Jayen Thakker 2025
Data Analytics Mentor
Data Analytics
SQL terms for
Data Analytics
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1. Basic SQL Terms
Term Meaning Example Note (Why It Matters)
SELECT Retrieves data SELECT name Used to fetch data for
from a table FROM employees; analysis or reports.
FROM Specifies the data FROM Indicates which table to pull
source (table) sales_data data from essential for context.
WHERE Filters data based WHERE Helps focus on relevant rows only
on a condition age > 30 ,very important in dashboards.
DISTINCT Removes SELECT DISTINCT Ensures you're counting or
duplicate values department reporting unique values only.
ORDER BY Sorts the result ORDER BY Makes the output more
set salary DESC readable and useful for ranking.
LIMIT Restricts the LIMIT 5 Great for previews, testing, or
number of rows performance tuning.
AS Renames column/ salary AS Makes results more readable and
table temporarily monthly_income understandable for stakeholders.
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2. Filtering and Logic Operators
Operator Use Example Note
= Equal to WHERE city = Most common condition to
'Mumbai' filter data.
!= / <> Not equal to WHERE status Filters out unwanted
!= 'Closed' categories or statuses.
> / < Greater than / WHERE age Commonly used in threshold-
less than > 25 based analysis.
BETWEEN R ange WHERE age BETWEEN H andy for filtering a continuous
(inclusive) 20 AND 30 range like dates or prices.
IN Match WHERE region IN Easier than writing multiple
against a list ('East', 'West') OR conditions.
LIKE Pattern WHERE n ame Useful for name, email, or
matching LIKE 'A%' product code searches.
IS NULL / Checks for WHERE ph no e IS
Critical for data cleaning and
IS NOT NULL missing data NOT NULL
quality checks.
AND / OR Combines WHERE L ets you build more complex
multiple city='Delhi' filters and logic.
conditions AND age>30
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3. Aggregations
Function Purpose Example Note
COUNT() Number of COUNT(*) FROM Useful for summaries like
rows orders "number of orders" or "active
users".
SUM() Adds values SUM(sales) Crucial for total sales, revenue,
cost, etc.
AVG() Calculates AVG(age) Used to find averages like
average revenue per user, age, etc.
MIN() / Lowest/highest MAX(salary) Helps identify top/bottom
MAX() value performers or extremes.
GROUP BY Aggregates GROUP BY Core of data summarization,
data by groups department forms the basis of charts.
HAVING Filters grouped HAVING Like WHERE, but for aggregated
results SUM(sales) > data, great for setting
10000 thresholds.
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4. Joins and Relationships
Join Type Description Example Note
INNER Matches in A INNER JOIN B Most used join — ensures only
JOIN both tables ON A.id = B.id matching records are included.
LEFT All from left + LEFT JOIN orders Useful for seeing who has no
JOIN matches ON customers.id = corresponding data (e.g.,
orders.customer customers with no orders).
_id
RIGHT All from right + R are in analytics More common in specific
JOIN matches reporting needs; less used
overall.
FULL OUTER All records FULL OUTER Useful when you want to
JOIN from both JOIN capture everything, even
unmatched data.
SELF JOIN Joins a table Employee-manager G reat for hierarchy-based
to itself relationship reporting.
CROSS JOIN All HAVING Rarely used, but helpful in
combinations SUM(sales) > generating test data or
10000 combinations.
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5. Subqueries and CTEs
Concept Use Example Note
Subquery Nested query IN (SELECT id Used for filtering or isolating
FROM ...) logic makes query modular.
CTE Temporary WITH temp_table Enhances readability and can
(WITH) named result AS (...) simplify complex queries.
6. Data Manipulation Language
Term Purpose Example Note
INSERT Adds data INSERT INTO table Useful for inserting test data or
INTO VALUES (...) data migration.
UPDATE Edits existing UPDATE table SET Used carefully in analytics
data col = val ,mostly in staging layers.
DELETE Removes DELETE FROM Rarely used directly in analytics
data table WHERE ... ,more in ETL/data cleaning.
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7. Window Functions (Advanced
Analytics)
Function Use Case Example Note
ROW_
Unique row ID ROW_NUMBER() Useful for deduplication, top-N
NUMBER() OVER (...) reports, or pagination.
RANK() / Ranking rows RANK() OVER Excellent for leaderboards or
DENSE_
(ORDER BY competitive ranking reports.
RANK() sales DESC)
LEAD() / Access next/ L AG(sales) E nables trend or change-over-
LAG() previous row time calculations.
SUM() Running total SUM(sales) Critical in cumulative metrics
OVER() OVER (...) and forecasting models.
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8. Other Useful Terms
Term Meaning Note
UNION / Combines UNION removes duplicates, UNION ALL
UNION ALL multiple queries keeps them , great for merging datasets.
CASE Conditional logic Like IF-ELSE for SQL ,used in KPI
classifications and custom groupings.
CAST() / Type conversion Helps when working with inconsistent data
CONVERT() types across sources.
DATE(), Handle dates Powerful tools for trend analysis, time series,
EXTRACT(), or seasonality.
DATEPART()
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Jayen Thakker
Data Analytics Mentor
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