FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
Fractions
Fractions are numbers representing parts of a whole.
It has two parts- numerator and denominator.
Types of Fractions
1. Proper Fraction
2. Improper Fraction
3. Mixed Fraction
1. Proper Fraction
Fraction in which numerator is less than denominator is called Proper Fraction.
Its value is always less than 1.
2. Improper Fraction
Fraction in which denominator is less than numerator is called Improper Fraction.
Its value is always more than 1.
3. Mixed Fraction
Fraction in which there is a combination of a whole and a fractional part.
All improper fractions can be expressed as mixed fractions.
Like and Unlike Fractions
Like Fractions are fractions with same denominator.
Ex-
,
,
,
Unlike Fractions are fractions with different denominators.
Ex- , , ,
Remember that- Like fractions are determined on the basis of denominator.
Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions are the fractions which represent the same number.
Ex- , , ,
In order to get equivalent fractions we have to multiply or divide both the numerator and the
denominator by the same number.
Ex-
=
=
÷
= ÷ =
Comparison of Fractions
In like fractions, the denominators are the same. So, only numerators are compared.
The one with bigger numerator is the bigger fraction
Ex- <
Unlike fractions are first converted to like fractions to compare them.
Addition of Fractions
Since like fractions have the same denominator, it remains the same in answer.
We add the numerator to get the numerator of the final fraction.
Unlike Fractions
These fractions have different denominators.
Firstly, the fractions are converted into equivalent fractions with a common denominator.
To do so, the LCM of denominators is calculated.
The fractions are converted into like fractions with a common denominator.
The common denominator is retained
The numerators are added.
Subtraction of fractions
Since like fractions have common denominator, we retain the denominator in the denominator.
The numerators are subtracted to get the numerator of the final fraction.
Unlike Fractions
These fractions have different denominators.
Firstly, the fractions are converted into equivalent fractions with a common denominator.
To do so, the LCM of denominators is calculated.
The fractions are converted into like fractions with a common denominator.
The common denominator is retained
The numerators are subtracted.
Multiplication
Multiplication of a Fraction by a Whole Number
To multiply a whole number with a proper or an improper fraction, we multiply the whole number with
the numerator of the fraction, keeping the denominator same.
3x =
To multiply a mixed fraction to a whole number, first convert the mixed fraction to an improper fraction
and then multiply.
3 x 2 = 3 x = = 8
Multiplication of a Fraction by a Fraction
We multiply two fractions as
When two proper fractions are multiplied, the product is less than each of the fractions. Or, we say the
value of the product of two proper fractions is smaller than each of the two fractions.
The product of two improper fractions is greater than each of the two fractions. Or, the value of the
product of two improper fractions is more than each of the two fractions.
Division of Fractions
Division of Whole Number by a Fraction
To divide a whole number by any fraction, multiply that whole number by the reciprocal of that fraction.
Ex- 7÷ =7 x =
While dividing a whole number by a mixed fraction, first convert the mixed fraction into improper
fraction and then solve it.
Division of a Fraction by another Fraction
To divide a fraction by any fraction, multiply that fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
÷ = x =
DECIMAL
Multiplication of decimals
While multiplying two decimal numbers, first multiply them as whole numbers. Count the number of
digits to the right of the decimal point in both the decimal numbers. Add the number of digits counted.
Put the decimal point in the product by counting the digits from its rightmost place. The count should be
the sum obtained earlier.
For example, 0.5 × 0.7 = 0.35
To multiply a decimal number by 10, 100 or 1000, we move the decimal point in the number to the right
by as many places as there are zeros over 1.
Thus 0.53 × 10 = 5.3, 0.53 × 100 = 53, 0.53 × 1000 = 530.
Division of decimals
(a) To divide a decimal number by a whole number, we first divide them as whole numbers. Then place
the decimal point in the quotient as in the decimal number.
For example, 8.4 ÷ 4 = 2.1
Note that here we consider only those divisions in which the remainder is zero.
(b) To divide a decimal number by 10, 100 or 1000, shift the digits in the decimal number to the left by
as many places as there are zeros over 1, to get the quotient.
So, 23.9 ÷ 10 = 2.39,23.9 ÷ 100 = 0 .239, 23.9 ÷ 1000 = 0.0239
(c) While dividing two decimal numbers, first shift the decimal point to the right by equal number of
places in both, to convert the divisor to a whole number. Then divide.
Thus, 2.4 ÷ 0.2 = 24 ÷ 2 = 12.
Prepared by- Prasanta Kumar Mahapatra
TGT Maths
KV Kandhamal
