The power supply unit of computer converts high voltage to ____

Low voltage

The computer size was very largest in

First Generation Computer

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Computer is fast becoming the universal machine of the century.

21st

Today computer is still confined the laboratory.

False

A is basically defined as a tool or machine used for processing data to give required
information.
Computer

is referred to facts about a person, object or place e.g. name, age, complexion,
school, class and height
Data

is referred to as processed data or a meaningful statement

Information

The following are the methods of data processing

• Manual method
• Mechanical method
• Computer method

The method of data processing involves the use of chalk, wall, pen pencil and the
like.
Manual

The manual data processing operations entail considerable .

manual efforts

The method of data processing involves the use of machines such as typewriter, roneo
machines, adding machines and the like.
Mechanical

The mechanical operations are basically in nature.

Routine
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 The computer method of carrying out data processing has the following major features
• Data can be steadily and continuously processed
• The operations are practically not noisy
• There is a store where data and instructions can be stored temporarily and
permanently.

Which part of the computer is directly involved in executing the instructions of the
computer program?
The processor

_____ computer is a medium sized computer

min

ASCII stands for

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

CD-ROM stands for

Compact Disk Read Only Memory

____ computers operates essentially by counting

Digital computer

3.1 Classification of Computer Software

The computer software could be divided into two major groups namely System Software
(Programs) and Application Software (Programs).

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 • Errors can be easily and neatly corrected
• Output reports are usually very neat, decent and can be produced in various forms
• Accuracy and reliability are highly enhanced

The following are the characteristics of a Computer

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Storage
• Automatic
• Reliability
• Flexibility

The computer system is made up of the hardware and .

Software

The computer system is made up of the and .

Hardware and software

The computer hardware comprises the input unit, processing unit and .
output unit

The input unit comprises those media through which data is fed into the computer. Examples
include the keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, scanner etc.

All the electronic components in a PC are mounted on a piece of fiberglass called the_ .
Motherboard

A small battery powers a to keep track of the time when the PC is turned off.
Clock

ROM is the acronym for

Read Only Memory
When a computer is switched on and running a program, _ is used for purposes such as
holding the program and its data
RAM (Random Access Memory)

Fiberglass can conduct electricity.

True
The earliest PCs were equipped with a CPU from Intel Corporation called the_ .
8088

CPU stands for

Central Processing Unit

CPU stands for Central _ Unit.

Processing
The speed of a CPU is measured in

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Megahertz (MHz)

The keys can be likened with the conventional typewriter keys.

Alphanumeric
The keypad contains a set of keys required for typing or entering number digits 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 into the computer store.
Numeric

When the key is pressed, the capital letters on the alphanumeric keys are activated.
Shift

ALU is the acronym for

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The processing unit is made up of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), control unit and

main memory

The main memory also known as the primary memory is made up of the Read Only Memory
(ROM) and the Random Access Memory (RAM).

are the series of instructions that enable the computer to perform a task or group of
tasks
Computer software

A is made up of group of instructions to perform a task.

Program

Series of programs linked together make up a _

Software

Computer programs could be categorized into the following

• system software
• utility software
• application programs

The different categories of personnel that operates thecomputer are called

Computer users

The ranges from the building housing the other elements of the computing system
namely the computer and the users, the furniture and auxiliary devices
Computing environment

UPS stands for

Uninterruptible Power Supply System

Most of today‟s computers are_ computers

Digital

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First Generation Electronic Computers took place between
1937 – 1953

The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by J. V. Atanasoff, a professor of

physics and mathematics at Iowa State, in .
1937

ENIAC is the acronym for

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

The first general purpose programmable electronic computer was the

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was built by

J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly

EDVAC was able to run orders of magnitude faster than ENIAC.

True

By the 1950s programmers were using a symbolic notation known as

assembly language

The first computer programs were written out in _

machine code

Eckert and Mauchly developed UNIVAC in _

1952

UNIVAC was developed by

Eckert and Mauchly

The Second Generation of computer was

1954 – 1962

The following high level programming languages were introduced during the Second
Generation of computer
• FORTRAN
• ALGOL
• COBOL

FORTRAN was developed in the year

1956

ALGOL was developed in the year

1958

COBOL was introduced in the yea

1959

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The generation of computer saw the first two supercomputers designed specifically
for numeric processing in scientific applications.
Second

The term is generally reserved for a machine that is an order of magnitude more
powerful than other machines of its era.
Supercomputer

LARC stands for

Livermore Atomic Research Computer

Third Generation was between _

1963 – 1972
SSI stands for
Small-Scale Integration

MSI is the acronym for

Medium-Scale Integrated

In , Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600

1964

Fourth Generation of computer was in

1972 – 1984

Fifth Generation of computer was in

1984 – 1990

WAN stands for

Wide Area Network

LAN stands for_

Local Area Network

There are types of electronic computers.

Three

The basic types of computer are Digital, Analog and

Hybrid
Classification of computer based on signal type
• Digital Computer
• Analog Computer
• Hybrid Computer

represent its variable in the form of digits.

Digital Computer

counts the data it deals with whether representing numbers, letters or other symbols,
are converted into binary form on input to the computer.
Digital Computer

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 Computer measures rather than counts.
Analog

hold data in the form of physical variables rather than numerical quantities
Analog computers

A computer needs a conversion element which accepts analog inputs, and output
digital value
Hybrid Computer

Based on classification by purpose, computers are classified as either special purpose or

general purpose

Based on classification by purpose, computers are classified as either or general

purpose
special purpose

A computer is one that is designed to solve a restricted class of problems.

special purpose

computers are computers designed to handle wide range of problems.

General-Purpose

The classification of computers according to capacity

• Microcomputers
• Medium or Mini or Small Computers
• Large Computer or Main Frames

Microcomputers are also known as

single board computers

are small size types that are battery-operated.

Laptop Computers

is like laptop computers but smaller in size, although small but comprises all the
components of a full system.
Notebook Computer

The Computers have memory capacity in the range 128K bytes to 256 Kbytes
Mini

The often called number crunches have memory capacity of the order of 4 Kbytes and
they are very expensive.
Main Frame Computers

The Main Frame Computers is otherwise called

number crunches

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 A computer cannot “boot” if it does not have the
operating system

One of the biggest fears of having computers are

Viruses

are created by programming or computers experts

Viruses

is one of the greatest threats to computers and computer applications.

Computer virus

The is the main unit of a PC

system unit

When a computer is switched on and running a program, is used for purposes such as
holding the program and its data
RAM (Random Access Memory)

The emits the computer‟s sound output.

Speaker

The is the computer‟s most important single item.

Microprocessor or Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The is the computer‟s main permanent storage unit, holding large amount of data and
programs.
hard disk

All the electronic components in a PC are mounted on a piece of fiberglass called

the
Motherboard

Fiberglass cannot conduct electricity

True

Computers use disk to store .

Information

There are main varieties of disks available.

Four

The computer devices are those devices which are attached to the system unit.
Peripheral

The intelligent computer keyboard has four major divisions

• Function keys
• Alphanumeric keys
• Numeric keys
• Control keys

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The key activates the numeric keypad.
Numlock

Neither NumLock nor CapLock affects the function keys.

The key is often used in most text mode to perform block operations like mass
deletion, insertion and so on.
Control

The key is used to cancel an operation in progress.

Escape

The key is actually used to inform the computer the end of an input or command.
Return

The key deletes the character at the cursor position when pressed and the remaining
text moves to the left while the cursor remains at the same position.
Delete

The Key deletes the characters to the left of the cursor when pressed and all other
characters to the right of the cursor are shifted one space to the left.
Backspace

The is the longest key found on most keyboards and it erases characters at the cursor
position or gives blank space when pressed.
Spacebar

The Key moves the cursor by five spaces to the right when pressed.
Tab

A is the primary input device for modern computers that feature operating systems
with a graphical user interface
Mouse

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 To access properties of an object, the mouse technique to use is
right clicking

are used with game software and help the user more effectively control the actions of
computer-simulated airplanes or arcade-style games.
Joysticks

All modern PC operating systems rely on an pointer to select and execute commands.
on-screen

A is simply an input device built to help the user control this on-screen pointer in as
natural and efficient a manner as possible.
Mouse

The on the computer screen mimics the movements of the mouse.

Pointer

The pointer on the computer screen mimics the movements of the .

Mouse

The mouse controls the on-screen pointer and lets you select program icons, manipulate
property sheets, and .
Access data

A is the computer component that lets you create copies of the information stored in
your computer on paper.
Printer

A printed material is often called _

hard copy

There are three basic types of printers available for use with personal computers:
• Laser printers
• Inkjet printers
• Dot-matrix printers

combine a magnetic roller with powdered ink called toner to transfer high-quality
characters or images onto a page.
Laser printers

printers have small nozzles that actually spray fast-drying ink onto the page to form
characters or images.
Inkjet

printers use a print head to strike an inked ribbon against paper, like a typewriter,
creating characters out of a series of dots.
Dot-matrix

The cheapest printers available in the market are printers

Dot-matrix

The two most common monitor sizes are

15- inch and 17-inch

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Junk e_mail is also called ____
spam
are peripheral devices used to digitize (convert to electronic format) artwork,
photographs, text or other items from hard copy.
Scanners

A works by dividing an image into microscopic rows and columns and measuring,
like the film in a camera how much light reflects from each individual intersection of the
rows and columns.
Scanner

The following are types of scanners

• Flatbed Scanners
• Sheetfed Scanners
• Hand Scanners

scanners look and behave a lot like a photocopier.

Flatbed

OCR stands for

Optical Character Recognition

scanners look and act more like fax machines.

Sheetfed

A is a good choice for large volumes of text, but not for handling delicate original
photographs.
sheetfed scanner

UPS is the acronym for_

Uninterruptible Power Supply System

A Computer is an machine.
Electronic
The auxiliary equipment in a computing environment include
• Air Conditioner
• Voltage Stabilizer
• Line Voltage Transformer
• Uninterruptible Power Supply System (UPS)

The computer hardware are driven by the

Software

The physical components of the computer are called the

hardware

A is a series of coded instructions showing the logical steps the computer follows to
solve a given problem.
Program

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 A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language is called ___
Compiler

The computer software could be divided into two major groups: System Software and

Application Software

refers to the suits of programs that facilitates the optimal use of the hardware systems
and or provide a suitable environment for the writing, editing, debugging, testing and running
of User Programs.
System Software

An is a program that acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the

computer hardware.
operating system

The purpose of an _ is to provide an environment in which a user may execute

programs.
operating system

The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may _

programs.
execute

are programs written for direct execution on computer hardware in order to make the
power of the computer fully and efficiently accessible to applications programmers and other
computer users.
Systems programs

The types of operating system include the following

• Batch processing operating system
• Time sharing operating system
• Real time operating system
• Multiprogramming operating system
• Distributed operating system
• Network operating systems

Operating systems which handle airlines reservations, machine tool control, and monitoring
of a nuclear power station are called
Real time OS

A is a system that allows more than one active user program (or part of user program)
to be stored in main memory simultaneously
multiprogramming operating system

A is a computer hardware configuration that includes more than one independent

processing unit.
multiprocessing system

A is one that appears to its users as a traditional uniprocessor system, even though it
is actually composed of multiple processors.
distributed operating system

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An provides the environment within which programs are executed.
operating system

A is the unit of work in a system

Process

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with processes
managed.
• The creation and deletion of both user and system processes
• The suspension are resumption of processes
• The provision of mechanisms for process synchronization
• The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory
management.
• Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
• Decide which processes are to be loaded into memory when memory space becomes
available.
• Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with disk
management
• Free space management
• Storage allocation
• Disk scheduling

The I/O system consists of these

• A buffer caching system
• A general device driver code
• Drivers for specific hardware devices

A is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

File

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with file
management:
• The creation and deletion of files
• The creation and deletion of directory
• The support of primitives for manipulating files and directories
• The mapping of files onto disk storage
• Backup of files on stable (non volatile) storage

refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs, processes, or users to

the resources defined by a computer controls to be imposed, together with some means of
enforcement.
Protection
A is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock.
distributed system

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A provides the user with access to the various resources the system maintains.
distributed system

The is the primary interface between the user and the rest of the system.
command interpreter

A is a set of notations in which were express our instructions to the computer.

programming language

is the initial program written in a language different from machine language is

called the source program and its equivalent in machine language is called object program.
Language Translator

Three examples of classes of language translators are Assemblers, Interpreters and

Compilers.

An is a computer program that accepts a source program in assembly language

program reads and translates the entire program into an equivalent program in machine
language called the object
Assembler

is a program that accepts program fin a source language, reads, translates and
executes it, line by lone into machine language
An Interpreter

A is a computer program that accepts a source program in one high-level language,

reads and translates the entire user‟s program into an equivalent program in machine
language, called the object program or object code.
Compiler

The stages in compilation include

• Lexical analysis
• Syntax analysis
• Semantic analysis
• Code generation

The utility software performs the following operations

• File Conversion
• File Copy
• Housekeeping Operations

is a set of programs designed to solve problems of a specific nature.

Application software

A is used to create, edit, save and print reports.

Word Processor

A Word Processor is used to , edit, save and print reports.

create

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A Word Processor is used to create, , save and print reports.
edit

A Word Processor is used to create, edit, and print reports.

save

A Word Processor is used to create, edit, save and reports.

print

A Word Processor is used to

create, edit, save and print reports.

A document can be printed as many times as possible.

True

is an application mainly designed for numerical figures and reports

Spreadsheet

are packages that enable you to bring out images, diagrams and pictures.
Graphic Packages: These

Examples of Graphic Packages are

PM, PM Plus, Graphic Writer, Photoshop

software for designing, setting up and subsequently managing a database.

Database Packages

A is an organized collection of data that allows for modification taking care of

different users view.
Database

Examples are Dbase II, III, IV, FoxBASE, Rbase Data Perfect, Paradox III, Revelation
Advanced and MS-Access.

are packages that can be used to solve statistical problems e.g. Stat graphical, SPSS
(Statistical Packages for Social Scientists).
Statistical Packages:

are packages that can be used to produce books and documents in standard form.
Desktop Publishing

Examples are PageMaker, Ventura, Publishers, Paints Brush, Xerox Form Base, News Master
II, Dbase Publisher.

are packages that contain a lot of games for children and adults.
Game Packages:

Examples of Game Packages are Chess, Scrabble, Monopoly, Tune

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Examples of Communication Packages are Carbon Plus, Data talk V3.3, Cross talk, SAGE
Chit Chat, Data Soft.

There are basic types of instructions

four

There are four basic types of instructions namely:

• input-output instructions
• arithmetic instructions
• branching instructions
• logic instructions

An directs the computer to accept data from a specific input device and store it in a
specific location in the store.
input instruction

An tells the computer to move a piece of data from a computer storage location and
record it on the output medium.
output instruction

Computer programming languages can be classified into the following categories

• Machine language
• Assembly language
• High level symbolic language
• Very high level symbolic language

A allows the programmer to take advantage of all the features and capabilities of the
computer system for which it was designed.
machine language program

A language is computer dependent.

Machine

A machine language is dependent.

Computer

A machine language is computer

dependent

Principles of good Programming It is generally accepted that a good

• Accuracy
• Reliability
• Efficiency
• Robustness
• Usability
• Maintainability
• Readability

The preparation of a computer program involves a set of procedure

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 • Problem Definition
• Devising the method of solution
• Developing the method using suitable aids,
• Writing the instructions in a programming language
• Transcribing the instructions into “machine sensibl e” form
• Debugging the program
• Testing the program
• Documenting all the work involved in producing the program

A is a graphical representation of the major steps of work in process.

Flowchart

A flowchart is a representation of the major steps of work in process.

graphical

displays in separate boxes the essential steps of the program and shows by means of
arrows the directions of information flow.
Flowchart

A can be said to be a graphical representation of an algorithm, that is, it is visual

picture which gives the steps of an algorithm and also the flow of control between the various
steps.
flowchart

Guidelines for drawing flowcharts

• Each symbol denotes a type of operation Input, Output, Processing, Decision,
Transfer or branch or Terminal.
• A note is written inside each symbol to indicate the specific function to be performed.
• Flowcharts are read from top to bottom.
• A sequence of operations is performed until a terminal symbol designates the end of
the run or “branch” connector transfers cont rol.

An is a set of rules for carrying out calculation either by hand or a machine.

Algorithm

are read from top to bottom

Flowcharts

Flowcharts are read from top to

bottom

An is a finite step-by-step procedure to achieve a required result.

Algorithm

An is a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output.
Algorithm

An is a sequence of operations performed on data that have to be organized in data

structures.

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Algorithm

An is an abstraction of a program to be executed on a physical machine (model of

computation)
Algorithm

An algorithm can be characterized by the following:

• A finite set or sequence of actions
• This sequence of actions has a unique initial action
• Each action in the sequence has unique successor
• The sequence terminates with either a solution or a statement that the problem is
unresolved

is a program design aid that serves the function of a flowchart in expressing the
detailed logic of a program.
Pseudocode

is the use of computers to create, revise, and save documents for printing and future
retrieval.
Word processing

Information can be entered into the computer by using a_ .

Keyboard

You enter into the computer by using a keyboard.

Information

You enter information into the computer by using a .

keyboard

enable you to change information easily without retyping entire documents.

Word processors

For example, you can change margins, add and delete text, move paragraphs, and correct
spelling errors. All revisions are made within the computer and are then saved on a disk and
printed.

Word is a word processor.

WYSIWYG (what-you-see-is-what-you-get)

To create a new document, click on the

New Blank Document

Every document has a_ .

text area

A program provides facilities to edit documents and define their layout and enable
them to be printed.
word processing

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 is the use of computers to create, revise and save documents for printing and future
retrieval.
Word processing

make it easier to align text precisely.

Tabs

Tab stops are preset at cm increments.

1.27

By pressing the key, you can delete the character or space immediately to the left of
the insertion point.
Backspace

Word will suggest the complete word or phrase after you type the first few letters. This
feature is called .
AutoComplete

Text files can be created and modified with the aid of a special program called an .
Editor

The Windows environment provides a temporary storage area called the

Clipboard

When you cut or copy selected text, it is placed on the .

Clipboard

An is a program used to create text files or make changes to existing files.

Editor

Copying a text require processes.

Four
may be applied before typing a paragraph or after the paragraph has been typed.
Paragraph alignment

determines how text is positioned between the left and right indents.
Paragraph alignment
There are alignment options.
Four

A comprises a grid of numbered rows and lettered column intersecting in cells.

Spreadsheet

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A cell can contain either text or .
numbered values

A spreadsheet consists of information written in form

Tabular

A series of data depicted horizontally is called a

row

A series of data depicted vertically is called a

column

has become a universal tool of any modern man (or woman).

Computer

Computer has become a of any modern man (or woman).

universal tool

, today is not defined only in terms of the ability to read and/or write but in addition, it
includes the ability to use and communicate with the aid of computer.
Literacy

In the sector, computers are being used to promote teaching and learning.
education

In the education sector, are being used to promote teaching and learning.
computers

In the education sector, computers are being used to promote and learning.
teaching

In the education sector, computers are being used to promote teaching and .
learning

In the education sector, computers are being used to promote and .

teaching and learning

In the education sector, computers are being used to teaching and learning.
promote

The field of provides the most fascinating application of computing system.

education

When was computers introduced into the classroom?

1960s

The has revolutionized the services rendered by libraries to readers.

computer

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modifying keys
are CTRL, SHIFT

The computer has revolutionized the services rendered by to readers.

libraries

The computer has revolutionized the services rendered by libraries to .

readers

using public terminals can go through a menu-driven programme to find specific

books or periodicals, recall books on loans and also make requisition for short loan items.
Readers

Readers using terminals can go through a menu-driven programme to find specific

books or periodicals, recall books on loans and also make requisition for short loan items.
public

A computer based on-line public access system manages a search for materials using
indices such as author‟s name, book title, subject and classmark.
catalogue

In the early days of computing, computers were originally meant to assist in and
engineering applications.
scientific

In the early days of computing, computers were originally meant to assist in scientific and
applications.
engineering

are becoming more complex and competitive thus increasing the need to produce and
process more accurate and timely data both in quantity and quality.
Corporate operations

is a work schedule which demands speed, accuracy, carefulness and honesty.

Payroll preparation

Payroll preparation is a work schedule which demands

speed, accuracy, carefulness and honesty

involves making references to a number of source documents which by their nature

also require constant and periodic updating.
Payroll preparation

Computer application in payroll preparation involves a number of procedures which include

the following:
(a) Updating the personal records of employees whenever new appointments, resignations,
terminations, dismissals and other changes are made within a period of time.
(b) Computing wages and salaries for each individual workers based on regular and overtime
hours worked.
(c) Making deductions for income tax and for other payments such as union dues and
repayment of loans.
(d) Preparation of pay advice slips and cheques to employees and banks.

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(e) Updating the master payroll file based on the records received from the personnel
department. (f) Preparation of summary report and analysis for management.

MIS stands for

Management Information System

A involves a computerized system of data processing procedures which are integrated

in an organisation to provide accurate, complete, concise, timely and effective data which
management can use at various level of decision making for planning, organizing, directing,
controlling and monitoring procedures.
Management Information System

devices are used in the design of products while computer monitored quality control
procedures are used in production process to detect items that fail to meet the approved
quality standards and specifications.
Computer Aided Designs (CAD)

CAD stands for

Computer Aided Designs

Computer is used in the publishing industry in the following ways:

(a) Creative writing
(b) Typesetting manuscript
(c) Drawing illustrations.
(d) Generating the table of contents and the index of a book automatically.
(e) Generating the page size of a book and cut and paste illustrations automatically.
(f) Processing images such as the scanning of pictures and recording them automatically in
the computer store for future retrieval or printing.
(g) Verification and validation ofspellings.
(h) Assisting the writer of an article to identify the words that have similar meaning.

CNN stands for

Cabled Network News

Computers can assist government business in the following ways:

(a) Planning
(b) Decision marking
(c) Policy formulating
(d) Monitoring and control of operations

allow a computer programmer to direct the activities of the computer.

Programming languages

The tells the computer what to do such as add, subtract, multiply and divide.
operation code

The tell the computer the data items involved in the operations.
operands

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The in an instruction may consist of the actual data that the computer may use to
perform an operation, or the storage address of data.
operands

An instruction directs the computer to accept data from a specific input device and
store it in a specific location in the store.
input

An instruction tells the computer to move a piece of data from a computer storage
location and record it on the output medium.
output

All of the basic arithmetic operations can be performed by the computer.

True

There are basic types of branch instructions

two

There are two basic types of branch instructions namely

unconditional branch instruction and conditional branch instruction

An will cause the computer to branch to a statement regardless of the existing

conditions.
unconditional branch instruction or statement

A will cause the computer to branch to a statement only when certain conditions
exist.
conditional branch statement

directs the internal operations of the computer and applications software allows the
programmer to use the computer to solve user made problems.
System software

Computer programming languages can be classified into the following categories:

(a) Machine language
(b) Assembly language
(c) High level symbolic language
(d) Very high level symbolic language.

Each instruction in a machine language program consists of two parts namely:

and
operation code and operands

A allows the programmer to take advantage of all the features and capabilities of the
computer system for which it was designed.
machine language program

allows the programmer to remember the operations codes easily than when expressed
strictly as binary numbers.
Assembly (Low Level) Language

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In , the operation code is expressed as a combination of letters rather than binary
numbers, sometimes called mnemonics.
assembly language

In assembly language, the operation code is expressed as a combination of letters rather than
binary numbers, sometimes called .
mnemonics

The storage address or location of the operands is expressed as a symbol rather than the
actual numeric address.
True

Among the existing and popular high level programming languages are Fortran, Basic,
Cobol, Pascal, Algol, Ada and P1/1.

The high level languages are generally described as

Third Generation (computer) Language (3GL)

The very high level language generally described as the

Fourth Generation (computer) Language (4GL)

A , by using a menu system for example, allows users to specify what they require,
rather than describe the procedures by which these requirements are met.
4GL

A offers the user an English-like set of commands and simple control structures in
which to specify general data processing or numerical operations.
4GL
A program is translated into a conventional high-level language such as Cobol, which is
passed to a .
compiler

A 4GL is a non-procedural language.

True

The arose partly in response to the applications backlog.

4GL

The 4GL arose partly in response to the applications .

backlog

Computer programming is both an art and a science.

True

is the act of writing a program which a computer can execute to produce the desired
result.
Computer programming

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All of the logic and mathematical calculations done by the computer happen in/on the _____
Central processing unit

A is a series of instructions assembled to enable the computer to carry out a specified

procedure.
program

A is the sequence of simple instructions into which a given problem is reduced and
which is in a form the computer can understand, either directly or after interpretation.
computer program

The programs designed to convert the general-purposes computer into a tool for a specific
task or applications are called
Application programs

The preparation of a computer program involves a set of procedure classified into

major stages
eight

The function of the is to convert the program statements into the binary code of the
computer called the object code.
translator

The function of the translator is to convert the program statements into the binary code of the
computer called the .
object code

The purpose of testing is

to determine whether a program consistently produces correct or expected results

The following are the advantages of program documentation

(i) It provides all necessary information for anyone who comes in contact with the program.
(ii) It helps the supervisor in determining the program‟s purpose, how long the program will
be useful and future revision that may be necessary.
(iii) It simplifies program maintenance (revision or updating)
(iv) It provides information as to the use of the program to those unfamiliar with it.
(v) It provides operating instructions to the computer operator.

A is a graphical representation of the major steps of work in process.

Flowchart

displays in separate boxes the essential steps of the program and shows by means of
arrows the directions of information flow.
Flowchart

A can also be said to be a graphical representation of an algorithm, that is, it is visual

picture which gives the steps of an algorithm and also the flow of control between the various
steps.
Flowchart

Flowcharts are drawn with the help of .

symbols

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____are specific to users’ needs
Application software

The following are guidelines for drawing flowcharts

(i) Each symbol denotes a type of operation Input, Output, Processing, Decision, Transfer or
branch or Terminal.
(ii) A note is written inside each symbol to indicate the specific function to be performed.
(iii) Flowcharts are read from top to bottom.
(iv) A sequence of operations is performed until a terminal symbol designates the end of the
run or “branch” connector transfers control.

is a program design aid that serves the function of a flowchart in expressing the
detailed logic of a program.
Pseudocode

A series of structured words is used to express the major program functions. These structured
words are the basis for writing programs using a technical term called
structure programming

are used to analyze a problem.

Decision tables

Decision tables are used to analyze a .

problem

are a simple yet powerful and unambiguous way of showing the actions to be taken
when a given set of conditions occur.
Decision tables

are prepared in conjunction with or in place of flowcharts.

Decision tables

section contains a list of all possible conditions which could apply in a particular
problem.
Conditions stub

section contains the different combination of the conditions each combination being
given a number termed a „Rule‟:
Condition entry

section contains a list of the possible actions which could apply for any given
combinations of conditions.
Action stub

section shows the actions to be taken for each combination of conditions.

Action entry

An interconnected set of two or more computers with data communication devices may be
called a .
computer network

LAN Stands for

Local Area Network

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An email account includes a storage area, often called _____
Mailbox

refers to a network set up in one building.

Local Area Network
MAN stands for
Metropolitan Area Network

refers to two LANs linked between two buildings in the same metropolis.
Metropolitan Area Network

WAN is acronym for

Wide Area Network

refers to LANs or MANs that are connected between cities.

Wide Area Network

WWW is acronym for

World Wide Web

refers to the linking up the world‟s LANs, MANs and WANs to form a web of
networks that cover the earth.
World Wide Web

When two or more computers are interconnected this is generally referred to as a .

network

Networks have become increasingly popular over the last decade.

True

can be used to transfer information between computers, even if they use different
operating systems.
Networks

A can be used to send data to remote storage devices and printers, without having to
send all of the signals through an expensive mainframe computer.
network

Generally, provide an inexpensive way to interconnect any number of systems and

make communication and sharing of data quick and easy.
networks

There are main categories of networks used in the industry

two

There are two main categories of networks used in the industry which are
LAN’s (Local Area Network) and WAN’s (Wide Area Network)

A is a network in which all signals run on a single set of cables, which is fully
administered by the owner.
LAN

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 A _______ is a collection of physical interconnected computers.
computer network

There are typical network topologies (layouts).

three

There are three typical network topologies (layouts). These are

star, ring and bus shapes

The shape is the outlying stations communicate through a central hub device.
star

In a network, messages circulate the loop, passing from station to station like an old
fashioned bucket brigade of fire fighters.
ring

The is usually a high performance computer with a very large hard disk.
File server

The is a mass storage device that all users can share.

file server

is used to store all shared programs and data on the network.

File server

are the computers on a network that users work on.

Workstations

LANs or MANs that are connected between cities are known as .

WAN’s

A only has a range of approximately one-kilometre.

LAN

A LAN only has a range of approximately .

one-kilometre

transmits sounds, not the radio frequency signals that pulse around a LAN.
Telephone

A prime example of is the Internet.

WAN

A prime example of WAN is the .

Internet

The Internet is a global network of computers that are able to communicate with one another,
using a common language called
HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language)

HTML stands for

Hypertext Mark-up Language

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The process of preparing a floppy diskette for use is called
formatting

The gives you a graphical, easy-to-navigate interface for looking at documents on the
Internet.
World Wide Web

You can think of the as a big library.

web

You can think of the web as a .

big library

are like the books, and web “pages” are like specific pages in the books.
Web sites

can contain news, images, movies, sounds, and 3D worlds – just about anything.
Pages

means following hyperlinks to pages and subjects you may never have heard about,
meeting new people, visiting new places, and learning about things from all over the world.
Surfing

A collection of web pages is known as a .

web site

A is a software tool that you use to look at web pages.

browser

You connect to other pages by clicking text or graphics that are called .
hyperlinks

Hyperlinks are underlined or bordered words and graphics that have web addresses also
known as embedded in them.
URL

URL stands for

Universal Resource Locator

are underlined or bordered words and graphics that have web addresses (also known
as URL – Universal Resource Locator) embedded in them.
Hyperlinks

By clicking a , you jump to a particular page in a particular web site.

hyperlink

You can easily identify a hyperlink.

True

Hyperlink text is a different colour from the rest of the text in a web site.
True

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Servers are computers that provide resources to other computers connected to a
Network.

means following hyperlinks to different web pages.

Surfing the web

A is the starting point for a web site.

home page

Computer Network can be categorised into two: and

wired network and wireless network

Computer Network can be categorised into

two

The network makes use of radio waves to transmit data or information from one node
to another.
wireless

ISP stands for

Internet Service Providers

The is a global network of interconnected computer networks.

Internet

All home pages have what is called an .

Internet Address

URL stands for

Universal Resource Locator

URL stands for Universal Resource Locator which is simply another word for .
address

are the people who control the access to the web.

Internet Service Providers (ISP)

is the privilege to access and make changes to folders.

Access privileges

is the unique code assigned to the location of a file in storage, a device in a system or
network, or any other data source on a network.
Address

are multimedia files that are „attached‟ to an E-mail; can be text, graphics, sound,
video, spreadsheet, database or even an entire application.
Attachments

is number of signalling elements that can be transmitted per second on a circuit.

Older term being replaced by bps-bits per second
Baud

The smallest amount of information that can be transmitted is called

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Bit

A combination of can indicate an alphabetic character, a numeric digit, or perform

signalling, switching or other functions.
Bits

is application software that gives you a graphical interactive interface for searching,
finding, viewing and managing information over a network.
Browser

is a computer that uses the services of another computer (a server or host).

Client

is a multi-user collection of information.

Database

A sits at the gateway of a private network and only lets certain types of information
in from and out to the network.
firewall

is a computer that provides access to files for remote users (clients).

File server

is a “tag” language in which web pages are formatted and web information is
distributed.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

is a distributed bulletin board system about a particular topic.

Newsgroup

A is hypermedia document on the web.

Page

A is an Internet service provider‟s dial-up connection for modem users, used

particularly to describe local connections so modem users don‟t have to dial long distance.
pop

To a file means to decompress, or expand a file that has been made smaller using a
compression utility.
unzip

The Internet is used for the following

• Information browsing
• electronic mail (e-mail)
• Newsgroups
• File transfer
• Access to and use of other computers.

A is basically an electronic bulletin board where messages are left for others to see and
respond to if necessary.

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Newsgroup

Newsgroup messages are stored on Internet servers called

News Servers

When you post a message to a , it is posed onto your ISP‟s news server.
newsgroup

When you post a message to a newsgroup, it is posed onto your ISP‟s .

news server

is a network feature that has no equivalent in standalone computing.

Electronic mail

provides an electronic mail tool called the Outlook Inbox.

Microsoft Outlook

Microsoft Outlook provides an electronic mail tool called the .

Outlook Inbox

instruction directs the computer to accept data from a specific input device and store it
in a specific location in the store
Input

MS Multiplan is an example of packages

Spreadsheet

The first stage of program debugging is _

Desk checking

When errors are detected in a program, a series of diagnostics referred to as an error list
is generated by the language translator
Message

Simplification of program maintenance is an advantage of program

Documentation

In alignment, the text along the right side of the paragraph appears ragged
Left

In Excel, chart allow you to print a chart that is separate from data
Sheets

chart is used when printing a worksheet and a chart on a single sheet of paper
Embedded

A chart symbol that represents a single data point is data .

marker

The x-axis of a chart is also called axis

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category

Gridlines in a plot area makes it easy to compare data marker with an axis value
True

In a hybrid computer system, a conversion element is irrelevant.

False

The Chart feature leads a user through a step-by-step process to create a chart and
displays sample views as you build it
Wizard

Computer viruses are written programs.

True

AutoShapes button in Microsoft PowerPoint provides access to over shapes

150

Write-protecting a disk means preventing the computer from (over) important data that
are already contained in it
erasing

There are types of environments in PowerPoint

five

There are main types of networks in the industry

two

Aside the cables, there are components that are present in most networks
three

A local area network has a range of approximately kilometre

one

The internet is a typical example of area network

wide

Underlined words that have web addresses embedded in them are

hyperlinks

is the number of signalling elements that can be transmitted per second on a circuit
Baud

Electronic mail has equivalent feature in standalone computing

False

Internet area that comprises thousands of newsgroups is .

Usenet

Newsgroup messages are stored on Internet servers referred to as servers

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News

A hypermedia document on the web is called

page

In network transmission, is an older term that is being replaced by bits-per-second

Baud

Excel workbook can be set up as a dynamic work environment.

True

The Print button on the Standard docked toolbar does NOT bypass the Print dialog box.
False

Automatic Spell Check feature of the Microsoft Word CANNOT be disabled.

False

Spelling checker is a substitute for proofreading.

False

In alignment, the texts along both sides of the paragraph appear ragged
centre

instruction tells the computer to move a piece of data from a computer storage location
Output

A branch statement will cause the computer to branch to a statement only when certain
conditions exist
conditional

Which of the following is NOT a system software?

Microsoft Office

Which of the following is the primary goal of the operating system?

User convenience

Operating system that appears to its users as a traditional uniprocessor system is

Distributed

The Input/Output system consists of the following EXCEPT

Disk scheduler

The following are generalised software EXCEPT

Linux

The following are examples of integrated packages EXCEPT

Microsoft Windows10

The operating system environment in which the response time is the turnaround time
is

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Batch

The following are other names for command interpreter system EXCEPT
Kernel

Which of the following is not a communication package?

Paradox III

Which of the following is not an attribute of a good program?

Sequential

The error that results from Illegal use of a feature of programming language is
Syntax

The following are methods of testing a program EXCEPT

Trace trek

Which of the following is not a class of data used in program testing?

Virtual

The following are tools for planning problem solution step in programming EXCEPT
Coding

Which of the following is not an advantage of program documentation?

provides operating instructions to the programmer

Which of the following definitions of algorithm is NOT correct?

Set of program codes to be executed on a physical machine

The <ENTER> key can be used for the following EXCEPT

Create a blank space

Character formatting include the following EXCEPT

Highlight

Which of the following is NOT a toggle button?

Font face

Which of the following is NOT true of paragraph alignment?

It determines the paper size

Types of paragraph alignment options are

Four

The following are paragraph alignment options EXCEPT

Middle alignment

By default, the print command prints

Entire document

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The following are the components of the Excel workbook EXCEPT
Presentation tools

Which of following will NOT clear the content of a cell in Excel?

Selecting the cell and pressing the Enter key

In Microsoft PowerPoint, which of the following function key is used to run a slide show?
F5

Which of the following is NOT a working environment in PowerPoint?

Outskirt view

Text attributes include the following EXCEPT

Weight

The value-axis of a chart is also called

y-axis

In Excel, which of the following makes it easy to compare actual worksheet data to graphical
representation of the data?
Embedded chart

In which of the following paragraph alignment options is the text along the left side of the
paragraph appears ragged
Right

Which of the following is NOT correct of flowcharts?

It is read bottom-up

Which of the following is not classified as a cursor control key?

SHIFT

Which of the following is not an attribute of an algorithm?

Ambiguity

Operator's manual contains the following EXCEPT

The various codes making up the program

The Generation saw the introduction of machine

Fifth

Small-scale integration is a product of

Third

The following are the criteria for classifying

Strength

Which of the following resource type is most likely

Printers

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Which of the following devices is required for wireless
Modem

A purpose computer is one that is designed to solve a restricted.

Special

Application backlog led to the evolution of

4th

The instructions that tell a computer how to

Programs

The shortcut key combination for copying text

Ctrl+C

An area of a computer that temporarily holds data is called

RAM

Which of the following is NOT a part of the components of most networks?

Memory server

Which of the following key combinations moves you to the bottom of the current document?
<Ctrl> + <End>

The starting point for a web site is called

Home page

Which of the following is used in network environment to store all shared programs and
data?
File server

Which of the following tabbed categories is used for predesigned PowerPoint presentations
?
Presentation

In PowerPoint, in which view can you work with only one slide at a time, add title and body
text, graphs, organization charts, clip art, WordArt, draw shapes and have access to all of the
toolbars and the commands on the menu bar?
Slide

The sixth stage of program development is

Program debugging

Given the expression a = b + 5, which of the following is NOT an operand?

+

The following are game packages EXCEPT

SAGE chit chat

Compilers carry out the following analysis EXCEPT

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Code

The basic purpose of the computer operating system is

two

The following are secondary functions of the computer operating systems EXCEPT
Control the allocation and use of the computing system‟s resources among the various users
and tasks

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

The basic resources of a computer system are provided by its hardware

Computer software come in different forms. Which of the following is NOT one?
Device ports

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

The sound card is an expansion card that does not plugs into any slot on the
motherboard

Which of the following definitions of algorithm is NOT correct?

Set of program codes to be executed on a physical machine

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Static electricity is an enemy of computer keyboards

When entering texts, which of the following keys has no effect on itself?
Shift

Which of the following is NOT a sixth generation CPU?

Cyrix 6X86

In which generation did UNIX operating system came about?

third

Which of the following is NOT a navigation key?

Escape

Early computers were rarely owned by individuals but rather confined to the laboratories and
few research institutes because
They were large in size and too expensive

Which of the following is a computer NOT capable of doing?

taking input data through the printer

In which of the Slide views in PowerPoint do you view thumbnails of all of the slides in your
presentation and arrange the order of the slides?
Slide sorter view

DEC stands for

Digital Equipment Corporation

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In a distributed system
each processor has its own local memory

Which of the following is NOT a basic types of instructions in computer programming?

mathematical

Computer programming languages can be classified into the following categories EXCEPT
Medium level symbolic language

Each instruction in a machine language program consists of

operation code and operands

Which of the following is NOT an input device?

Speaker

A Computer is capable of all BUT one of the following

Data pressing

Which of the following is NOT one of the panes in the Normal view of the PowerPoint
window
Sorter

The following CANNOT be part of a filename EXCEPT

-

A file name in PowerPoint can have up to

255 characters

The most common network topology is

star

In network, radio waves are used to transmit data or information from one node to the
other
Wireless

The software tool that is used to look at web pages is called .

Browser

Following hyperlinks to pages and subjects one may never have heard about is called .
Surfing

The devise in telephone system that converts series of electronic signals into pulses of sound
is .
Modem

could be regarded as the largest of all wide area networks

Internet

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The internet computers communicate with one another using a common language called

HTML

In Excel, chart allow you to print a chart that is separate from data
Sheets

When saving a document for the first time in Microsoft Word, it automatically assigns a
filename using the line of the document content.
First

In PowerPoint view, user is presented with the presentation outline, current slide, and
current slide notes
Normal

Another name for the y-axis of a chart is axis

Vertical

In Normal view, the PowerPoint window is divided into panes

Three

The key is pressed to end a PowerPoint slide show

Escape

Assembly language is to second generation computers as language is to first

generation computers
Machine

instruction will get information from the hard disk and print on paper
Output

code instructs the computer to perform arithmetic operations.

Operation

The operands in an instruction must consist of the actual data that the computer will use to
perform an operation.
False

A operating system allows more than one active user program to be stored in main
memory at the same time
Multiprogramming

All multiprogramming systems are time-sharing systems.

False

Sheetfed scanners look and act more like photocopiers.

False

With Sheetfed scanners, scanning directly from a book is possible.

False

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The data stored on a storage device is usually referred to as copy.
Soft

NumLock key is to numeric keypad as key is to capital/block/uppercase letters

Capslock

Activating the numeric keypad affects the function keys.

False

C programming language is a product of generation computers

3rd

computer systems integrate audio, video and data.

Multimedia

sits at the gateway of a private network and only lets certain types of information in
from and out to the network.
Firewall

line is a private line leased from a telecommunications carrier

Dedicated

is the smallest amount of information that can be transmitted

Bit

Printed materials are often called copies

Hard

Hand scanners are automated devices.

False

In a network operating system the users are NOT aware of the existence of multiple
computers.
False

A multiprocessing system has only one central processing unit

False

There are major reasons for networks

Two

There are typical network topologies

Three

In most software packages, the function key F1 is used to run the program.
Help

are peripheral devices used to digitize artwork, photographs, text, or other items from
hard copy.

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Scanners

Expansion Slots on motherboards are for

Adapter Cards

The chips have data written on them during manufacturing that tells the CPU what to do
when the PC is switched on is referred to as
ROM

In Operating systems the primary interface between the user and the rest of the system is
its
Command Interpreter

This short cut key combination deletes a line in most text documents.
CTRL + Y

consists of expensive and very fast memory chips that store the data or instructions
that the CPU will look at next.
Cache Memory

Modern Computer Operating Systems may be classified into any of the following except
Virtual

A series of coded instructions showing the logical steps the computer follows to solve a given
problem is called a
Programm

Computer program that accepts a source program in one high-level language, reads and
translates the entire user‟s program into an equivalent program in machine language is
referred to
Compiler

Assembly language has a one-to-one relationship with machine language, but uses symbols
and for particular items.
mnemonics

The acronym MIS stands for

Management Information System

A program is normally tested by executing with

test data

is a graphical representation of the major steps of work in process Flowchart

This flowchart symbol is for

Decision making

This flowchart symbol is for

Junction point of program

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An abstraction of a program to be executed on a physical machine is an
Algorithm

is a program design aid that serves the function of a flowchart in expressing the
detailed logic of a program.
Pseudocode

An unambiguous way of showing the actions to be taken when a given set of conditions occur
is by using a
Decision table

Computer is fast becoming the universal machine of the

21st century

Early computers were to be owned by individuals

large in size and too expensive

The term is referred to facts about a person, object or place e.g. name, age, complexion,
school, class, height etc.
Data

is referred to as processed data or a meaningful statement e.g. Net pay of workers,

examination results of students, list of successful candidates in an examination or interview
etc.
Information

The of data processing involves the use of machines such as typewriter, roneo
machines, adding machines and the like.
Mechanical method

The computer has both and facilities for holding data and instructions. This
capacity varies from one machine to the other.
Internal and external storage

The computer comprises the input unit, the processing unit and the output unit.
Hardware

are the series of instructions that enable the computer to perform a task or group of
tasks
Computer software

The web lets you or from one web p age to other pages on the web.
jump or hyperlink

Computer as a is being applied to almost every area of human society.

Universal machine

One of the areas in which computer has been applied intensively and extensively is the
Military

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The business of governance is a business.
Serious

Computer application is now felt in and Vehicle maintenance.

traffic control

Computer application is now felt in traffic control and

Vehicle maintenance

Computer application in has led to the use of computer terminals at home.

Communications

The now provides faster, more convenient and cheaper electronic flow of information
than the telephone, fax and telex transmission.
Electronic mail service

The most dramatic computer application is witnessed in the and communications

sectors.
Transport

The delivery of health care facilities has been one of the notable areas in which computer
applications have proved most beneficial to mankind.
Health care facilities

The computer is used in the diagnosis and physiological monitoring of patients life during
surgical operation and intensive care programme.
Physiological

Computer is commonly used to find the accurate solutions to both and problems
scientific and engineering

The computer is used to find solution to very complex and statistical computations at
incredible speed and accuracy.
Mathematical

Computer technology has changed the face of and through its various applications.
business and industry

Information and replace capital and energy as the primary wealth-creating assets.
Knowledge

The computer is used to the foreign exchange rates of major currencies.

Calculate

CAD stands for

Computer Aided Designs

A involves a computerized system of data processing procedures which are integrated

in an organisation to provide accurate, complete, concise, timely and effective data which

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____________ Store data or information temporarily and pass it on as directed by the control
unit
Register

management can use at various level of decision making for planning, organizing, directing,
controlling and monitoring procedures.
Management Information System

The computer is used as a tool by to report accurately on the transaction register which
constitutes the most crucial aspect in the audit trail.
Auditors

preparation is essentially a repetitive and a routine task which has to be done

periodically.
Payroll

Computers were originally meant to assist in scientific and engineering

Applications

Computers have been applied in virtually all fields of human

Endeavour

Computer has become a tool of any modern man (or woman).

universal

BBS stands for

Bulleting board system

The Internet is a global network of computer networks.

interconnected

Hyperlinks are or words and graphics that have web addresses.

underlined or bordered

is a different colour from the rest of the text in a web site.

Hyperlink text

The enables you to create and edit text effects by using the available options.
WordArt toolbar

The button provides access to over 150 shapes.

AutoShapes

The is one of the default toolbars displayed when you start PowerPoint.
Drawing toolbar

enables you to create drawn objects using a set of tools located on the Drawing toolbar.
PowerPoint

To use PowerPoint, you must load the program from the hard disk into the
computer’s memory

is an application program used to create presentations.

PowerPoint

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The enables you to view your printouts on screen before you print them.
Print Preview command

The is the gray background behind the chart.

plot area

A quick way to print your whole worksheet is to click on the print button on the
standard toolbar

All default print options are listed in the

Print dialog box

Text entries are left aligned while numeric entries and calculated results are .
right aligned

Each time you click on the button, an extra decimal place is displayed to the right of
the decimal point.
Increase Decimal

Each time you click on the button, one decimal place fewer is displayed.
Decrease Decimal

You can use Excel‟s built-in formats to change the appearance of numbers.
built-in formats

A is a group adjacent cells that forms a rectangular shape.

Range

When you launch Excel, you see a new, blank workbook called
Book 1

A workbook can be saved temporary in the

Computer memory

A workbook can be saved permanently on the _

Disk

The Excel worksheet consists of various

Elements

Excel is a software application that provides an or worksheet environment.

electronic spreadsheet

Working with a can be complicated and time consuming

paper spreadsheet

Paper spreadsheets have limited functionality because they are

Static

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A consists of information written in tabular form.
Spreadsheet

A file is a collection of related information defined by its

Creator

is one of the most visible services of an operating system.

File management

It is possible to change the appearance and position of text by applying various

formatting options

can be used to emphasize text in a document.

Character formats

The places a copy of a file on disk into an active document window.

File, Open command

Text files can be created and modified with the aid of a special program called an
Editor

WYSIWYG stands for

What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get

To use Word, you must load the program from the hard disk into the
computer’s memory

The purpose of is to determine whether a program consistently produces correct or

expected results.
Testing

is caused by faulty logic in the design of the program.

Logic errors

is caused by mistake in coding.

Syntax errors

is the process of locating and correcting errors.

Debugging

A needs to thoroughly understand what is required of a problem.

Programmer

means the Program must do what it is supposed to do correctly and must meet the
criteria laid down in its specification.
Accuracy

means the Program must always do what it is supposed to do, and never crash.
Reliability

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 means optimal utilization of resources is essential. The program must use the available
storage space and other resources in such as way that the system speed is not wasted.
Efficiency

means the Program should cope with invalid data and not stop without an indication of
the cause of the source of error.
Robustness

means the Program must be easy enough to use and be well documented.
Usability

means the Program must be easy to amend having good structuring and
documentation.
Maintainability

The computer is a general-purpose machine with a remarkable ability to process

Information

Computer programming is both and

an art and a science

In a high level language one specifies the logical procedures that have to be performed to
achieve a
Result

Machine language is the binary language and its made up of only and
0s and 1s

has a one-to-one relationship with machine language, but uses symbols and
mnemonics for particular items.
Assembly language

programming languages are means by which programmers manipulate the computer.

Computer

have evolved from the machine language to assembly language, high level language
and very high level programming language.
Programming languages

4GL stands for

Fourth Generation Language

The are not designed by the programmer but by the fourth generation software itself.
program flows

A or that assists computer users to write their own programs by expanding simple
statements into program code.
program generator or application generator

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The usefulness of the computer depends on the programs that are written to manipulate it.

The difficulty of programming and the time required to program computers in assembly
languages and machine languages led to the development of
high-level languages

allow the computer to change the sequence of execution of instruction, depending on

conditions built into the program by the programmer.
Logic instructions

An directs the computer to accept data from a specific input device and store it in a
specific location in the store.
input instruction

The tells the computer what to do such as add, subtract, multiply and divide.
operation code

Basically, human beings cannot or in computer language

speak or write

A computer must be to respond to a specific instruction.

Programmed

The is a suit of programs written by programmers for computer users.

User programs

are packages that can be used to produce books and documents in standard form.
Desktop publishing

are packages that can be used to solve statistical problems, e.g. Stat graphical, SPSS.
Statistical packages

SPSS stands for

Statistical packages for social scientists

is software for designing, setting up and subsequently managing a database.

Database packages

are packages that enable you to bring out images, diagrams and pictures.
Graphical packages

are programs or packages that perform a variety of different processing operations

using data that is compatible with whatever operation is being carried out.
Integrated packages

an application mainly designed for numerical figures and reports.

Spreadsheet

A is used to create, edit, save and print reports.

Word Processor

is a set of programs designed to solve problems of a specific nature.

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Application software

include programs to clear areas of storage, writing file labels and updating common
data.
Housekeeping Operations

makes an exact copy of a file from one medium to another or from an area of a
medium to another area of the same medium.
File copy

File Conversion covers data transfer from any medium to another, making an exact copy or
simultaneously and
editing and validating

Utility Software is a set of commonly used programs in data processing departments also
called service or
general-purpose programs

An is a computer program that accepts a source program in assembly language

program reads and translates the entire program into an equivalent program in machine
language.
Assembler

An Interpreter is a program that accepts program fin a source language, reads, translates and
executes it, line by lone into
machine language

A Compiler is a computer program that accepts a source program in one high-level language,
reads and translates the entire user‟s program into an equivalent program in machine
language, called the object program or
object code

The suites of languages that translate other languages to machine language are called
Language Translator

One of the most important component of an operating system is its

command interpreter

provides the user with access to the various resources the system maintains.
distributed system

A distributed system is a collection of that do not share memory or a clock.

Processors

refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of programs, processes, or users to

the resources defined by a computer controls to be imposed, together with some means of
enforcement.
Protection

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