C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

C Programming
1. Why is C called a mid-level programming language?
Due to its ability to support both low-level and high-level features, C is considered a middle-level
language. It is both an assembly-level language, i.e. a low-level language, and a higher-level
language. Programs that are written in C are converted into assembly code, and they support
pointer arithmetic (low-level) while being machine-independent (high-level). Therefore, C is
often referred to as a middle-level language. C can be used to write operating systems and
menu-driven consumer billing systems.

2. What are the features of the C programming language?

Features of C Programming language

3. What are basic data types supported in the C Programming Language?

Each variable in C has an associated data type. Each data type requires different amounts of
memory and has some specific operations which can be performed over it. It specifies the type
of data that the variable can store like integer, character, floating, double, etc. In C data types
are broadly classified into 4 categories:
● Primitive data types: Primitive data types can be further classified into integer, and
floating data types.
○ Void Types: Void data types come under primitive data types. Void data types
provide no result to their caller and have no value associated with them.

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● User Defined data types: These data types are defined by the user to make the program
more readable.
● Derived data types: Data types that are derived from primitive or built-in data types.

Data Types in C
The Basic Datatypes supported in C Language are as follows:
Datatype Name Datatype Size Datatype Range

short 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned short 1 byte 0 to 255

char 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255

int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to

2,147,483,647

unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38

double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

long double 10 bytes 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932

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4. What are tokens in C?

Tokens are identifiers or the smallest single unit in a program that is meaningful to the compiler.
In C we have the following tokens:
● Keywords: Predefined or reserved words in the C programming language. Every
keyword is meant to perform a specific task in a program. C Programming language
supports 32 keywords.
● Identifiers: Identifiers are user-defined names that consist of an arbitrarily long sequence
of digits or letters with either a letter or the underscore (_) as a first Character. Identifier
names can’t be equal to any reserved keywords in the C programming language. There
are a set of rules which a programmer must follow in order to name an identifier in C.
● Constants: Constants are normal variables that cannot be modified in the program once
they are defined. Constants refer to a fixed value. They are also referred to as literals.
● Strings: Strings in C are an array of characters that end with a null character (‘\0). Null
character indicates the end of the string;
● Special Symbols: Some special symbols in C have some special meaning and thus, they
cannot be used for any other purpose in the program. # = {} () , * ; [] are the special
symbols in C programming language.
● Operators: Symbols that trigger an action when they are applied to any variable or any
other object. Unary, Binary, and ternary operators are used in the C Programming
language.

5. What do you mean by the scope of the variable?

Scope in a programming language is the block or a region where a defined variable will have its
existence and beyond that region, the variable is automatically destroyed. Every variable has
its defined scope. In simple terms, the scope of a variable is equal to its life in the program. The
variable can be declared in three places These are:
● Local Variables: Inside a given function or a block
● Global Variables: Out of all functions globally inside the program.
● Formal Parameters: In-function parameters only.

6. What are preprocessor directives in C?

In C preprocessor directives are considered the built-in predefined functions or macros that act
as a directive to the compiler and are executed before the program execution. There are
multiple steps involved in writing and executing a program in C. Main types of Preprocessor
Directives are Macros, File Inclusion, Conditional Compilation, and Other directives like #undef,
#pragma, etc.

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Processor in C

7. What is the use of static variables in C?

Static variables in the C programming language are used to preserve the data values between
function calls even after they are out of their scope. Static variables preserve their values in their
scope and they can be used again in the program without initializing again. Static variables have
an initial value assigned to 0 without initialization.
C
// C program to print initial
// value of static variable
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
static int var;
int x;
printf("Initial value of static variable %d\n", var);
printf("Initial value of variable without static %d",
x);
return 0;
}

Output
Initial value of static variable 0
Initial value of variable without static 0

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8. What is the difference between malloc() and calloc() in the C

programming language?
calloc() and malloc() library functions are used to allocate dynamic memory. Dynamic memory is
the memory that is allocated during the runtime of the program from the heap segment.
“stdlib.h” is the header file that is used to facilitate dynamic memory allocation in the C
Programming language.

Parameter Malloc() Calloc()

It is a function that assigns more than

It is a function that creates one
Definition one block of memory to a single
block of memory of a fixed size.
variable.

Number of
It only takes one argument. It takes two arguments.
arguments

malloc() function is faster than

Speed calloc() is slower than malloc().
calloc().

Efficiency It has high time efficiency. It has low time efficiency.

It is used to indicate memory It is used to indicate contiguous

Usage
allocation. memory allocation.

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9. What do you mean by dangling pointers and how are dangling pointers
different from memory leaks in C programming?
Pointers pointing to deallocated memory blocks in C Programming are known as dangling
pointers i.e, whenever a pointer is pointing to a memory location and In case the variable is
deleted and the pointer still points to that same memory location then it is known as a dangling
pointer variable.
In C programming memory leak occurs when we allocate memory with the help of the malloc()
or calloc() library function, but we forget to free the allocated memory with the help of the free()
library function. Memory leak causes the program to use an undefined amount of memory from
the RAM which makes it unavailable for other running programs this causes our program to
crash.

10. Write a program to convert a number to a string with the help of sprintf()
function in the C library.
C
// C program to convert number to
// string using sprintf()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
char res[20];
float a = 32.23;
sprintf(res, "%f", a);
printf("\nThe string for the num is %s", res);
return 0;
}
Output
The string for the num is 32.230000

11. What is recursion in C?

Recursion is the process of making the function call itself directly or indirectly. A recursive
function solves a particular problem by calling a copy of itself and solving smaller subproblems
that sum up the original problems. Recursion helps to reduce the length of code and make it
more understandable. The recursive function uses a LIFO ( Last In First Out ) structure like a
stack. Every recursive call in the program requires extra space in the stack memory.

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12. What is the difference between the local and global variables in C?
Local variables are declared inside a block or function but global variables are declared outside
the block or function to be accessed globally.

Local Variables Global Variables

Variables that are declared outside the

Declared inside a block or a function.
block or a function.

By default value of the global value is

By default, variables store a garbage value.
zero.

The life of the local variables is destroyed The life of the global variable exists until
after the block or a function. the program is executed.

Variables are stored inside the stack unless The storage location of the global
they are specified by the programmer. variable is decided by the compiler.

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No parameter passing is required. They

To access the local variables in other
are globally visible throughout the
functions parameter passing is required.
program.

13. What are pointers and their uses?

Pointers are used to store the address of the variable or a memory location. Pointer can also be
used to refer to another pointer function. The main purpose of the pointer is to save memory
space and increase execution time. Uses of pointers are:
● To pass arguments by reference
● For accessing array elements
● To return multiple values
● Dynamic memory allocation
● To implement data structures
● To do system-level programming where memory addresses are useful

Working of Pointer

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14. What is typedef in C?

In C programming, typedef is a keyword that defines an alias for an existing type. Whether it is
an integer variable, function parameter, or structure declaration, typedef will shorten the name.
Syntax:
typedef <existing-type> <alias-name>
Here,
● existing type is already given a name.
● alias name is the new name for the existing variable.
Example:
typedef long long ll

15. What are loops and how can we create an infinite loop in C?
Loops are used to execute a block of statements repeatedly. The statement which is to be
repeated will be executed n times inside the loop until the given condition is reached. There are
two types of loops Entry controlled and Exit-controlled loops in the C programming language. An
Infinite loop is a piece of code that lacks a functional exit. So, it repeats indefinitely. There can
be only two things when there is an infinite loop in the program. One it was designed to loop
endlessly until the condition is met within the loop. Another can be wrong or unsatisfied break
conditions in the program.

Types of Loops
Below is the program for infinite loop in C:
C
// C program for infinite loop
// using for, while, do-while
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{

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for (;;) {
printf("Infinite-loop\n");
}

while (1) {
printf("Infinite-loop\n");
}

do {
printf("Infinite-loop\n");
} while (1);

return 0;
}

For more information, refer to the article – Loops in C.

16. What is the difference between type casting and type conversion?

Type Casting Type Conversion

The data type is converted to another data

The data type is converted to another data
type by a programmer with the help of a
by a compiler.
casting operator.

It can be applied to both compatible data Type conversion can only be applied to only
types as well as incompatible data types. compatible data types.

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In Type casting in order to cast the data

In type conversion, there is no need for a
type into another data type, a caste
casting operator.
operator is needed

Type conversion is less efficient and less

Type casting is more efficient and reliable.
reliable than type casting.

Type casting takes place during the

Type conversion is done at compile time.
program design by the programmer.

Syntax: Syntax:
destination_data_type = (target_data_type) int a = 20; float b; b = a; // a = 20.0000
variable_to_be_converted;

17. What are header files and their uses?

C language has numerous libraries which contain predefined functions to make programming
easier. Header files contain predefined standard library functions. All header files must have a
‘.h’ extension. Header files contain function definitions, data type definitions, and macros which
can be imported with the help of the preprocessor directive ‘#include’. Preprocessor directives
instruct the compiler that these files are needed to be processed before the compilation.
There are two types of header files i.e, User-defined header files and Pre-existing header files.
For example, if our code needs to take input from the user and print desired output to the screen
then ‘stdio.h’ header file must be included in the program as #include<stdio.h>. This header file
contains functions like scanf() and printf() which are used to take input from the user and print
the content.

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18. What are the functions and their types?

The function is a block of code that is used to perform a task multiple times rather than writing it
out multiple times in our program. Functions avoid repetition of code and increase the
readability of the program. Modifying a program becomes easier with the help of function and
hence reduces the chances of error. There are two types of functions:
● User-defined Functions: Functions that are defined by the user to reduce the complexity
of big programs. They are built only to satisfy the condition in which the user is facing
issues and are commonly known as “tailor-made functions”.
● Built-in Functions: Library functions are provided by the compiler package and consist of
special functions with special and different meanings. These functions give programmers
an edge as we can directly use them without defining them.

19. What is the difference between macro and functions?

A macro is a name that is given to a block of C statements as a preprocessor directive. Macro is
defined with the preprocessor directive. Macros are pre-processed which means that all the
macros would be preprocessed before the compilation of our program. However, functions are
not preprocessed but compiled.

Macro Function

Macros are preprocessed. Functions are compiled.

Code length is increased using macro. Code length remains unaffected using function.

Execution speed using a macro is faster. Execution speed using function is slower.

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The macro name is replaced by the macro Transfer of control takes place during the
value before compilation. function call.

Macro doesn’t check any Compile-Time

Function check Compile-time errors.
Errors.

20. How to convert a string to numbers in C?

In C we have 2 main methods to convert strings to numbers i.e, Using string stream, Using stoi()
library Function or using atoi() library function.
● sscanf(): It reads input from a string rather than standard input.
● stoi() or atoi(): These functions takes a string literal or a character array as an argument
and an integer value is returned.

21. What are reserved keywords?

Every keyword is meant to perform a specific task in a program. Their meaning is already
defined and cannot be used for purposes other than what they are originally intended for. C
Programming language supports 32 keywords. Some examples of reserved keywords are auto,
else, if, long, int, switch, typedef, etc.

22. What is a structure?

The structure is a keyword that is used to create user-defined data types. The structure allows
storing multiple types of data in a single unit. The structure members can only be accessed
through the structure variable.
Example:
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll_no;
char address[20];
char branch[20];
};

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Below is the C program to implement structure:

C
// C Program to show the
// use of structure
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// Structure student declared

struct student {
char name[20];
int roll_no;
char address[50];
char branch[50];
};

// Driver code
int main()
{
struct student obj;

strcpy(obj.name, "Kamlesh_Joshi");
obj.roll_no = 27;
strcpy(obj.address, "Haldwani");
strcpy(obj.branch, "Computer Science And Engineering");

// Accessing members of student obj

printf("Name: %s\n", obj.name);
printf("Roll_No: %d \n", obj.roll_no);
printf("Address: %s\n", obj.address);
printf("Branch: %s", obj.branch);

return 0;
}

Output
Name: Kamlesh_Joshi
Roll_No: 27
Address: Haldwani
Branch: Computer Science And Engineering

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23. What is union?

A union is a user-defined data type that allows users to store multiple types of data in a single
unit. However, a union does not occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds the
memory of the largest member only. Since the union allocates one common space for all the
members we can access only a single variable at a time. The union can be useful in many
situations where we want to use the same memory for two or more members.
Syntax:
union name_of_union
{
data_type name;
data_type name;
};

24. What is an r-value and value?

An “l-value” refers to an object with an identifiable location in memory (i.e. having an address).
An “l-value” will appear either on the right or left side of the assignment operator(=). An “r-value”
is a data value stored in memory at a given address. An “r-value” refers to an object without an
identifiable location in memory (i.e. without an address). An “r-value” is an expression that
cannot be assigned a value, therefore it can only exist on the right side of an assignment
operator (=).
Example:
int val = 20;
Here, val is the ‘l-value’, and 20 is the ‘r-value’.
For more information, refer to the article – r-value and l-value in C

25. What is the difference between call by value and call by

reference?

Call by value Call by Reference

The address of a variable(location of

Values of the variable are passed
variable) is passed while the function
while function calls.
call.

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Dummy variables copy the value

Dummy variables copy the address of
of each variable in the function
actual variables.
call.

Changes made to dummy

variables in the called function We can manipulate the actual variables
have no effect on actual variables using addresses.
in the calling function.

A simple technique is used to The address values of variables must

pass the values of variables. be stored in pointer variables.

26. What is the sleep() function?

sleep() function in C allows the users to wait for a current thread for a given amount of time.
sleep() function will sleep the present executable for the given amount of time by the thread but
other operations of the CPU will function properly. sleep() function returns 0 if the requested
time has elapsed.

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27. What are enumerations?

In C, enumerations (or enums) are user-defined data types. Enumerations allow integral
constants to be named, which makes a program easier to read and maintain. For example, the
days of the week can be defined as an enumeration and can be used anywhere in the program.
enum enumeration_name{constant1, constant2, ... };
C
// An example program to demonstrate working
// of enum in C
#include <stdio.h>

enum week { Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun };

int main()
{
enum week day;
day = Wed;
printf("%d", day);
return 0;
}

Output
2
In the above example, we declared “day” as the variable, and the value of “Wed” is allocated to
day, which is 2. So as a result, 2 is printed.

28: What is a volatile keyword?

Volatile keyword is used to prevent the compiler from optimizing because their values can’t be
changed by code that is outside the scope of current code at any time. The System always
reads the current value of a volatile object from the memory location rather than keeping its
value in a temporary register at the point it is requested, even if previous instruction is asked for
the value from the same object.

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29. Write a C program to print the Fibonacci series using recursion and
without using recursion.

Fibonacci Numbers
C
// C program to print Fibonacci Series
// with recursion and without recursion
#include <stdio.h>

// Recursive Function to print

// Fibonacci Series
void Fibonacci(int num, int first, int second, int third)
{
if (num > 0) {
third = first + second;
first = second;
second = third;

printf("%d ", third);

// Recursive call for it's

// n-1 value
Fibonacci(num - 1, first, second, third)
}
}

// Driver code
int main()

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{
int num;

printf("Please Enter number of Elements: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

printf(
"Fibonacci Series with the help of Recursion:\n");

printf("%d %d ", 0, 1);

// we are passing n-2 because we have

// already printed 2 numbers i.e, 0 and 1

Fibonacci(num - 2, 0, 1, 0);

printf("\nFibonacci Series without Using Recursion:\n");

int first = 0, second = 1, third = 0;

printf("%d %d ", 0, 1);

// Loop will start from 2 because we have

// already printed 0 and 1
for (int i = 2; i < num; i++) {
third = first + second;

printf("%d ", third);

first = second;
second = third;
}

return 0;
}

Output:
Please Enter number of Elements: 5
Fibonacci Series with the help of Recursion:
01123
Fibonacci Series without Using Recursion:
01123

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30. Write a C program to check whether a number is prime or not.

Number Prime or not

C
// C program to check if a
// number is prime
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
int num;
int check = 1;

printf("Enter a number: \n");

scanf("%d", &num);

// Iterating from 2 to sqrt(num)

for (int i = 2; i <= sqrt(num); i++) {
// If the given number is divisible by
// any number between 2 and n/2 then
// the given number is not a prime number
if (num % i == 0) {
check = 0;
break;
}
}

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if (num <= 1) {
check = 0;
}

if (check == 1) {
printf("%d is a prime number", num);
}
else {
printf("%d is not a prime number", num);
}

return 0;
}

31. How is source code different from object code?

Source Code Object Code

Source code is generated by the object code is generated by a compiler or

programmer. another translator.

High-level code which is Low-level code is not

human-understandable. human-understandable.

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Source code can be easily modified and Object code cannot be modified and
contains less number of statements than contains more statements than source
object code. code.

Source code can be changed over time and Object code can be modified and is system
is not system specific. specific.

Source code is less close to the machine Object code is more close to the machine
and is input to the compiler or any other and is the output of the compiler or any
translator. other translator.

Language translators like compilers,

Object code is machine code so it does not
assemblers, and interpreters are used to
require any translation.
translate source code to object code.

32. What is static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation?

● Static memory allocation: Memory allocation which is done at compile time is known as
static memory allocation. Static memory allocation saves running time. It is faster than
dynamic memory allocation as memory allocation is done from the stack. This memory
allocation method is less efficient as compared to dynamic memory allocation. It is
mostly preferred in the array.

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● Dynamic memory allocation: Memory allocation done at execution or run time is known
as dynamic memory allocation. Dynamic memory allocation is slower than static memory
allocation as memory allocation is done from the heap. This memory allocation method
is more efficient as compared to static memory allocation. It is mostly preferred in the
linked list.

33. What is pass-by-reference in functions?

Pass by reference allows a function to modify a variable without making a copy of the variable.
The Memory location of the passed variable and parameter is the same, so any changes done
to the parameter will be reflected by the variables as well.
C
// C program to change a variable
// using pass by reference
#include <stdio.h>

// * used to dereference the variable

void change(int* num)
{
// value of num changed to 30
*num = 30;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
int num = 20;
printf("Value of num before passing is: %d\n", num);

// Calling change function by passing address

change(&num);

printf("Value of num after changing with the help of "

"function is: %d",
num);

return 0;
}

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34. What is a memory leak and how to avoid it?

Whenever a variable is defined some amount of memory is created in the heap. If the
programmer forgets to delete the memory. This undeleted memory in the heap is called a
memory leak. The Performance of the program is reduced since the amount of available
memory was reduced. To avoid memory leaks, memory allocated on the heap should always be
cleared when it is no longer needed.

35. What are command line arguments?

Arguments that are passed to the main() function of the program in the command-line shell of
the operating system are known as command-line arguments.
Syntax:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){/*code which is to be executed*/}

36. What is an auto keyword?

Every local variable of a function is known as an automatic variable in the C language. Auto is
the default storage class for all the variables which are declared inside a function or a block.
Auto variables can only be accessed within the block/function they have been declared. We can
use them outside their scope with the help of pointers. By default auto keywords consist of a
garbage value.

37. Write a program to print “Hello-World” without using a semicolon.

C
// C program to print hello-world
// without using semicolon
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
// This will print the hello-world
// on the screen without giving any error
if (printf(“Hello - World”)) {
}
return 0;
}

For more information, refer to the article – Hello World in C

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38. Write a C program to swap two numbers without using a third variable.

Swap Two Number

C
// C program to swap two variables
// without using a third variable
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// Variable declaration
int var1 = 50;
int var2 = 60;

printf(
"Values before swap are var1 = %d and var2 = %d\n",
var1, var2);

// var1 = 110 ( 50 + 60)

var1 = var1 + var2;

// var2 = 50 (110 - 50)

var2 = var1 - var2;

// var1 = 60 (110 - 50)

var1 = var1 - var2;

printf("Values after swap are var1 = %d and var2 = %d",

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var1, var2);

return 0;
}

Output
Values before swap are var1 = 50 and var2 = 60
Values after swap are var1 = 60 and var2 = 50

39. Write a program to check whether a string is a palindrome or not.

C
// C program to check whether a
// string is palindrome or not.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

// Palindrome function to check

// whether a string is palindrome
// or not
void Palindrome(char s[])
{
// Start will start from 0th index
// and end will start from length-1
int start = 0;
int end = strlen(s) - 1;

// Comparing characters until they

// are same
while (end > start) {
if (s[start++] != s[end--]) {
printf("%s is not a Palindrome \n", s);
return;
}
}
printf("%s is a Palindrome \n", s);
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
Palindrome("abba");
return 0;
}

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Output
abba is a Palindrome

40. Explain modifiers.

Modifiers are keywords that are used to change the meaning of basic data types in C language.
They specify the amount of memory that is to be allocated to the variable. There are five data
type modifiers in the C programming language:
● long
● short
● signed
● unsigned
● long long

41. Write a program to print the factorial of a given number with the help of
recursion.

Factorial of a Number
C
// C program to find factorial
// of a given number
#include <stdio.h>

// Function to find factorial of

// a given number
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n)

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{
if (n == 0)
return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
int num = 5;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d", num, factorial(num));
return 0;
}

Output
Factorial of 5 is 120

42. Write a program to check an Armstrong number.

C
// C program to determine whether
// the given number is Armstrong
// or not
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
int n;

printf("Enter Number \n");

scanf("%d", &n);

int var = n;
int sum = 0;

// Loop to calculate the order of

// the given number
while (n > 0) {
int rem = n % 10;
sum = (sum) + (rem * rem * rem);
n = n / 10;
}

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

// If the order of the number will be

// equal to the number then it is
// Armstrong number.
if (var == sum) {
printf("%d is an Armstrong number \n", var);
}
else {
printf("%d is not an Armstrong number", var);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter Number
0 is an Armstrong number

43. Write a program to reverse a given number.

C
// C program to reverse digits
// of a number
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
int n, rev = 0;

printf("Enter Number to be reversed : ");

scanf("%d", &n);

// r will store the remainder while we

// reverse the digit and store it in rev
int r = 0;
while (n != 0)
{
r = n % 10;
rev = rev * 10 + r;
n /= 10;
}

printf("Number After reversing digits is: %d", rev);

return 0;

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

Output:
Enter Number to be reversed :
Number After reversing digits is: 321

44. What is the use of an extern storage specifier?

The extern keyword is used to extend the visibility of the C variables and functions in the C
language. Extern is the short name for external. It is used when a particular file needs to access
a variable from any other file. Extern keyword increases the redundancy and variables with
extern keyword are only declared not defined. By default functions are visible throughout the
program, so there is no need to declare or define extern functions.

45. What is the use of printf() and scanf() functions in C Programming

language? Also, explain format specifiers.
printf() function is used to print the value which is passed as the parameter to it on the console
screen.
Syntax:
print(“%X”,variable_of_X_type);
scanf() method, reads the values from the console as per the data type specified.
Syntax:
scanf(“%X”,&variable_of_X_type);
In C format specifiers are used to tell the compiler what type of data will be present in the
variable during input using scanf() or output using print().
● %c: Character format specifier used to display and scan character.
● %d, %i: Signed Integer format specifier used to print or scan an integer value.
● %f, %e, or %E: Floating-point format specifiers are used for printing or scanning float
values.
● %s: This format specifier is used for String printing.
● %p: This format specifier is used for Address Printing.

46. What is near, far, and huge pointers in C?

● Near Pointers: Near pointers are used to store 16-bit addresses only. Using the near
pointer, we can not store the address with a size greater than 16 bits.
● Far Pointers: A far pointer is a pointer of 32 bits size. However, information outside the
computer’s memory from the current segment can also be accessed.
● Huge Pointers: Huge pointer is typically considered a pointer of 32 bits size. But bits
located outside or stored outside the segments can also be accessed.

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

47. Mention file operations in C.

In C programming Basic File Handling Techniques provide the basic functionalities that
programmers can perform against the system.

File Operations in C

48. Write a Program to check whether a linked list is circular or not.

C
// C program to check if the linked list is circular
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

};
int isCircular(struct Node* head)
{

// If given linked list is null then it is circular

if (head == NULL) {
return 1;
}
struct Node* ptr;
ptr = head->next;

// Traversing linked list till last node

while (ptr != NULL && ptr != head) {
ptr = ptr->next;
}

// will return 1 if Linked list is circular else 0

return (ptr == head);
}

struct Node* newnode(int data)

{
struct Node* first;
first = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
first->data = data;
first->next = NULL;
return first;
}

int main()
{

struct Node* head = newnode(10);

head->next = newnode(12);
head->next->next = newnode(14);
head->next->next->next = newnode(16);
head->next->next->next->next = head;

// if it will be 1 then it means linked list is

// circular
if (isCircular(head)) {
printf("Linked List is Circular\n");
}
else {

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

printf("Linked List is Not Circular\n");

}

return 0;
}

For more information, refer to the article – Circular Linked List

49. Write a program to Merge two sorted linked lists.

Merge two sorted linked lists

C
// C program to merge two sorted
// linked lists
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Linked List Node

struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};

/* Pull off the front node of the

source and put it in dest
*/

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

void MoveNode(struct Node** destRef,

struct Node** sourceRef);

/* Takes two lists sorted in increasing order,

and splices their nodes together to make
one big sorted list which is returned. */
struct Node* SortedMerge(struct Node* a, struct Node* b)
{
/* A dummy first node to hang the
result on */
struct Node dummy;

/* tail points to the last result node */

struct Node* tail = &dummy;

/* so tail->next is the place to add new

nodes to the result. */
dummy.next = NULL;
while (1) {
if (a == NULL) {
/* if either list runs out, use the
other list */
tail->next = b;
break;
}
else if (b == NULL) {
tail->next = a;
break;
}
if (a->data <= b->data)
MoveNode(&(tail->next), &a);
else
MoveNode(&(tail->next), &b);
tail = tail->next;
}
return (dummy.next);
}

/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS */
/* MoveNode() function takes the node
from the front of the source, and
move it to the front of the dest.
It is an error to call this with the
source list empty.

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

Before calling MoveNode():

source == {1, 2, 3}
dest == {1, 2, 3}

After calling MoveNode():

source == {2, 3}
dest == {1, 1, 2, 3} */
void MoveNode(struct Node** destRef,
struct Node** sourceRef)
{
/* The front source node */
struct Node* newNode = *sourceRef;
assert(newNode != NULL);

/* Advance the source pointer */

*sourceRef = newNode->next;

/* Link the old dest off the new node */

newNode->next = *destRef;

/* Move dest to point to the new node */

*destRef = newNode;
}

/* Function to insert a node at the beginning of the

linked list */
void push(struct Node** head_ref, int new_data)
{
/* allocate node */
struct Node* new_node
= (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

/* put in the data */

new_node->data = new_data;

/* link the old list off the new node */

new_node->next = (*head_ref);

/* move the head to point to the new node */

(*head_ref) = new_node;
}

/* Function to print nodes in a given linked list */

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

void printList(struct Node* node)

{
while (node != NULL) {
printf("%d ", node->data);
node = node->next;
}
}

/* Driver program to test above functions*/

int main()
{
/* Start with the empty list */
struct Node* res = NULL;
struct Node* a = NULL;
struct Node* b = NULL;

/* Let us create two sorted linked lists to test

the functions
Created lists, a: 5->10->15, b: 2->3->20 */
push(&a, 15);
push(&a, 10);
push(&a, 5);

push(&b, 20);
push(&b, 3);
push(&b, 2);

/* Remove duplicates from linked list */

res = SortedMerge(a, b);

printf("Merged Linked List is: \n");

printList(res);

return 0;
}

Output
Merged Linked List is:
2 3 5 10 15 20

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

50. What is the difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche().
● getc(): The function reads a single character from an input stream and returns an integer
value (typically the ASCII value of the character) if it succeeds. On failure, it returns the
EOF.
● getchar(): Unlike getc(), gechar() can read from standard input; it is equivalent to
getc(stdin).
● getch(): It is a nonstandard function and is present in ‘conio.h’ header file which is mostly
used by MS-DOS compilers like Turbo C.
● getche(): It reads a single character from the keyboard and displays it immediately on
the output screen without waiting for the enter key.

Q51. What are the limitations of scanf() and how can it be avoided?

Ans: The Limitations of scanf() are as follows:

● scanf() cannot work with the string of characters.

● It is not possible to enter a multi word string into a single variable using scanf().
● To avoid this the gets( ) function is used.
● It gets a string from the keyboard and is terminated when the enter key is
pressed.
● Here the spaces and tabs are acceptable as part of the input string.

Q52. What are the valid places where the programmer can apply Break Control
Statement?
Ans: Break Control statement is valid to be used inside a loop and Switch control
statements.

Q53. How can we store a negative integer?

Ans: To store a negative integer, we need to follow the following steps. Calculate the
two’s complement of the same positive integer.

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

Eg: 1011 (-5)

Step-1 − One’s complement of 5: 1010

Step-2 − Add 1 to above, giving 1011, which is -5

Q54. Differentiate between Actual Parameters and Formal Parameters.

Ans: The Parameters which are sent from main function to the subdivided function are
called as Actual Parameters and the parameters which are declared at the Subdivided
function end are called as Formal Parameters. Give example

Q55. Can a C program be compiled or executed in the absence of a main()?

Ans: The program will be compiled but will not be executed. To execute any C program,
main() is required. Give example

Q56. What do you mean by a Nested Structure?

Ans: When a data member of one structure is referred to by the data member of another
function, then the structure is called a Nested Structure. Give example

Q57. What do you mean by the scope and lifetime of a variable in C?

Ans. The scope and lifetime of any variable are defined as the section of the code in which the
variable is executable or visible. Variables that are described in the block are only accessible in
the block. The variable’s lifetime defines the variable’s existence before it is destroyed.

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C Question Answer | Sanjoy Ghosh

Reference:

1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
2. https://www.javatpoint.com/
3. https://stackoverflow.com/
4. https://www.edureka.co

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