🔹 Role of Technology in

Globalization
🧭 I. BUSINESS ETHICS
• Internet, AI, blockchain
& LAWS
• Cloud computing & e-commerce
• Global collaboration
🔹 Types of Business Ethics
🔹 Opportunities
1. Normative Ethics – Establishing
moral norms and standards
1. Market expansion
2. Descriptive Ethics – Studying real-
2. Cost savings via outsourcing
world behaviors
3. Innovation & tech transfer
3. Metaethics – Nature and origins of
4. Access to foreign investment
ethics
4. Applied Ethics – Real-world
🔹 Challenges
dilemmas (e.g., data privacy)
1. Cultural differences
🔹 Areas of Ethical Concern 2. Legal/regulatory barriers
3. Labor and ethical issues (e.g., Nike
1. Discrimination & Harassment
controversy)
2. Product Safety and Quality
4. Environmental impact (e.g.,
3. Data Privacy & Security
Amazon rainforest, fast fashion)
4. Bribery
5. Workplace Health and Safety
🔹 Technopreneurial Strategies
6. Environmental Responsibility
• Iterative development
🔹 Relevant Philippine Laws • Rapid prototyping
• Scalable models
1. RA 6713 – Code of Conduct for
Public Officials
2. RA 7394 – Consumer Act of the
Philippines
3. RA 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 🧠 III. EMERGING
2012 TECH & ETHICS
🔹 AI Ethics

🌍 II. GLOBALIZATION • Algorithmic bias

• Transparency ("right to
&
explanation")
TECHNOPRENEURSHIP • Job displacement

🔹 Digital Privacy
 • Neuroprivacy 🔹 Types of Capital
• Surveillance capitalism
• Ethical data handling • Equity – Ownership in exchange
for funds
• Debt – Loans to be repaid with
interest
📈 IV. SOCIAL • Mezzanine – Mix of debt and
equity
RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) • Alternative – Online lending,
crowdfunding
🔹 Types
🔹 Sources of Funds
1. Economic – Viable goods &
services 1. Angel Investors - Wealthy
2. Legal – Compliance with laws individuals providing capital to
3. Ethical – Go beyond minimum startups in exchange for equity.
legal standards 2. Venture Capital - Investment firms
4. Discretionary/Charitable – specializing in highgrowth, early-stage
Donations, outreach companies.
3. Grants (competitive, formula) - is
🔹 CSR for Interest Groups a sum of money given to an
individual, business, or organization
that does not need to be repaid.
• Shareholders – Maximize wealth
• Employees – Safe work, fair pay Types of Grants
• Consumers – Honest pricing,
quality • Competitive Grants
• Government & Community – • Formula Grants
Obey laws, aid local needs • Continuation Grants
• Pass-Through Grants
🔹 Other Responsibilities 4. Crowdfunding - is a way of raising
money by collecting small amounts
• Job creation from a large number of people, usually
• Infrastructure development via the internet.
• Reward-based
• Mentorship
• Equity-based
• Poverty alleviation
• Debt-based
• Start-up empowerment
•Donation-based
5. Incubators & Accelerators
6. Bootstrapping - is a funding strategy
used by start-ups to finance their
💸 V. RAISING operations through personal savings
or existing assets instead of relying on
CAPITAL external investments.
🔹 Capital-Raising Strategies 📉 VII. COST &
• Match funding source to business MANAGEMENT
stage
ACCOUNTING
• Understand investor expectations
• Retain control vs. cost of capital
🔹 Types of Cost Accounting

1. Standard
2. Activity-Based
📊 VI. FINANCIAL 3. Lean
ANALYSIS & 4. Marginal
5. Environmental
ACCOUNTING
🔹 Uses of Management
🔹 Accounting Principles Accounting
1. Revenue Recognition • Planning & Organizing
2. Matching • Cost Control
3. Cost Principle • Decision Support
4. Consistency • Performance Measurement
5. Conservatism

🔹 Financial Statements

• Balance Sheet
⚠️ VIII. FINANCIAL
• Income Statement RISK MANAGEMENT
• Cash Flow Statement
🔹 Types of Risk
🔹 Financial Ratios
1. Market Risk – Price fluctuations
• Liquidity – Current, Quick Ratio 2. Credit Risk – Loan defaults
• Profitability – ROE, ROA 3. Liquidity Risk – Lack of cash
• Solvency – Debt/Equity 4. Operational Risk – Internal
system/process failure
🔹 Investment Metrics
🔹 Mitigation Strategies
• ROI
• IRR • Diversification
• Break-even point • Effective Cash Flow Management
• Insurance
• Maintain Cash Reserves
 • Ensure long-term sustainability
📚 IX. LEGAL &
ETHICAL ⚠️ XI. FINANCIAL RISK & RISK
MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
🔹 4 Types of Financial Risk:
🔹 Standards & Frameworks
1. Market Risk – Risk from market
• GAAP – U.S.-based, rule-based price fluctuations
2. Credit Risk – Borrowers fail to
• IFRS – International, principle-
repay debts
based 3. Liquidity Risk – Inability to
access funds when needed
🔹 Fraud Prevention 4. Operational Risk – Internal
failures in systems/processes
• Ethics training
• Internal controls & audits XII. COST & MANAGEMENT
• Transparency ACCOUNTING
• Forensic accounting

🔹 5 Types of Cost Accounting:

💼 X. FINANCIAL 1. Standard Cost Accounting

o Assigns predetermined
MANAGEMENT costs to products/services
o Used for budgeting and
🔹 Functions of Financial performance comparison
Management 2. Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
o Allocates costs to specific
1. Financial Planning – Estimating activities or jobs
fund requirements o More accurate in assigning
2. Capital Structure – Balancing overhead
debt and equity 3. Lean Accounting
3. Investment Decision – Evaluating o Focuses on value streams
assets/projects o Aims to reduce waste and
4. Working Capital Management – increase efficiency
Managing short-term 4. Marginal Costing (aka Cost-
assets/liabilities Volume-Profit Analysis)
5. Profit Allocation – Dividend vs. o Analyzes variable costs and
Retained Earnings contribution margins
6. Risk Management – Identifying o Useful for break-even and
and mitigating financial risks pricing decisions
5. Environmental Cost Accounting
o Tracks costs related to
🔹 Goals of Financial Management
environmental impact
o Important for businesses
• Maximize shareholder wealth
with sustainability goals
• Maintain financial liquidity
1. Normative Ethics

• Focuses on establishing ethical

standards or norms
• Asks: “What should businesses
do?”
• Includes theories like
Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue
Ethics

🔹 2. Descriptive Ethics

• Observes and describes actual

ethical behavior in businesses
• Based on real-world data, surveys,
and case studies
• Asks: “What do people actually do
in ethical situations?”

🔹 3. Metaethics

• Investigates the origin and nature

of ethical principles
• Explores questions like:
“What does it mean for something
to be ‘good’ or ‘bad’?”
• More philosophical and abstract

🔹 4. Applied Ethics

• Applies ethical theories to real-life

business dilemmas
• Examples:
o Data privacy issues
o AI and automation ethics
o Ethical supply chain
practices
•