yes
3 No Bachelors Java 28 No
4 Yes Masters Java 40 Yes

In [4]: def find_s_algorithm(data):


"""Implements the Find-S algorithm to find the most specific
hypothesis."""
# Extract feature columns and target column
attributes = data.iloc[:, :-1].values # All columns except last
target = data.iloc[:, -1].values # Last column (class labels)

# Step 1: Initialize hypothesis with first positive example


for i in range(len(target)):
if target[i] == "Yes": # Consider only positive examples
hypothesis = attributes[i].copy()
break

# Step 2: Update hypothesis based on other positive examples


for i in range(len(target)):
if target[i] == "Yes":
for j in range(len(hypothesis)):
if hypothesis[j] != attributes[i][j]:
hypothesis[j] = '?' # Generalize inconsistent attributes

return hypothesis

# Run Find-S Algorithm


final_hypothesis = find_s_algorithm(data)

# Print the learned hypothesis


print("Most Specific Hypothesis:", final_hypothesis)
Most Specific Hypothesis: ['Yes' '?' '?' '?']
In [ ]:

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