Unit 1 – Java Networking

Q1. What is Server Socket? Discuss the difference between the Socket and
ServerSocket class.
Ans.  The ServerSocket class (java.net) can be used to create a server socket.
 This object is used to establish communication with the clients.
 A server socket waits for requests to come in over the network. It performs some operation based
on that request, and then possibly returns a result to the requester.
 The actual work of the server socket is performed by an instance of the SocketImpl class.
 An application can change the socket factory that creates the socket implementation to configure
itself to create sockets appropriate to the local firewall.
Constructor
ServerSocket(int port) Creates a server socket, bound to the specified port.
Method
public Socket accept() Returns the socket and establish a connection between
server and client.
Syntax
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(Port_no);
Difference between the Socket and ServerSocket class.
ServerSocket Socket
It is placed in server side, which sends request It is placed in client side, which sends request
to client side socket (Socket) and wait for the to server side socket (ServerSocket) and wait
response from client. for the response from serve.
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket Socket s = new
(1111); Socket("localhost",1111);

Q2. What is Datagram Socket and Datagram Packet? Explain in detail with
example.
Ans. Java DatagramSocket and DatagramPacket classes are used for connection-less socket programming.
Datagram Socket
 DatagramSocket class represents a connection-less socket for sending and receiving datagram
packets.
 A datagram is basically an information but there is no guarantee of its content, arrival or arrival time.
Constructor
DatagramSocket() It creates a datagram socket and binds it with the available Port
Number on the localhost machine.

DatagramSocket(int port) It creates a datagram socket and binds it with the given Port
Number.

DatagramSocket(int port, It creates a datagram socket and binds it with the specified port
InetAddress address) number and host address.

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
Datagram Packet
 Java DatagramPacket is a message that can be sent or received.
 Additionally, packet delivery is not guaranteed.
 Datagram packets are used to implement a connectionless packet delivery service.
 Each message is routed from one machine to another based solely on information contained within
that packet.
 Multiple packets sent from one machine to another might be routed differently, and might arrive in
any order.
Constructor
DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length) It creates a datagram packet. This constructor is used to
receive the packets.
DatagramPacket(byte[] barr, int length, It creates a datagram packet. This constructor is used to
InetAddress address, int port) send the packets.

Example of Sending DatagramPacket by DatagramSocket

DSender.java
import java.net.*; //required for Datagram Class
public class DSender{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws Exception
{
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket();
String str = "Message sent by Datagram socket";
InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket
(str.getBytes(), str.length(), ip, 3000);
ds.send(dp);
ds.close();
}
}

DReceiver.java
import java.net.*;
public class DReceiver{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
DatagramSocket ds = new DatagramSocket(3000);
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket dp = new DatagramPacket(buf, 1024);
ds.receive(dp);
String str = new String(dp.getData(), 0,dp.getLength());
System.out.println(str);
ds.close();
}
}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
Q3. Explain InetAddress methods with appropriate example.
Ans.  This class represents an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
 The java.net.InetAddress class provides methods to get an IP of host name.
 It is the superclass of Inet6Address and Inet4Address classes.
 There are no constructors for this class but static methods which returns instances of InetAddress
class for general use.
Methods
Method Description
public static InetAddress Determines the IP address of a given host's name.
getByName(String host) InetAddress ip
throws UnknownHostException =InetAddress.getByName("www.darshan.ac.in");
System.out.println(“ip:“+ ip);
public static InetAddress Returns the address of the local host.
getLocalHost() InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getLocalHost();
throws UnknownHostException System.out.println(“LocalHost:“+ip);

public String getHostName() It returns the host name of the IP address.

InetAddress ip
=InetAddress.getByName("10.254.3.34");
System.out.println(“Hostname:”+ip.getHostName()
);
public String getHostAddress() It returns the IP address in string format.
InetAddress ip
=InetAddress.getByName("www.darshan.ac.in");
System.out.println(“HostAddress:”+ip.getHostAdd
ress());

Q4. Explain URL and URLConnection class with example

Ans. URL Class
 The Java URL class represents an URL.
 This class is pointer to “resource” on the World Wide Web.
Example
URL url=new URL("http://www.darshan.ac.in");
Method
public URLConnection This method of URL class returns the object of URLConnection class
openConnection() URLConnection urlcon=url.openConnection();
throws IOException

URLConnection class
 URLConnection is the superclass of all classes that represent a communications link between the
application and a URL.
 Instances of this class can be used both to read from and to write to the resource referenced by the
URL.

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
Method
public InputStream getInputStream() Returns an input stream that reads from this open
throws IOException connection.

public OutputStream getOutputStream() Returns an output stream that writes to this connection.
throws IOException

Example
import java.io.*; //required for input stream
import java.net.*; //required for URL & URLConnection
public class URLConnectionDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
URL url=new URL("http://www.darshan.ac.in");
URLConnection urlcon=url.openConnection();
InputStream stream=urlcon.getInputStream();
int i;
while((i=stream.read())!=-1){
System.out.print((char)i);
}
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
}
}

Q5. How to display IP address and host name for local machine.
Ans. import java.net.InetAddress;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
InetAddress addr = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println("Local HostAddress: "+addr.getHostAddress());
String hostname = addr.getHostName();
System.out.println("Local host name: "+hostname);
}
}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
Q6. Write TCP and UDP program for two way communication.
Ans. TCP
-Server-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class Server1
{
public static void main(String ar[])throws Exception
{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(777);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("Connection Established");
OutputStream obj=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(obj);

String str="Hello Client";

ps.println(str);
ps.println("Bye");

ps.close();
ss.close();
s.close();
}
}
-TCPClient-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class Client1
{
public static void main(String ar[])throws Exception
{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",777);
InputStream obj=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(obj));
String str;
while((str=br.readLine())!=null)
{
System.out.println("From Server: "+str);
}
br.close();
s.close();
}
}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
UDP
-Server-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
class UDPServer
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(9876);
byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];
byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];
while(true)
{
DatagramPacket receivePacket =
new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);
String sentence = new String( receivePacket.getData());
System.out.println("RECEIVED: " + sentence);
InetAddress IPAddress = receivePacket.getAddress();
int port = receivePacket.getPort();
String capitalizedSentence = sentence.toUpperCase();
sendData = capitalizedSentence.getBytes();
DatagramPacket sendPacket =
new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, port);
serverSocket.send(sendPacket);
}
}
}

-UDPClient-
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

class UDPClient
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
BufferedReader inFromUser =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();

InetAddress IPAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");

byte[] sendData = new byte[1024];

byte[] receiveData = new byte[1024];

String sentence = inFromUser.readLine();

sendData = sentence.getBytes();
DatagramPacket sendPacket =
new DatagramPacket(sendData, sendData.length, IPAddress, 9876);

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
clientSocket.send(sendPacket);

DatagramPacket receivePacket =
new DatagramPacket(receiveData, receiveData.length);
clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);
String modifiedSentence = new String(receivePacket.getData());
System.out.println("FROM SERVER:" + modifiedSentence);
clientSocket.close();
}
}

Q7. Write a client-server program using UDP socket. Client send the list of N
strings and server responds the concatenation of those strings.
Ans. Dsender.java
import java.net.*;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Dsender{
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
DatagramSocket ds=new DatagramSocket();
DatagramPacket dp;
InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
String str;
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
while(true){
System.out.print("Enter Msg:");
str=sc.nextLine();
dp=new DatagramPacket(str.getBytes(),str.length(),ip,3000);
ds.send(dp);
}
}}
Dreceiver.java
import java.net.*;
public class Dreceiver{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{
String str="",concat="";
DatagramSocket ds=new DatagramSocket(3000);
byte[] buf;
DatagramPacket dp;
while(true){
buf=new byte[1024];
dp=new DatagramPacket(buf, 1024);
ds.receive(dp);
str=new String(dp.getData(),0,dp.getLength());
if( !str.equals("exit"))
{ concat+=str; }
else{break;}
}
System.out.println(concat);
ds.close();}}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
Q8. Write a client server program using TCP where client sends a string and
server checks whether that string is palindrome or not and responds with
appropriate message.
Ans. -Server-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Server {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception

{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(777);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("Connection Established");
OutputStream obj=s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps=new PrintStream(obj);
InputStream obj1=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new outStreamReader(obj1));
String str = br.readLine();
String newstr = "";
for(int i = str.length()- 1;i>=0;i-- )
{
char c = str.charAt(i);
newstr = newstr + c;

}
if(str.equalsIgnoreCase(newstr))
{
ps.println("string is palindrome ");
}
else
{
ps.println("string is not palindrome ");
}
ps.close();
ss.close();
s.close();
}
}

-Client-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Client {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",777);
BufferedReader kbr=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
InputStream obj=s.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(obj));
OutputStream os = s.getOutputStream();
PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(os);
System.out.println("Enter text");
String str = kbr.readLine();
ps.println(str);
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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
String newStr = br.readLine();
System.out.println("Response from server=" + newStr);
br.close();
s.close();
}
}

Q9. Write a client-server program using TCP or UDP where the client sends 10
numbers and server responds with the numbers in sorted order.
Ans. Server-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Server {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(7777);
Socket s=ss.accept();
System.out.println("connected ......... ");
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
int r,i=0;
int n=din.readInt();
int a[]=new int[n];
System.out.println("data:");
int count=0;
System.out.println("Receiving Data ... ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=din.readInt();
}
System.out.println("Data Received");
System.out.println("Sorting Data ....... ");
Arrays.sort(a);
System.out.println("Data Sorted");
System.out.println("Sending Data ....... ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
dout.writeInt(a[i]);
}
System.out.println("\nData Sent Successfully");
s.close();
ss.close();
}
}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking
-Client-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{ Socket s=new Socket("127.0.0.1",7777);
if(s.isConnected())
{ System.out.println("Connected to server");
}
System.out.println("Enter size of array:");
Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);
int n=scanner.nextInt();
int a[]=new int[n];
System.out.println("Enter element to array:");
DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
dout.writeInt(n);
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int r=scanner.nextInt();;
dout.writeInt(r);
}
System.out.println("Data Sent");
DataInputStream din=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
int r;
System.out.println("Receiving Sorted Data ... ");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{ r=din.readInt();
System.out.print(r+" ");
}
s.close();
}
}

Q10. Write a TCP Client-Server program to get the Date & Time details from
Server on the Client request.
Ans. -Server-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Date;
public class Server {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{ ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(777);
while(true)
{ System.out.println("Waiting For Connection ...");
Socket soc=ss.accept();
DataOutputStream out=new DataOutputStream(soc.getOutputStream());
out.writeBytes("Server Date " + (new Date()).toString() + "\n");
out.close();
soc.close();
}}}

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 Unit 1 – Java Networking

-Client-
import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class Client {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
Socket s=new Socket("localhost",777);
BufferedReader in=
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
System.out.println(in.readLine());
}
}

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q1. What is JDBC? Explain the types of JDBC drivers?
Ans. What is JDBC?
 JDBC is an API, which is used in java programming for interacting with database.
 JDBC (Java Data Base Connection) is the standard method of accessing databases from Java
application.
 JDBC is a specification from Sun Microsystem that provides a standard API for java application to
communicate with different database.
 JDBC is a platform independent interface between relational database and java applications.

JDBC Drivers
1. Type1 (JDBC-ODBC Driver)
 Depends on support for ODBC
 Type1 is not portable driver
 Translate JDBC calls into ODBC calls and use Windows ODBC built in drivers
 ODBC must be set up on every client
 For server side servlets ODBC must be set up on web server
 Driver sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbc provided by JavaSoft with JDK
 No support from JDK 1.8 (Java 8) onwards.
E.g. MS Access

Figure: Type1 (JDBC-ODBC Driver)

Advantages :
 Allow to communicate with all database supported by ODBC driver
 It is vendor independent driver
Disadvantages:
 Due to large number of translations, execution speed is decreased
 Dependent on the ODBC driver
 ODBC binary code or ODBC client library to be installed in every client machine
 Uses java native interface to make ODBC call

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
 Because of listed disadvantage, type1 driver is not used in production environment. It can only
be used, when database doesn’t have any other JDBC driver implementation.

2. Type 2 (Native Code Driver)

 JDBC API calls are converted into native API calls, which are unique to the database.
 These drivers are typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same manner
as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge.
 Native code Driver are usually written in C, C++.
 The vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client machine.
 Type 2 Driver is suitable to use with server side applications.
 E.g. Oracle OCI driver, Weblogic OCI driver, Type2 for Sybase

Figure: Type 2 (Native Code Driver)

Advantages
 As there is no implementation of JDBC-ODBC bridge, it may be considerably faster than a Type
1 driver.
Disadvantages
 The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client machine hence type 2 drivers
cannot be used for the Internet.
 This driver is platform dependent.
 This driver supports all java applications except applets.
 It may increase cost of application, if it needs to run on different platform (since we may
require buying the native libraries for all of the platform).
 Mostly obsolete now
 Usually not thread safe

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
3. Type 3 (Java Protocol)
 This driver translate the jdbc calls into a database server independent and middleware
server specific calls.
 With the help of the middleware server, the translated jdbc calls further translated into
database server specific calls.
 This type of driver also known as net-protocol fully java technology-enabled driver.
 Type-3 driver is recommended to be used with applets. its auto-downloadable.
 Can interface to multiple databases – Not vendor specific.
 Follows a three-tier communication approach.
 The JDBC clients use standard network sockets to communicate with a middleware
application server.
 The socket information is then translated by the middleware application server into the
call format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.
 This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and
a single driver can actually provide access to multiple databases.

Figure: Type 3 (Java Protocol)

Advantages
 Since the communication between client and the middleware server is database independent,
there is no need for the database vendor library on the client.
 A single driver can handle any database, provided the middleware supports it.
 We can switch from one database to other without changing the client-side driver class, by just
changing configurations of middleware server.
E.g.: IDS Driver, Weblogic RMI Driver

Disadvantages
 Compared to Type 2 drivers, Type 3 drivers are slow due to increased number of network calls.
 Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
 The middleware layer added may result in additional latency, but is typically overcome by using
better middleware services.

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
4. Type 4 (Database Protocol)
 It is known as the Direct to Database Pure Java Driver
 Need to download a new driver for each database engine
 Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly with the vendor's database
through socket connection.
 This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the
client or server.
 This type of driver is lightweight and generally known as thin driver.
 You can use this driver when you want an auto downloadable option the client side
application
 i.e. thin driver for oracle from oracle corporation, weblogic and ms sqlserver4 for ms sql
server from BEA system

Figure: Type 4 (Database Protocol)

Advantages
 Completely implemented in Java to achieve platform independence.
 No native libraries are required to be installed in client machine.
 These drivers don't translate the requests into an intermediary format (such as ODBC).
 Secure to use since, it uses database server specific protocol.
 The client application connects directly to the database server.
 No translation or middleware layers are used, improving performance.
 The JVM manages all the aspects of the application-to-database connection.

Disadvantage
 This Driver uses database specific protocol and it is DBMS vendor dependent.

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Comparison between JDBC Drivers
Type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Name JDBC-ODBC Bridge Native Code Java Protocol/ Database
Driver/ JNI Middleware Protocol
Vendor Specific No Yes No Yes
Portable No No Yes Yes
Pure Java Driver No No Yes Yes
Working JDBC-> ODBC call JDBC call -> JDBC call -> JDBC call ->DB
ODBC -> native native specific middleware specific call
call call specific.
Middleware ->
native call
Multiple DB Yes NO Yes No
[only ODBC [DB Driver should
supported DB] be in middleware]
Example MS Access Oracle OCI driver IDA Server MySQL
Execution Speed Slowest among all Faster Compared Slower Compared Fastest among
to Type1 to Type2 all
Driver Thick Driver Thick Driver Thin Driver Thin Driver

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q2. Explain Thick and Thin driver. Comment on selection of driver. Write code
snippet for each type of JDBC connection.
Ans. Thick driver
 Thick client would need the client installation.
E.g. Type 1 and Type 2.

Thin driver
 The thin client driver, which mean you can connect to a database without the client installed on your
machine.
E.g. Type 4

Comment on selection of driver

 If you are accessing one type of database such as MySQL, Oracle, Sybase or IBM etc., the preferred
driver type is 4.
 If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the
preferred driver.
 Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your
database.
 The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for development and
testing purposes only.

Write code snippet for each type of JDBC connection

1. MySQL
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

Connection conn=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:PortNo/database
Name",“uid”, “pwd”);

2. Oracle
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

Connection conn=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port
Number:databaseName","root", "pwd");

3. DB2
Class.forName("com.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver");

Connection conn=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:db2:hostname:port Number
/databaseName")

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q3. Explain Statement Interface with appropriate example.
Ans. Java.sql.Statement
 Used for general-purpose access to your database.
 Useful for static SQL statements, e.g. SELECT specific row from table etc.
 The Statement interface defines a standard abstraction to execute the SQL statements requested by a
user and return the results by using the ResultSet object.
 The Statement interface is created after the connection to the specified database is made.
 The object is created using the createStatement() method of the Connection interface, as shown in
following code snippet:
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class ConnDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. try {
5. // Load and register the driver
6. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

7. // Establish the connection to the database server

8. Connection conn= DriverManager.getConnection
9. ("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/database_name","root","pwd");
10. // Create a statement
11. Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
12. // Execute the statement
13. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * from Table");

14. // Retrieve the results

15. while(rs.next()){
16. System.out.print(rs.getInt(1)+"\t");
17. System.out.print(rs.getString(“Name”)+"\t");
18. System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
19. }//while

20. // Close the statement and connection

21. stmt.close();
22. conn.close();
23. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e.toString());
24. }//PSVM
25. }//class

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q4. Explain Prepared Statement with example.
Ans.  The PreparedStatement interface is subclass of the Statement interface, can be used to
represent a precompiled query, which can be executed multiple times.
 Prepared Statement is used when you plan to execute same SQL statements many times.
 PreparedStatement interface accepts input parameters at runtime.
 A SQL statement is precompiled and stored in a PreparedStatement object.
 This object can then be used to efficiently execute this statement multiple times.
 The object is created using the prepareStatement() method of Connection interface, as
shown in following snippet:

String query = “insert into emp values(? ,?)”;

PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setInt(1,5);
ps.setString(2,”New Employee”);
int n = ps.executeUpdate();

Advantages:
 The performance of the application will be faster, if you use PreparedStatement interface
because query is compiled only once.
 This is because creating a PreparedStatement object by explicitly giving the SQL statement
causes the statement to be precompiled within the database immediately.
 Thus, when the PreparedStatement is later executed, the DBMS does not have to recompile
the SQL statement.
 Late binding and compilation is done by DBMS.
 Provides the programmatic approach to set the values.

Disadvantage:
The main disadvantage of PreparedStatement is that it can represent only one SQL statement at a
time.

Example of PreparedStatement
Write a program to insert student records to database using prepared statement
1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class PreparedInsert {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. try {
5. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
6. Connection conn= DriverManager.getConnection
7. ("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/DIET", "root","pwd");

8. String query="insert into dietstudent values(?,?,?,?)";

9. PreparedStatement ps=conn.prepareStatement(query);
10. ps.setString(1, "14092"); //Enr_no
11. ps.setString(2, "abc_comp"); //Name
12. ps.setString(3, "computer"); //Branch
13. ps.setString(4, "cx"); //Division

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 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
14. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
15. System.out.println("no. of rows updated ="+i);
16. ps.close();
17. conn.close();
18. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e.toString());} }//PSVM
}//class

Q5. Explain Callable Statement with example.

Ans.  CallableStatement interface is used to call the stored procedures.
 Therefore, the stored procedure can be called by using an object of the CallableStatement
interface.
 The object is created using the prepareCall() method of Connection interface.

CallableStatement cs=conn.prepareCall("{call Proc_Name(?,?)}");

cs.setInt(1,2222);
cs.registerOutParameter(2,Types.VARCHAR);
cs.execute();
 Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT.
 PreparedStatement object only uses the IN parameter. The CallableStatement object can
use all the three.

Parameter Description

IN A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is

created. You bind values to IN parameters with the setXXX()
methods.

OUT A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it

returns. You retrieve values from the OUT parameters with the
getXXX() methods.

INOUT A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind
variables with the setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the
getXXX() methods.

20
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Example of CallableStatement
Writa a Callable Statement program to retrieve branch of the student using {getBranch()
procedure} from given enrollment number. Also write code for Stored Procedure
Stored Procedure: getbranch()
1. DELIMITER @@
2. DROP PROCEDURE getbranch @@
3. CREATE PROCEDURE databaseName.getbranch
4. (IN enr_no INT, OUT my_branch VARCHAR(10))
5. BEGIN
6. SELECT branch INTO my_branch
7. FROM dietStudent
8. WHERE enr_no=enrno;
9. END @@
10. DELIMITER ;

Callable Statement program

1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class CallableDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. try {
5. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
6. Connection conn= DriverManager.getConnection
7. ("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Diet", "root","pwd");
8.
9. CallableStatement cs=conn.prepareCall("{call getbranch(?,?)}");
10. cs.setInt(1,2222);
11. cs.registerOutParameter(2,Types.VARCHAR);
12. cs.execute();
13. System.out.println("branch="+cs.getString(2));
14. cs.close();
15. conn.close();
16. }catch(Exceptione){System.out.println(e.toString());}
17. }//PSVM
18. }//class

Q6. Differentiate Statement, Prepared Statement and Callable Statement.

Ans. Statement Prepared Statement Callable Statement

Super interface for Prepared extends Statement extends PreparedStatement
and Callable Statement (sub-interface) (sub-interface)
Used for executing simple Used for executing dynamic and Used for executing stored
SQL statements like CRUD pre-compiled SQL statements procedures
(create, retrieve, update and
delete

21
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
The Statement interface The PreparedStatement The CallableStatement interface
cannot accept parameters. interface accepts input can also accept runtime input
parameters at runtime. parameters.
stmt = PreparedStatement CallableStatement
conn.createStatement(); ps=con.prepareStatement cs=conn.prepareCall("{call
("insert into studentDiet getbranch(?,?)}");
values(?,?,?)");
java.sql.Statement is slower PreparedStatement is faster None
as compared to Prepared because it is used for
Statement in java JDBC. executing precompiled SQL
statement in java JDBC.
java.sql.Statement is suitable java.sql.PreparedStatement java.sql.CallableStatement is
for executing DDL commands is suitable for executing DML suitable for executing stored
- CREATE, drop, alter and commands - SELECT, INSERT, procedure.
truncate in java JDBC. UPDATE and DELETE in java
JDBC.

Q7. Explain JDBC Architecture.

Ans. JDBC API
 The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent
connectivity to heterogeneous databases.
 JDBC API provides classes and interfaces to connect or communicate Java application with
database.
 The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access
but in general, JDBC Architecture consists of two layers −
1. JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection.
2. JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

JDBC Driver Manager (Class)

 This class manages a list of database drivers.
 It ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source.
 The driver manager is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to
multiple heterogeneous databases.
 Matches connection requests from the java application with the proper database driver
using communication sub protocol.
 The first driver that recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a
database Connection.

22
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming

Figure: JDBC Architecture

Driver (Interface)
 This interface handles the communications with the database server.
 You will interact directly with Driver objects very rarely.
 Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this type.
 It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects.
Connection (Interface)
 This interface with all methods for contacting a database.
 The connection object represents communication context, i.e., all communication with
database is through connection object only.
Statement (Interface)
 You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database.
Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.
ResultSet (Interface)
 These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using
Statement objects.
 It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.
SQLException (Class)
This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

23
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q8. Explain methods of ResultSet Interface.
Ans. Categories
1. Navigational Used to move the cursor around.
methods
2. Get methods Used to view the data in the columns of the current row
being pointed by the cursor.
3. Update methods Used to update the data in the columns of the current row.
The updates can then be updated in the underlying
database as well.

ResultSet: Navigational methods

boolean first() Moves the cursor to the first row.
throws SQLException
boolean last() Moves the cursor to the last row.
throws SQLException
boolean next() Moves the cursor to the next row. This method returns
throws SQL Exception false if there are no more rows in the result set.
boolean previous() Moves the cursor to the previous row. This method returns
throws SQLException false if the previous row is off the result set.
boolean absolute(int row) Moves the cursor to the specified row.
throws SQLException
boolean relative(int row) Moves the cursor the given number of rows forward or
throws SQLException backward, from where it is currently pointing.
int getRow() Returns the row number that the cursor is pointing to.
throws SQLException

ResultSet: Get methods

int getInt Returns the integer value to the current row in the column
(String columnName) named columnName.
throws SQLException

int getInt Returns the integer value to the current row in the specified
(int columnIndex) column index. The column index starts at 1, meaning the
throws SQLException first column of a row is 1, the second column of a row is 2,
and so on.

24
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming

String getString Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
(String columnLabel) row of this ResultSet object as a String in the Java
throws SQLException programming language.

String getString Retrieves the value of the designated column in the current
(int columnIndex) row of this ResultSet object as a String in the Java
throws SQLException programming language.

ResultSet: Update methods

void updateString Changes the String in the specified column to the value of s.
(int col_Index, String s)
throws SQLException

void updateInt Updates the designated column with an integer value.

(int col_Index, int x)
throws SQLException

void updateFloat Updates the designated column with a float value.

(int col_Index, float x)
throws SQLException

void updateDouble Updates the designated column with a double value.

(int col_Index,double x)
throws SQLException

25
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q9. Differentiate executeQuery(), executeUpdate() and execute() with
appropriate example.

Ans. executeQuery() executeUpdate() execute()

ResultSet executeQuery int executeUpdate(String sql) Boolean execute(String sql)
(String sql) throws SQLException throws SQLException
throws SQLException
This is used generally for This is generally used for If you dont know which
reading the content of the altering the databases. method to be used for
database. The output will be Generally DROP, INSERT, executing SQL statements,
in the form of ResultSet. UPDATE, DELETE statements this method can be used. This
Generally SELECT statement will be used in this. The will return a boolean. TRUE
is used. output will be in the form of indicates the result is a
int. This int value denotes the ResultSet and FALSE indicates
number of rows affected by it has the int value which
the query. denotes number of rows
affected by the query.
E.g.:ResultSet rs= E.g.: int i= E.g.: Boolean b=
stmt.executeQuery(query); stmt.executeUpdate(query); stmt.execute(query);

Q10. Explain Resultset Type and Concurrency

Ans. Resultset Type
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY The cursor can only move forward in the result
set.
(Default Type)

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE The cursor can scroll forward and backward, and

the result set is not sensitive to changes made by
others to the database that occur after the result
set was created.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE The cursor can scroll forward and backward, and

the result set is sensitive to changes made by
others to the database that occur after the result
set was created.

Concurrency of ResultSet
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY Creates a read-only result set. (Default Type)
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE Creates an updateable result set.

26
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming

Example
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

Q11. Explain ResultsetMetaData Interface with Example.

Ans.  Metadata means data about data.
 If you have to get metadata of a table like
1. total number of column
2. column name
3. column type etc.
 ResultSetMetaData interface is useful because it provides methods to get metadata from
the ResultSet object.

Example: ResultSetMetaData
1.import java.sql.*;
2.public class MetadataDemo {
3.public static void main(String[] args) {
4. try {Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
5. Connection conn= DriverManager.getConnection
6. ("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/gtu", "root",“pwd");
7.Statement stmt = conn.createStatement
(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
8. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * from gtu");

9. ResultSetMetaData rsmd=rs.getMetaData();
10. System.out.println("Total columns:
"+rsmd.getColumnCount());
11. System.out.println("Column Name of 1st column:
"+rsmd.getColumnName(1));
12. System.out.println("Column Type Name of 1st column:“
+rsmd.getColumnTypeName(1));
13. stmt.close();
14. conn.close();
15. }catch(Exception e)
16. {System.out.println(e.toString());}
17. }//PSVM
18. }//class
OUTPUT:
Total columns: 3
Column Name of 1st column:Enr_no
Column Type Name of 1st column:INT

27
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q12. Explain DatabaseMetaData Interface with Example
Ans. DatabaseMetaData interface provides methods to get meta data of a database such as
1. Database product name
2. Database product version
3. Driver name
4. Name of total number of tables etc.
Example: DatabaseMetaData
import java.sql.*;
public class DatabaseMetaDataDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con=
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/temp6",
"root","root");
DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
System.out.println
("getDatabaseProductName:"+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName());
System.out.println("getDatabaseProductVersion():
"+dbmd.getDatabaseProductVersion());

System.out.println("getDriverName():"+dbmd.getDriverName())
;
System.out.println("getDriverVersion():
"+dbmd.getDriverVersion());
System.out.println("getURL():"+dbmd.getURL());
System.out.println("getUserName():"+dbmd.getUserName());

} catch (Exception ex) {

System.out.println("Exception:"+ex.toString());
}}}
OUTPUT:
getDatabaseProductName:MySQL
getDatabaseProductVersion():5.6.16
getDriverName():MySQL-AB JDBC Driver
getDriverVersion():mysql-connector-java-5.1.23 ( Revision:
${bzr.revision-id} )
getURL():jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/temp6
getUserName():root@localhost

28
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q13. Explain Transaction Management in JDBC with appropriate example.
Ans.  Transaction Management in java is required when we are dealing with relational databases.
 By default when we create a database connection, it runs in auto-commit mode.
 It means that whenever we execute a query and it’s completed, the commit is fired
automatically.
 So every SQL query we fire is a transaction and if we are running some DML or DDL queries,
the changes are getting saved into database after every SQL statement finishes.
 Sometimes we want a group of SQL queries to be part of a transaction so that we can commit
them when all the queries runs fine. If we get any exception, we have a choice of rollback
all the queries executed as part of the transaction.

Figure: Transaction Management

Advantage of Transaction Management

 Fast performance: It makes the performance fast because database is hit at the time of
commit.

In JDBC, Connection interface provides methods to manage transaction.

void setAutoCommit(boolean status) It is true by default means each transaction is
committed by default.
void commit() Commits the transaction.
void rollback() Cancels the transaction.

29
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Example
1. import java.sql.*;
2. class RollbackDemo{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{ Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
6. "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/GTU","root","root");
7. con.setAutoCommit(false);//bydeafault it is true
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. int i=stmt.executeUpdate("insert into diet
values(606,'ghi','ee')");
10. con.commit(); //Commit Transaction
11. i+=stmt.executeUpdate("insert into diet
values(607,'mno','ch')");
12. System.out.println("no. of rows inserted="+i);
13. con.rollback(); //Rollback Transaction
14. con.close();
15. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
16. }}

Q14. Explain Transaction Isolation Level in JDBC

Ans.  JDBC isolation level represents that, how a database maintains its interiority against the
problem such as
1. dirty reads
2. non-repeatable reads
3. phantom reads
that occurs during concurrent transactions.

What is Phantom read?

 At the time of execution of a transaction, if two queries that are identical are executed, and
the rows returned are different from one another.
 If you execute a query at time T1 and re-execute it at time T2, additional rows may have
been added to the database, which may affect your results. It is stated that a phantom read
occurred.

What is Dirty read?

 Dirty read occurs when one transaction is changing the record, and the other transaction
can read this record before the first transaction has been committed or rolled back.
 This is known as a dirty read scenario because there is always the possibility that the first
transaction may rollback the change, resulting in the second transaction having read an
invalid data.

30
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
E.g.
Transaction A begins Transaction B begins
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SALARY = 10000 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
WHERE EMP_ID= ‘123’; (Transaction B sees data which is updated by
transaction A. But, those updates have not
yet been committed.)

What is Non-Repeatable Read?

 Non Repeatable Reads happen when in a same transaction same query yields to a
different result.
 This occurs when one transaction repeatedly retrieves the data, while a difference
transactions alters the underlying data.
 This causes the different or non-repeatable results to be read by the first transaction.

Transaction Isolation Level

Initial Val. Isolation Level Description
1 TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED It allows non-repeatable reads,
dirty reads and phantom reads to
occur.
2 TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED It ensures only those data can be
read which is committed.
4 TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ It is closer to serializable, but
phantom reads are also possible.
8 TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE In this level of isolation dirty reads,
non-repeatable reads, and
phantom reads are prevented.

You can get/set the current isolation level by using method

1. getTransactionIsolation()
2. setTransactionIsolation(int isolationlevelconstant)

Example
con.setTransactionIsolation(8);
System.out.println("con.getTransactionIsolation():"
+con.getTransactionIsolation());

31
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
Q15. Explain Batch Processing in JDBC
Ans.  Instead of executing a single query, we can execute a batch (group) of queries.
 It makes the performance fast.
 The java.sql.Statement and java.sql.PreparedStatement interfaces provide methods for
batch processing.

Methods of Statement Interface

void addBatch(String query) It adds query into batch.
int[] executeBatch() It executes the batch of queries.

1. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
2. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/GTU","root","root");
3. con.setAutoCommit(false);
4. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
5. String query1,query2,query3,query4,query5;
6. query1="create table DietStudent(enr INT PRIMARY
KEY, name VARCHAR(20),sem INT,branch
VARCHAR(10))";
7. query2="insert into DietStudent
values(6001,'java',6,'ce')";
8. query3="insert into DietStudent
values(6002,'php',6,'ce')";
9. query4="update DietStudent set name='cg' where
enr=6002";
10. query5="delete from DietStudent where
name='java'";
11. stmt.addBatch(query1);
12. stmt.addBatch(query2);
13. stmt.addBatch(query3);
14. stmt.addBatch(query4);
15. stmt.addBatch(query5);
16. int[] i=stmt.executeBatch();
17. con.commit();

32
 Unit 2 – JDBC Programming
GTU Questions
1. What is JDBC? [Win -14]
List out different types of JDBC driver and explain role of each. [Sum -15]
Write code snippet for each type of JDBC connection. [Win -15]
Explain Thick and Thin driver. [Sum -16]
Comment on selection of driver. [Win -16]

2. Explain Prepared statements with suitable example [Win -15]

[Sum -16]
[Win -16]
[Win -17]

3. Give the use of Statement, PreparedStatement and CallableStatement object. [Win -14]
Write code to insert three records into student table using PreparedStatement
(assume student table with Name, RollNo, and Branch field).

4. What is phantom read in JDBC? Which isolation level prevents it? [Sum -16]

5. Discuss CallableStatement with example. [Win -17]

33
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q1. What is Servlet? List and Explain various stages of Servlet life cycle. Explain
role of web container.
Ans. What is Servlet?
Servlet is java class which extends the functionality of web server by dynamically generating web
pages. Servlet technology is used to create Dynamic web application.

List and Explain various stages of Servlet life cycle

In the life cycle of servlet there are three important methods. These methods are
1. init()
2. service()
3. destroy()

Figure: Servlet Life Cycle

 The client enters the URL in the web browser and makes a request. The browser then
generates the HTTP request and sends it to the Web server.
 Web server maps this request to the corresponding servlet.

init()
 The server basically invokes the init() method of servlet. This method is called only when the
servlet is loaded in the memory for the first time.
 The class loader is responsible to load the servlet class.
 The servlet class is loaded when the first request for the servlet is received by the web
container.
 The web container creates the instance of a servlet after loading the servlet class. The
servlet instance is created only once in the servlet life cycle.

34
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
 The web container calls the init method only once after creating the servlet instance. The
init() method is used to initialize the servlet.
public void init(ServletConfig config)throws ServletException
{
//Servlet Initialization…
}
 A servlet configuration object used by a servlet container to pass information to a servlet
during initialization.

service()
 The service() method is the main method to perform the actual task.
 The servlet container (i.e. web server) calls the service() method to handle requests coming
from the client( browsers) and to write the response back to the client.
 Each time the server receives a request for a servlet, the server spawns a new thread and calls
service.

public void service(ServletRequest request,

ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException
{
//Servlet Task
}

destroy()
 Finally server unloads the servlet from the memory using the destroy() method.
 The destroy() method is called only once at the end of the life cycle of a servlet.
 This method gives your servlet a chance to close
1. database connections,
2. halt background threads,
3. write cookie lists or hit counts to disk, and
4. perform other such cleanup activities.
 After the destroy() method is called, the servlet object is marked for garbage collection.
public void destroy()
{
// Finalization code...
}

35
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Example
1. import java.io.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. public class MyServlet1 extends GenericServlet
4. {
5. public void init() throws ServletException
6. {//Initailization Code
7. }
8. public void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
9. { //Servlet code
10. }

11. public void destroy()

12. {//Finalization Code
13. }}

Q2. Differentiate Servlets and CGI

Ans.
CGI(Common Gateway Interface) Servlet
CGI is not portable (as CGI programs written Servlets are portable (written in java).
inside the native language).
In CGI each request is handled by heavy In Servlets each request is handled by
weight OS process. lightweight Java Thread.
CGI is more expensive than Servlets, because Servlets is inexpensive than CGI because In
For each request CGI Server receives, It Servlet, All the requests coming from the
creates new Operating System Process. Client are processed with the threads instead
of the OS process.
Session tracking and caching of previous Session tracking and caching of previous
computations cannot be performed. computations can be performed
CGI cannot handle cookies Servlets can handle cookies
CGI does not provide sharing property. Servlets can share data among each other.

36
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q3. Differentiate GenericServlet and HttpServlet
Ans. GenericServlet HttpServlet
javax.servlet.GenericServlet (abstract class) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet (abstract class)
It is the immediate subclass of Servlet The immediate super class of HttpServlet is
interface. GenericServlet.
It defines a generic, protocol-independent It defines a HTTP protocol specific servlet.
servlet. it can be used with any protocol, say,
SMTP, FTP, CGI including HTTP etc.
GenericServlet is a super class of HttpServlet HttpServlet is a sub class of GenericServlet
class. class.
All methods are concrete except service() All methods are concrete (non-abstract).
method. service() method is abstract service() is non-abstract method. service()
method. can be replaced by doGet() or doPost()
methods.

Q4. Differentiate doGet() vs doPost()

Ans. doGet() doPost()
In doGet(), parameters are appended to the In doPost(), parameters are sent in separate
URL and sent along with header information line in the body
Maximum size of data that can be sent using There is no maximum size for data
doGet() is 240 bytes
Parameters are not encrypted Parameters are encrypted here
Application: Application:
Used when small amount of data and Used when comparatively large amount of
insensitive data like a query has to be sent as sensitive data has to be sent.
a request. E.g. submitting sign_in or login form.
It is default method.
doGet() is faster comparatively doPost() is slower compared to doGet() since
doPost() does not write the content length
doGet() generally is used to query or to get Dopost() is generally used to update or post
some information from the server some information to the server

This is default method of http Not the case

37
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q5. Write a Servlet program using doPost() to enter two numbers and find
maximum among them.

Ans. max.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title> Maximum number </title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/ServletTemp/Max" method="POST" >
7. <p>Enter No-1:<input type="text" name="no1"></p>
8. <p>Enter No-2:<input type="text" name="no2"></p>
9. <p><input type="submit"></p>
10. </form>
11. </body>
12. </html>

Output: max.html

Max.java
1. import java.io.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import javax.servlet.http.*;
4. public class Max extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { int n1=0,n2=0;
7. response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();

9. n1=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("no1"));
10. n2=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("no2"));
11.
12. if(n1>n2)
13. out.println("n1="+n1+"is max number");
14. else if(n2>n1)

38
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
15. out.println("n2="+n2+"is max number");
16. else if(n1==n2)
17. out.println("n1= "+n1+"and n2="+n2+"are equal numbers");
18. }
19. }
Output:Max.java

Q6. Explain ServletConfig with example.

Ans.  It is used to get configuration information from web.xml file.
 If the configuration information is modified from the web.xml file, we don't need to change
the servlet.
E.g. String str = config.getInitParameter("name")

Advantage of ServletConfig
 The core advantage of ServletConfig is that you don't need to edit the servlet file if
information is modified from the web.xml file.

How to get the object of ServletConfig

 getServletConfig() method of Servlet interface returns the object of ServletConfig.

Usage of ServletConfig
If any specific content is modified from time to time. you can manage the Web application easily
without modifying servlet through editing the value in web.xml
E.g. ServletConfig config=getServletConfig();
web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>MyServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>name</param-name>
<param-value>cxcy</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/MyServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
39
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

MyServlet.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet
5. { String msg;
6. PrintWriter out;
7. public void init(ServletConfig config)throws
ServletException
8. { msg = config.getInitParameter("name"); }
9. public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request ,
HttpServletResponse response) throws
i. ServletException,IOException
10. { response.setContentType("text/html");
11. out = response.getWriter();
12. out.println("<h1>"+ msg +"</h1>");
13. }
14. public void destroy()
15. { out.close(); }}
Output: MyServlet.java

Methods of ServletConfig interface

1. public String getInitParameter(String name):Returns the parameter value for the specified
parameter name.
2. public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns an enumeration of all the
initialization parameter names.
3. public String getServletName():Returns the name of the servlet.
4. public ServletContext getServletContext():Returns an object of ServletContext.

Q7. Explain ServletContext with example

Ans.  ServletContext is created by the web container at time of deploying the project.
 It can be used to get configuration information from web.xml file.
 There is only one ServletContext object per web application.
 If any information is shared to many servlet, it is better to provide it from the web.xml file
using the <context-param> element.

40
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Advantage of ServletContext
 Easy to maintain if any information is shared to all the servlet, it is better to make it
available for all the servlet.
 We provide this information from the web.xml file, so if the information is changed, we
don't need to modify the servlet. Thus it removes maintenance problem.

Usage of ServletContext
There can be a lot of usage of ServletContext object. Some of them are as follows:

1. The object of ServletContext provides an interface between the container and servlet.
2. The ServletContext object can be used to get configuration information from the web.xml
file.
3. The ServletContext object can be used to set, get or remove attribute from the web.xml file.
4. The ServletContext object can be used to provide inter-application communication.

How to get the object of ServletContext interface

1. getServletContext() method of ServletConfig interface returns the object of ServletContext.
//We can get the ServletContext object from ServletConfig object
ServletContext context=getServletConfig().getServletContext();
2. getServletContext() method of GenericServlet class returns the object of ServletContext.
//Another way to get the ServletContext object
ServletContext application=getServletContext();

Example of ServletContext
Web.xml
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ServletContextDemo</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>ServletContextDemo</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ServletContextDemo</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/ServletContextDemo</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<context-param>
<param-name>name</param-name>
<param-value>DIET</param-value>
</context-param>
</web-app>

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

ServletContextDemo.java
1. import java.io.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import javax.servlet.http.*;
4. public class ServletContextDemo extends HttpServlet{
5. public void doGet(HttpServletRequest
req,HttpServletResponse res) throws
ServletException,IOException
6. { res.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
8. //creating ServletContext object
9. ServletContext context=getServletContext();
10. //Getting value of initialization parameter and printing it
11. String college=context.getInitParameter("name");
12. out.println("College name is="+college);
13. out.close();
14. }}

Output: ServletContextDemo.java

Methods of ServletContext interface

1. public String getInitParameter(String name):Returns the parameter value for the specified
parameter name.
2. public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns the names of the context's
initialization parameters.
3. public void setAttribute(String name,Object object):sets the given object in the application
scope.
4. public Object getAttribute(String name):Returns the attribute for the specified name.
5. public Enumeration getInitParameterNames():Returns the names of the context's
initialization parameters as an Enumeration of String objects.
6. public void removeAttribute(String name):Removes the attribute with the given name from
the servlet context.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q8. Differentiate ServletConfig and ServletContext Interface.
Ans. Servlet Config Servlet Context
ServletConfig object is one per servlet class ServletContext object is global to entire web
application
Object of ServletConfig will be created during Object of ServletContext will be created at
initialization process of the servlet the time of web application deployment
Scope: As long as a servlet is executing, Scope: As long as web application is
ServletConfig object will be available, it will be executing, ServletContext object will be
destroyed once the servlet execution is available, and it will be destroyed once the
completed. application is removed from the server.
We should give request explicitly, in order to ServletContext object will be available even
create ServletConfig object for the first time before giving the first request
In web.xml – <init-param> tag will be appear In web.xml – <context-param> tag will be
under <servlet-class> tag appear under <web-app> tag

Q9. Explain Methods of HttpServletRequest with appropriate example.

Ans. 1.String getContextPath() Returns the portion of the request URI that indicates the
context of the request.
E.g.
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
{out.println("<p>request.getContextPath():"
+request.getContextPath()+"</p>");
}
Output:request.getContextPath():/ServletTemp

2. Enumeration getHeaderNames() Returns an enumeration of all the header names this

request contains.

E.g. Enumeration h=request.getHeaderNames();

while(h.hasMoreElements())
{
String paramName = (String)h.nextElement();
out.print("<p>" + paramName + "\t");
String paramValue = request.getHeader(paramName);
out.println( paramValue + "</p>\n");
}

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Output:
host localhost:8080
user-agent Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64; rv:50.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/50.0
accept text/html,application/xhtml+xml,
application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
accept-language en-US,en;q=0.5
accept-encoding gzip, deflate
connection keep-alive
upgrade-insecure-requests 1

3. String getHeader(String name) Returns the value of the specified request header as
a String.
E.g. out.println("<p>request.getHeader():"
+request.getHeader("host")+"</p>");
out.println("<p>request.getHeader():"+request.getHeader("referer"
)+"</p>");
Output:
request.getHeader():host=localhost:8080
request.getHeader():referer=http://localhost:8080/ServletTemp/servletmeth.html

4. String getQueryString() Returns the query string that is contained in the request
URL after the path.

public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,

HttpServletResponse response)
{out.println("<p>request.getQueryString():"
+request.getQueryString()+"</p>");}
Output:
request.getQueryString(): no1=1&no2=2

5. String getServletPath() Returns the part of this request's URL that calls the
servlet. This path starts with a "/" character and includes
either the servlet name or a path to the servlet

E.g. out.println("<p>request.getServletPath():"
+request.getServletPath()+"</p>");
Output: request.getServletPath(): /ServletMeth

6. String getMethod() Returns the name of the HTTP method with which this
request was made, for example GET or POST

E.g. out.println("<p>request.getMethod():"
+request.getMethod()+"</p>");
Output: request.getMethod(): GET

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q.10 Write servlet which displayed following information of client.
I. Client Browser
II. Client IP address
III. Client Port No
IV. Server Port No
V. Local Port No
VI. Method used by client for form submission
VII. Query String name and values
Ans. 1. import java.io.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. public class ServletInfo extends HttpServlet{
4. PrintWriter out;
5. public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req,HttpServletResponse
res) throws
IOException
6. {
7. res.setContentType("text/html");
8. out=res.getWriter();
9. // I. Client Browser: we use String getHeader(user-agent)
10. out.println("<p> Client Browser=" +req.getHeader
. ("user-agent")+"</p>");
11. //II. Client IP address
12. out.println("<p> Client IP address= "+req.getRemoteAddr());
13. //III. Client Port No
14. out.println("<p> Client Port No= "+req.getRemotePort());
15. //IV. Server Port No
16. out.println("<p> Server Port No= "+req.getServerPort());
17. //V. Local Port No
18. out.println("<p> Local Port No= "+req.getLocalPort());
19. //VI. Method used by client for form submission
20. out.println("<p> Method used by client= "+req.getMethod());
21. //VII. Query String name and values
22. out.println("<p> Query String name & values=
"+req.getQueryString());
23. }}
Output:
Client Browser=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64; rv:58.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/58.0
Client IP address= 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Client Port No= 64779
Server Port No= 8080
Local Port No= 8080
Method used by client= GET
Query String name & values= null

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q11. What is Request Dispatcher? What is the difference between Request
dispatcher’s forward () and include () method?
Ans. javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher Interface
 The RequestDispatcher interface provides the facility of dispatching the request to another
resource.
 Resource can be HTML, Servlet or JSP.
 This interface can also be used to include the content of another resource.
 It is one of the way of servlet collaboration.
 The getRequestDispatcher() method of ServletRequest interface returns the object of
RequestDispatcher.
Syntax
RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String resource)
Example
RequestDispatcher rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("servlet2");
rd.forward(request, response);//method may be include/forward

There are two methods defined in the RequestDispatcher interface

void forward(ServletRequest request, Forwards a request from a servlet to another
ServletResponse response) resource (servlet, JSP file, or HTML file) on the
throws ServletException, IOException server.
void include(ServletRequest request, Includes the content of a resource (Servlet, JSP
ServletResponse response) page, or HTML file) in the response.
throws ServletException, IOException

RequestDispatcher: forward()

Figure: Working of RequestDispatcher.forward()

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Example: forward()
//for java servlet
RequestDispatcher rd = request.getRequestDispatcher("servlet2");
rd.forward(request, response);
//for html page
RequestDispatcher rd= request.getRequestDispatcher("/1.html");
rd.forward(request, response);

RequestDispatcher: include()

Figure: Working of RequestDispatcher.include()

Example: include()
//for java servlet
RequestDispatcher rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("servlet2");
rd.include(request, response);
//for html page
RequestDispatcher rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("/1.html");
rd.include(request, response);

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q12. Write a Servlet program to authenticate user with user_id and password, if
user is authenticated then forward to welcome page else include message
with invalid user_id/password.
Ans. 1.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>1.html</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/Dispatcher/CallServlet" method="POST">
7. <p>Login ID:<input type="text" name="login"></p>
8. <p>Password:<input type="text" name="pwd"></p>
9. <p><input type="submit" value="Sign In"></p>
10. </form>
11. </body>
12. </html>
Output:

CallServlet.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class CallServlet extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { response.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8. RequestDispatcher rd;
9. String login=request.getParameter("login");
10. String pwd=request.getParameter("pwd");
11. if(login.equals("java") && pwd.equals("servlet"))
12. { rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("FwdDemo");
13. rd.forward(request, response);
14. }//if
15. else
16. { out.println("<p><h1>Incorrect Login Id/Password
</h1></p>");
17. rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("/1.html");
18. rd.include(request, response); }//else
19. }//dopost }

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
FwdDemo.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class FwdDemo extends HttpServlet{
5. public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. String username=request.getParameter("login");
10. out.println("<h1>"+"Welcome "+username+"</h1>");
11. }
12. }
Output:forward()

Output:include()

Q13. Explain response.sendRedirect() with appropriate example.

Ans. The sendRedirect() method of HttpServletResponse interface can be used to redirect response to
another resource, it may be servlet, jsp or html file.

Syntax
void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException
Example
response.sendRedirect("http://www.darshan.ac.in");
response.sendRedirect("/1.html");//relative path
response.sendRedirect("http://localhost:8080/1.html");

//absolute path
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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Program: sendRedirect()
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Redirect extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. String login=request.getParameter("login");
10. String pwd=request.getParameter("pwd");
11. if(login.equals("java") && pwd.equals("servlet"))
12. { response.sendRedirect("/Dispatcher/Welcome");
13. }
14. else
15. response.sendRedirect("/Dispatcher/redirect.html");
16. } //doGet
17. }

Q14. Differentiate forward() and sendRedirect()

Ans. forward() sendRedirect()
forward() is method of RequestDispatcher sendRedirect() is the method of
interface HttpServletResponse
In forward(), redirect happens at server end In sendRedirect() ,redirection happens at client
and not visible to client. end and it's visible to client.
It is faster than the redirect. It is slower than a forward, since it requires two
browser requests(one for actual request and
another for redirected request ).
In case of forward() original URL remains While in case of sendRedirect() browser knows
unaffected. that it's making a new request, so original URL
changes.
The request is transfer to other resource within The request may transfer to other resource to
same server. Thus, it can be used within server. different server. Thus, it can be used within and
outside the server.
When forward is called on RequestDispather In case of SendRedirect call old request and
object we pass request and response object so response object is lost because it’s treated as
our old request object is present on new new request by the browser.
resource which is going to process our request.
Syntax: Syntax:
forward(ServletRequest request, void sendRedirect(String url)
ServletResponse response)

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q15. What is Session? Why we require Session? List the different ways to manage
the session.
Ans. Define Session
“A session refers to the entire interaction between a client and a server from the time of the client’s
first request, which generally begins the session, to the time of last request/response.”

Why we require Session?

 HTTP is a "stateless" protocol which means each time a client retrieves a Web page, the
client opens a separate connection to the Web server and the server automatically does not
keep any record of previous client request.
 Session is required to keep track of users and their information.

List the different ways to manage the session.

 Session Management is a mechanism used by the Web container to store session
information for a particular user.
 There are four different techniques for session management.
1. Hidden form field
2. URL Rewriting
3. Cookies
4. HttpSession

Q16. Explain Hidden form field with appropriate example.

Ans.  Hidden Form Field, a hidden (invisible) textfield is used for maintaining the state of an user.
 In such case, we store the information in the hidden field and get it from another servlet.
E.g. <input type="hidden" name="session_id" value="054">

Real application of hidden form field

 It is widely used in comment form of a website.
 In such case, we store page id or page name in the hidden field so that each page can be
uniquely identified.

Advantage of Hidden Form Field

 Easy to implement
 It will always work whether cookie is disabled or not.

Disadvantage of Hidden Form Field:

 It is maintained at server side.
 Extra form submission is required on each pages.
 Only textual information can be used.
 It does not support hyperlink submission.
 Security

51
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
• Hidden field will be visible with GET method
• User might view page source and can view hidden field

Program: Hidden form field

login.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>login</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/Session/Valid" method="POST">
7. <p>Login ID:<input type="text" name="login"></p>
8. <p>Password:<input type="text" name="pwd"></p>
9. <p><input type="hidden" name="session_id"
value="054"></p>
10. <p><input type="submit" value="Sign In"></p>
11. </form>
12. </body>
13. </html>
Output:

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Valid.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Valid extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. {
8. response.setContentType("text/html");
9. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
10. RequestDispatcher rd;
11. String login=request.getParameter("login");
12. String pwd=request.getParameter("pwd");
13. String session=request.getParameter("session_id");
14. if(login.equals("java") && pwd.equals("servlet"))
15. {
16. rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("Welcome");
17. rd.forward(request, response);
18. }//if
19. else
20. {
21. out.println("<p><h1>Incorrect LoginId/Password
</h1></p>");
22. rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("/login.html");
23. rd.include(request, response);
24. }//else
25. } }

Welcome.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Welcome extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. String session=request.getParameter("session_id");
10. String username=request.getParameter("login");
11. out.println("<h1>"+"id:"+session+"</h1>");
12. out.println("<h3>"+"Welcome "+username+"</h3>");
13. }
14. }

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q17. Explain URL Rewriting with appropriate example.
Ans.  In URL rewriting, a token or identifier is appended to the URL of the next Servlet or the next
resource.
 We can send parameter name/value pairs using the following format:
URL ? Name1 = value1 & name2 = value2 &…
 Here, A name and a value is separated using an equal (=) sign and name/value pair is separated
from another parameter using the ampersand(&).
 When the user clicks the hyperlink, the parameter name/value pairs will be passed to the
server.
 From a Servlet, we can use getParameter() method to obtain a parameter value.

Advantage of URL Rewriting

 It will always work whether cookie is disabled or not (browser independent).
 Extra form submission is not required on each pages.

Disadvantage of URL Rewriting

 It will work only with links.
 It can send only textual information.
 URL header size constraint.
 Security
• name/value field will be visible with URL followed by ‘?’.

Program: URL Rewriting

Url1.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Url1 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { String url;
8. response.setContentType("text/html");
9. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
10. //for URL rewriting
11. url= "http://localhost:8080/Session
/Url2?s_id1=054&s_id2=055";
12. out.println("<a href="+url+">next page</a>");
13. } }

54
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Output:

Url2.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Url2 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. String session1=request.getParameter("s_id1");
10. String session2=request.getParameter("s_id2");
11. out.println("<h3>"+"id:"+session1+"</h3>");
12. out.println("<h3>"+"id:"+session2+"</h3>");
13. }
14. }
Output:

55
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q18. What is Cookie? What does the cookie contains? Explain methods of Cookie
class.
Ans. What is Cookie? What does the cookie contains?
 A cookie is a small piece of information that is persisted between the multiple client
requests.
 A cookie has a
1. Name
2. Single value
3. Optional attributes such as
i. comment
ii. path
iii. domain qualifiers
iv. a maximum age
v. Version number etc.
Types of Cookie
There are 2 types of cookies in servlets.
1. Non-persistent cookie/Session cookie: It is valid for single session only. It is removed each time
when user closes the browser.
2. Persistent cookie: It is valid for multiple session . It is not removed each time when user closes the
browser. It is removed only if user logout or signout.

Cookie class(javax.servlet.http.Cookie )
 This class provides the functionality of using cookies.
 It provides a lots of useful methods for cookies.
Constructor
Cookie(String name, String value): constructs a cookie with a specified name and value.

Example
Cookie c = new Cookie("session_id","054");
//creating cookie object
Methods of Cookie class
void setMaxAge(int expiry) Sets the maximum age in seconds for this Cookie
int getMaxAge() Gets the maximum age in seconds of this Cookie.
By default, -1 is returned, which indicates that the cookie will
persist until browser shutdown.
String getName() Returns the name of the cookie. The name cannot be
changed after creation.
void setValue(String newValue) Assigns a new value to this Cookie.
String getValue() Gets the current value of this Cookie.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Other Methods of HttpServletRequest & HttpServletResponse

void addCookie Method of HttpServletResponse interface is used to add
(Cookie cookieObj) cookie in response object.

Cookie[] getCookies() Returns an array containing all of the Cookie objects the client
sent with this request. This method returns null if no cookies
were sent.

How to create Cookie?

//creating cookie object
Cookie c= new Cookie("session_id","054");

//adding cookie in the response from server to client

response.addCookie(c);
How to retrieve Cookies?
Cookie c[]=request.getCookies();
for(int i=0;i<c.length;i++)
{
out.print(c[i].getName()+””+c[i].getValue());
//printing name&value of cookie
}
How to delete Cookie?
1. Read an already existing cookie and store it in Cookie object.
2. Set cookie age as zero using setMaxAge() method to delete an existing cookie
3. Add this cookie back into response header.
//deleting value of cookie
Cookie c = new Cookie("user","");
//changing the maximum age to 0 seconds
c.setMaxAge(0);
//adding cookie in the response
response.addCookie(c);

Advantage of Cookies
 Simplest technique of maintaining the state.
 Cookies are maintained at client side.
Disadvantage of Cookies
 It will not work if cookie is disabled from the browser.
 Only textual information can be set in Cookie object.

57
 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q19. Write a Servlet program for Session Management using Cookie.
Ans.

cookie.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>cookie</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/Session/Cookie1" >
<p>Login ID:<input type="text" name="login"></p>
7. <p>Password:<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
8. <p><input type="submit" value="Sign In"></p>
9. </form>
10. </body>
11. </html>
Output: cookie.html

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Cookie1.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Cookie1 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. String login=request.getParameter("login");
10. String pwd=request.getParameter("pwd");
11.
12. if(login.equals("java") && pwd.equals("servlet"))
13. {
14. Cookie c = new Cookie("c1",login);//create cookie
15. response.addCookie(c);//adds cookie with response
16.
17. out.println("Cookie named:"+c.getName()+" added");
18. String path="/Session/Cookie2";
19. out.println("<p><a href="+path+">next page</a></p>");
20. }
21. else
22. {
23. out.println("<p><h1>Incorrect Login Id/Password </h1></p>");
24. rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("/cookie.html");
25. rd.include(request, response);}
26. } }
Output: Cookie1.java

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Cookie2.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4.
5. public class Cookie2 extends HttpServlet
6. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException,IOException
7. {
8. response.setContentType("text/html");
9. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
10. Cookie c[]=request.getCookies();
11. out.println("c.length="+c.length);
12. for(int i=0;i<c.length;i++)
13. { out.println("CookieName="+c[i].getName()+
14. "CookieValue="+c[i].getValue());
15. }
16. //to add another cookie
17. Cookie c1 = new Cookie("c2","054");
18. response.addCookie(c1);
19. String path="/Session/Cookie3";
20. out.println("<a href="+path+">next page</a>");
21. }}

Output: Cookie2.java

Cookie3.java
1. import javax.servlet.*;
2. import javax.servlet.http.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class Cookie3 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
6. throws ServletException,IOException
7. { response.setContentType("text/html");
8. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
9. Cookie c[]=request.getCookies();
10. for(int i=0;i<c.length;i++)

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
11. { out.println("<p>");
12. out.println("CookieName="+c[i].getName()+
13. "CookieValue="+c[i].getValue());
14. out.println("</p>");
15. }
16. }
17. }
Output: Cookie3.java

Q20. Explain Session Management using HttpSession.

Ans.  HttpSession Interface(javax.servlet.http.HttpSession) provides a way to identify a user across
more than one page request
 The container creates a session id for each user.
 The container uses this id to identify the particular user.
 An object of HttpSession can be used to perform two tasks:
1. Bind objects
2. View and manipulate information about a session, such as the session identifier,
creation time, and last accessed time.
 HttpSession object is used to store entire session with a specific client.
 We can store, retrieve and remove attribute from HttpSession object.
 Any servlet can have access to HttpSession object throughout the getSession() method of the
HttpServletRequest object.
 The servlet container uses this interface to create a session between an HTTP client and an
HTTP server.
 In this technique create a session object at server side for each client.
 Session is available until the session time out, until the client log out.
 The default session time is 30 minutes and can configure explicit session time in web.xml file.
Working of HttpSession
1. On client's first request, the Web Container generates a unique session ID and gives it back
to the client with response.
2. The client sends back the session ID with each request. Making it easier for the web
container to identify where the request is coming from.
3. The Web Container uses this ID, finds the matching session with the ID and associates the
session with the request.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Figure: Working of HttpSession

Methods of HttpServletRequest interface:
HttpSession getSession() Returns the current session associated with this
request, or if the request does not have a session,
creates one.
HttpSession getSession(boolean create) Returns the current HttpSession associated with
this request or, if there is no current session and
create is true, returns a new session.
String getId() Returns a string containing the unique identifier
value.
long getCreationTime() Returns the time when this session was created,
measured in milliseconds.
long getLastAccessedTime() Returns the last time the client sent a request
associated with this session, as the number of
milliseconds.
void invalidate() Invalidates this session then unbinds any objects
bound to it.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
How to create the Session?
HttpSession hs=request.getSession();
hs.setAttribute("s_id", "diet054");

How to retrieve a Session?

HttpSession hs=request.getSession(false);
String n=(String)hs.getAttribute("s_id");

How to invalidate a Session?

hs.invalidate();

Q21. Write a servlet program for Session Management using HttpSession.

Ans.

Httpsession.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>HttpSession</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/Session/HSession1" method="Get">
7. <p>Login ID:<input type="text" name="login"></p>
8. <p><input type="submit" value="Sign In"></p>
9. </form>
10. </body>
11. </html>
Output:Httpsession.html

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

HSession1.java
1. import javax.servlet.http.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class HSession1 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { response.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8. RequestDispatcher rd;
9. String login=request.getParameter("login");
10. if(login.equals("java") )
11. { HttpSession hs=request.getSession();
12. hs.setAttribute("s_id",login);
13. out.println("<p> HSession1:Session Created:
"+hs.getAttribute("s_id")+"</p>");
14. out.print("<a href='HSession2'>Homepage</a>");
15. }
16. else
17. { out.println("<p><h1>Incorrect Login Id/Password
</h1></p>");
18. rd=request.getRequestDispatcher("/httpsession.html");
19. rd.include(request, response);
20. }
21. } }

Output:HSession1.java

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

HSession2.java
1. import javax.servlet.http.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class HSession2 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { response.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8. HttpSession hs=request.getSession(false);
9. String n=(String)hs.getAttribute("s_id");
10. out.print("HSession2:Hello s_id: "+n);
11. out.print("<p><a href='HSession3'>visit</a></p>");
12. } }
Output:HSession2.java

HSession3.java
1. import javax.servlet.http.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class HSession3 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { response.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8. HttpSession hs=request.getSession(false);
9. String n=(String)hs.getAttribute("s_id");
10. out.print("HSession3 :Hello again: "+n);
11. out.println("<p><form action='/Session/HSession4'></p>");
12. out.println("<p><input type='submit' value='End
Session'></p></form>");
13. hs.invalidate();//Session Invalidated
14. }}

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Output:HSession3.java

HSession4.java
1. import javax.servlet.http.*;
2. import javax.servlet.*;
3. import java.io.*;
4. public class HSession4 extends HttpServlet
5. { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException
6. { response.setContentType("text/html");
7. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
8. HttpSession hs=request.getSession(false);
9. try{
10. String n=(String)hs.getAttribute("s_id");
11. }
12. catch(NullPointerException ne)
13. {out.println("<p>HSession4:Session Invalidated
</p>"+ne.toString());}
14. out.println("<form action='/Session/httpsession.html'>");
15. out.println("<p><input type='submit'
value='logout'></p></form>");
16. }
17. }
Output:HSession4.java

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q22. What is filter? What is its use? List different filter interfaces with their
important methods. List the applications of filter.
Ans. What is filter?
A filter is an object that is invoked at the preprocessing and post processing of a request. Java Servlet
Filter is used to intercept request and do some pre-processing and can be used to intercept response
and do post-processing before sending to client in web application.

What is its use?

 Recording all incoming requests
 Logs the IP addresses of the computers from which the requests originate
 Conversion
 Data compression
 Encryption and Decryption
 Input validation etc.
Filter interfaces
The javax.servlet package contains the three interfaces of Filter API.
1. Filter
For creating any filter, you must implement the Filter interface.
Filter interface provides the life cycle methods for a filter.
Method of Filter Interface
void init(FilterConfig config) init() method is invoked only once. It is used to
initialize the filter.
void doFilter doFilter() method is invoked every time when user
(HttpServletRequest reuest, request to any resource, to which the filter is
HttpServletResponse response, mapped.It is used to perform filtering tasks.
FilterChain chain)
void destroy() This is invoked only once when filter is taken out of
the service.

2. FilterChain
 The object of FilterChain is responsible to invoke the next filter or resource in the chain.
 This object is passed in the doFilter method of Filter interface.
 The FilterChain interface contains only one method:

void doFilter It passes the control to the next filter or resource.

(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
3. FilterConfig
 FilterConfig is created by the web container.
 This object can be used to get the configuration information from the web.xml file.
Method
void init(FilterConfig config) init() method is invoked only once it is used to
initialize the filter.

String getInitParameter Returns the parameter value for the specified

(String parameterName) parameter name.

List the applications of filter

1. Authentication-Blocking requests based on user identity.
2. Logging and auditing-Tracking users of a web application.
3. Image conversion-Scaling maps, and so on.
4. Data compression-Making downloads smaller.
5. Localization-Targeting the request and response to a particular locale.

Advantage of Filter
 Filter is pluggable.
 One filter don't have dependency onto another resource.
 Less Maintenance Cost
The servlet filter is pluggable, i.e. its entry is defined in the web.xml file, if we remove the entry of
filter from the web.xml file, filter will be removed automatically and we don't need to change the
servlet.
So maintenance cost will be less.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q23. Write a Servlet Program that uses two filters
i) Authentication Filter: Checks authentication value
(userid/password)
ii) Config Param Filter: Checks value of config param in web.xml
Ans.

Web.xml
1. <web-app>
2. <servlet>
3. <servlet-name>FilteredServlet</servlet-name>
4. <servlet-class>FilteredServlet</servlet-class>
5. </servlet>
6. <servlet-mapping>
7. <servlet-name>FilteredServlet</servlet-name>
8. <url-pattern>/FilteredServlet</url-pattern>
9. </servlet-mapping>

10. <filter>
11. <filter-name>f1</filter-name>
12. <filter-class>Filter1</filter-class>
13. </filter>
14. <filter-mapping>
15. <filter-name>f1</filter-name>
16. <url-pattern>/FilteredServlet</url-pattern>
17. </filter-mapping>

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
18. <filter>
19. <filter-name>f2</filter-name>
20. <filter-class>Filter2</filter-class>
21. <init-param>
22. <param-name>permit</param-name>
23. <param-value>yes</param-value>
24. </init-param>
25. </filter>
26. <filter-mapping>
27. <filter-name>f2</filter-name>
28. <url-pattern>/FilteredServlet</url-pattern>
29. </filter-mapping>
30. </web-app>

index.html
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>filter</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <form action="/Filter/FilteredServlet" >
7. <p>Login ID:<input type="text" name="login"></p>
8. <p>Password:<input type="password" name="pwd"></p>
9. <p><input type="submit" value="Sign In"></p>
10. </form>
11. </body>
12. </html>

Filter1.java
31. import java.io.IOException;
32. import java.io.PrintWriter;
33. import javax.servlet.*;
34. public class Filter1 implements Filter{
35. public void init(FilterConfig config) {}
36. public void doFilter(ServletRequest req,
37. ServletResponse resp,
38. FilterChain chain)
39. throws IOException, ServletException
40. {
41. PrintWriter out=resp.getWriter();
42. out.print("<p>filter1 is invoked before</p>");
43. if(req.getParameter("login").equals("java") &&
req.getParameter("pwd").equals("servlet"))
{
44. chain.doFilter(req, resp);//send request to next resource
}//if
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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
45. else
46. {out.print("<p>invalid login/password</p>");}//else
47.
48. out.print("<p>filter1 is invoked after</p>");
49. }
50. public void destroy() {}}

Filter2.java
1. import java.io.IOException;
2. import java.io.PrintWriter;
3. import javax.servlet.*;
4. public class Filter2 implements Filter{
5. String permission;
6. public void init(FilterConfig config) throws ServletException
7. { permission=config.getInitParameter("permit");
}
8. public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp,
FilterChain chain)
throws IOException, ServletException
9. { PrintWriter out=resp.getWriter();
10. out.print("<p>filter2 is invoked before</p>");
11. if(permission.equals("yes"))
12. { chain.doFilter(req, resp);}//if
13. else
14. { out.println("Permission Denied"); }//else
15. out.print("<p>filter2 is invoked after</p>");
}
16. public void destroy() {}}

FilteredServlet.java
1. import java.io.IOException;
2. import java.io.PrintWriter;
3. import javax.servlet.*;
4. public class FilteredServlet extends HttpServlet
5. {
6. public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
7. throws ServletException, IOException
8. {
9. response.setContentType("text/html");
10. PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
11. out.println("<p><h3>welcome to servlet</h3></p>");
12. }
13. }

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Output:

Q23. Explain Session Timeout

Ans. The session timeout in a web application can be configured in two ways
1. Timeout in the deployment descriptor (web.xml)
2. Timeout with setMaxInactiveInterval()
Timeout in the deployment descriptor (web.xml)
<web-app>
<session-config>
<session-timeout> 10 </session-timeout>
</session-config>
</web-app>
Note that the value of the timeout is set in minutes, not in seconds.
Timeout with setMaxInactiveInterval()
The timeout of the current session only can be specified programmatically via the API of
the javax.servlet.http.HttpSession
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setMaxInactiveInterval(10*60);//time specified in seconds

Q24. State and explain Types of Servlet Events

Ans.  Events are basically occurrence of something.
 Changing the state of an object is known as an event.
 There are many Event classes and Listener interfaces in the javax.servlet and
javax.servlet.http packages.
 In web application world an event can be
1. Initialization of application
2. Destroying an application
3. Request from client
4. Creating/destroying a session
5. Attribute modification in session etc.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview

Event classes
ServletRequestEvent Events of this kind indicate lifecycle events for a
ServletRequest. The source of the event is the ServletContext
of this web application.
ServletContextEvent This is the event class for notifications about changes to the
servlet context of a web application.
ServletRequestAttributeEvent This is the event class for notifications of changes to the
attributes of the servlet request in an application.
ServletContextAttributeEvent Event class for notifications about changes to the attributes of
the ServletContext of a web application.
HttpSessionEvent This is the class representing event notifications for changes to
sessions within a web application.
HttpSessionBindingEvent Send to an Object that implements HttpSessionBindingListener
when bound into a session or unbound from a session.

Q25. Write a Servlet program which retrieves record from database

Ans. 1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3. import javax.servlet.*;
4. import javax.servlet.http.*;
5. public class JDBCServlet extends HttpServlet
6. {
7. public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
8. throws ServletException,IOException
9. { response.setContentType("text/html");
10. PrintWriter out=response.getWriter();
try{
11. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
12. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ajava","root","DIET");
13. Statement st=con.createStatement();
14. ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from cxcy");
15. while(rs.next())
16. { out.println("<p>"+rs.getInt(1));
17. out.println(rs.getString(2));
18. out.println(rs.getString(3)+"</p>");
19. }
20. }catch(Exception e)
21. {out.println("<p>inside exception"+e.toString()+"</p>");}
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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
22. }//doGet()
23. }//Class

Servlet Interview Questions

Q1. Servlet is Java class. Then why there is no constructor in Servlet? Justify
your answer.
Ans.  Servlet object has a well-defined life cycle where creation and initialization steps are distinct.
 Servlets are not directly instantiated by Java code, instead container create there instance and
keep them in pool.
 Servlet implementation classes can have constructor but they should be using init() method
to initialize Servlet because of two reasons, first you cannot declare constructors on interface
in Java, which means you cannot enforce this requirement to any class which implements
Servlet interface and second, Servlet require ServletConfig object for initialization which is
created by container

Q2. Can we write the constructor in Servlet?

Ans.  Servlet is a java class, whose object will be created by servlet container, and then container
will call 3 life cycle method on that object.
 Container creates our servlet class object using 0-args constructor, If u want to place your own
constructor you can, but make sure 0-args constructor is always present.
 However, our parameterized constructor will not be used by servlet container, and will be of
no use.
 Also If u declare your own 0-args constructor, make sure it is public, so that it could be easily
accessible to container

Q3. What happens if you add a main method to servlet?

Ans.  We can place but it never executes automatically, because it is not a life cycle method.
 We can see main() method acting as helper method(normal method) to life cycle methods.
We can call this main() from any lifecycle method explicitly as a helper method.
 Main method is for standalone apps,not for servlets which are executed by life cycle methods.

Q4. Consider a scenario in which 4 users are accessing a servlet instance.

Among which one user called destroy() method. What happens to the rest 3
users?
Ans. We know that by default servlet is multithreaded, for every client request a new thread will be
created and assigned to that to perform the service. so if one thread initiates destroy() only itself will
be terminated but other threads not terminates.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
Q5. How does the JVM execute a servlet compared with a regular Java class?
Ans.  Servlets are standard Java classes and are executed by the Java Virtual Machine in exactly the
same way as any other. However, the environment or context in which Servlets are executed
is different. A Servlet is not invoked directly through a main method, the class is loaded and
run by a Servlet Container.
 A servlet is not invoked directly using a main() method like any other class.
 The servlet class is invoked and executed by a web container (Like Apache Tomcat).
 The container reads the configuration (like web.xml), identifies the servlet class, and uses java
class loader system to load and run the servlets.

Q6. How to get the fully qualified name of the client that sent the request in
servlet?
Ans. A servlet can use getRemoteAddr() and getRemoteHost() to retrieve the client's IP Address and
client's host name from a http requisition.

Q7. Why GenericServlet is an abstract class ?

Ans.  GenericServlet class is abstract because there is a method called service() which is public
abstract void. service() must be override, service() method defines what type of protocol is
used for request.
 Another thing is that according to Java specification those classes have abstract methods must
declared abstract.
 Abstract methods have no body only prototype.
Q8. Who is responsible to create the object of servlet?
Ans. The web container or servlet container.
Q9. What is difference between Cookies and HttpSession?
Ans. Cookie works at client side whereas HttpSession works at server side.
Q10. Can filtering be done in an ordered way? If so then how to achieve it?
Ans. Yes. The order of filter-mapping elements in web.xml determines the order in which the web
container applies the filter to the servlet. To reverse the order of the filter, you just need to reverse
the filter-mapping elements in the web.xml file.

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 Unit 3 – Servlet API and Overview
GTU Questions
1. Write a Login servlet. Take input username and password from html file login.html and Win’17
authenticate the user. Write the web.xml.[7]
2. List and Explain various stages of Servlet life cycle. Explain role of web container.[7] Win’17
Sum’16

3. What is Session? Explain various Session tracking mechanisms in servlet with example.[7] Win’17
Sum’16
Win’16

4. What is filter? What is its use? List different filter interfaces with their important Win’17
methods[7] Win’16

5. Explain use of ServletConfig and ServletContext object with example.[4] Win’17

Sum’17

6. Discuss the use of GET and POST with example.[4] Win’17

Sum’16

7. Write a servlet RegistrationServlet to get the values from registration.html html page and Win’17
display the contents. Write the web.xml file.[7]

8. Design a form to input details of an employee and submit the data to a servlet. Write code Sum’17
for servlet that will save the entered details as a new record in database table Employee
with fields (EmpId, EName, Email, Age).[7]

9. Explain Request and Response object in Servlet.[7] Win’16

10. Write servlet which displayed following information of client.[7] Sum’16
I. Client Browser
II. Client IP address III. Client Port No
IV. Server Port No
V. Local Port No
VI. Method used by client for form submission
VII. Query String name and values
11. Write small web application which takes marks of three subject and pass to servlet. Servlet Sum’16
forward to model class having method getClass() and getPercentage(). Display class and
percentage in .jsp page.[7]
12. i. GenericServlet vs HttpServlet Sum’16
ii. doGet() vs doPost()
iii. Servlets vs CGI
iv. Session and Cookie [7]

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 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages
Q1. List and Explain various stages of JSP life cycle. Briefly give the function of
each phase. cleanliness
Ans. 1. A JSP life cycle can be defined as the entire process from its creation till the destruction.
2. It is similar to a servlet life cycle with an additional step which is required to compile a JSP into
servlet.
3. A JSP page is converted into Servlet in order to service requests.
4. The translation of a JSP page to a Servlet is called Lifecycle of JSP.

Figure: JSP Life Cycle

JSP Lifecycle Stages
1. Translation of JSP to Servlet code
 Web Container translates JSP code into a servlet source(.java) file.
 This is the first step in its tedious multiple phase life cycle.
 In the translation phase, the container validates the syntactic correctness of the JSP pages
and tag files.
 The container interprets the standard directives and actions, and the custom actions
referencing tag libraries used in the page.

2. Compilation of Servlet to bytecode

 The JSP engine compiles the servlet into an executable class and forwards the original
request to a servlet engine.
 The translation of a JSP source page into its implementation class can happen at any time
between initial deployment of the JSP page into the JSP container and the receipt and
processing of a client request for the target JSP page.

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 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages
3. Loading Servlet class
The java servlet class that was compiled from the JSP source is loaded into the container.

4. Creating servlet instance

In this execution phase the container manages one or more instances of this class in response to
requests and other events.

5. Initialization by calling jspInit() method

 When a container loads a JSP it invokes the jspInit() method before servicing any requests.
If you need to perform JSP-specific initialization, override the jspInit().
 Typically, initialization is performed only once and as with the servlet init method, you
generally initialize database connections, open files, and create lookup tables in the jspInit
method.
public void jspInit()
{
//initializing the code
}

6. Request Processing by calling _jspService() method

 This phase of the JSP life cycle represents all interactions with requests until the JSP is
destroyed.
 Whenever a browser requests a JSP and the page has been loaded and initialized, the JSP
engine invokes the _jspService() method in the JSP.
 The _jspService() method takes an HttpServletRequest and an HttpServletResponse as its
parameters .
void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) {
// Service handling code...
}
 The _jspService() method of a JSP is invoked on request basis. This is responsible for
generating the response for that request.

7. Destroying by calling jspDestroy() method

 The destruction phase of the JSP life cycle represents when a JSP is being removed from
use by a container.
 The jspDestroy() method is the JSP equivalent of the destroy method for servlets.
 Override jspDestroy(), when you need to perform any cleanup, such as releasing database
connections or closing open files.
public void jspDestroy() {
// Your cleanup code goes here.
}
 When the call to destroy method is made then, the servlet is ready for a garbage collection
 This is the end of the JSP life cycle.

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 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages
Q2. Compare JSP with Servlet. Also state advantages of JSP over Servlets.
Ans.
JSP Servlet
JSP is a webpage scripting language that Servlets are Java programs that are already
generates dynamic content. compiled which also creates dynamic web
content.
A JSP technically gets converted to a servlet We A servlet is a java class.
embed the java code into HTML. We can put HTML into print statements.
E.g. <html> <% java code %> </html> E.g. out.println(“<html code>”);
JSPs are extension of servlets which minimizes A servlet is a server-side program and written
the effort of developers to write User purely on Java.
Interfaces using Java programming.
JSP runs slower than servlet. Servlets run faster than JSP
As, it has the transition phase for converting
from JSP to a Servlet. Once it is converted to a
Servlet then it will start the compilation
In MVC architecture JSP acts as view. In MVC architecture Servlet acts as controller.
We can build custom tags using JSP API We cannot build any custom tags in servlet.

Advantages of JSP over Servlets

1. JSP needs no compilation. There is automatic deployment of a JSP, recompilation is done
automatically when changes are made to JSP pages.
2. In a JSP page visual content and logic are separated, which is not possible in a servlet.
i.e. JSP separates business logic from the presentation logic.
3. Servlets use println statements for printing an HTML document which is usually very difficult
to use. JSP has no such tedious task to maintain.

Q3. Explain JSP Scripting Elements with appropriate example.

Ans. The scripting elements provides the ability to insert java code inside the jsp. There are three types of
traditional scripting elements:
 scriptlet tag
 expression tag
 declaration tag

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 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages

Scriptlet tag
 A scriptlet tag is used to execute java source code in JSP.
 A scriptlet can contain
 Any number of JAVA language statements
 Variable
 Method declarations
 Expressions that are valid in the page scripting language
Syntax
<% // java source code %>
Example
<% out.print("welcome to jsp"); %>
<% int a=10; %>

 Everything written inside the scriptlet tag is compiled as java code.

 JSP code is translated to Servlet code, in which _jspService() method is executed which has
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse as argument.
 JSP page can have any number of scriptlets, and each scriptlets are appended in _jspService
().
Program: First.jsp
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <% out.println("Hello World! My First JSP Page"); %>
4. </body>
5. </html>

Expression tag
 The code placed within JSP expression tag is written to the output stream of the response.
 So you need not write out.print() to write data.
 It is mainly used to print the values of variable or method.
 Do not end your statement with semicolon in case of expression tag.
Syntax
<%=statement %>
Example
<%=(2*5) %>

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 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages

Declaration
 The JSP declaration tag is used to declare variables and methods
 The declaration of jsp declaration tag is placed outside the _jspService() method.
Syntax
<%! variable or method declaration %>
Example
<%! int a = 10; %>
<%! int a, b, c; %>
<%! Circle a = new Circle(2.0); %>

Comments
 The comments can be used for documentation.
 This JSP comment tag tells the JSP container to ignore the comment part from compilation.
Syntax
<%-- comments --%>

JSP comment <%-- jsp comment --%>

Java comment /* java comment */ or

// for single line
Html comment <!-- html comment -->

Write a JSP program to demonstrate use of all three scripting elements

1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <%-- comment:JSP Scipting elements --%>
4. <%! int i=0; %> <%--declaration--%>
5. <% i++; %> <%--Sciptlet--%>
6. Welcome to world of JSP!
7. <%= "This page has been accessed " + i + " times" %><%--expression-
-%>
8. </body>
9. </html>
Output

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Q4. Explain JSP Page Directives with appropriate example.
Ans.  JSP directives provide directions and instructions to the container, telling it how to translate
a JSP page into the corresponding servlet.
 A JSP directive affects the overall structure of the servlet class.
 JSP engine handles directives at Translation time.
 There are two types of directives:
1. page directive
2. include directive
Syntax
<%@ directive attribute="value" %>

page directive
 The page directive defines attributes that apply to an entire JSP page.
 You may code page directives anywhere in your JSP page.
 By convention, page directives are coded at the top of the JSP page.
Syntax
<%@page attribute="value" %>
Example
<%@page import="java.util.Date,java.util.List,java.io.*" %>
<%@page contentType="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" %>

Q5. Explain all the Attributes of Page Directive.

Ans. Attributes of JSP page directive
import Used to import class, interface or all the members of a package
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" %>
Today is: <%= new Date() %>
contentType The contentType attribute defines the MIME type of the HTTP response. The
default value is "text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1".
<%@ page contentType=application/msword %>
extends The extends attribute defines the parent class that will be inherited by the
generated servlet
<%@ page extends="javax.servlet.HttpServlet" %>
info This attribute simply sets the information of the JSP page which is retrieved later
by using getServletInfo() .
<%@ page info=“Authored by : AuthorName" %>
buffer The buffer attribute sets the buffer size in kb to handle output generated by the
JSP page.
The default size of the buffer is 8Kb.
<%@ page buffer="16kb" %>
language The language attribute specifies the scripting language used in the JSP page. The
default value is "java".
<%@ page language="java" %>

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isELIgnored We can ignore the Expression Language (EL) in jsp by the isELIgnored attribute.
By default its value is false i.e. EL is enabled by default.
<%@ page isELIgnored="true" %>//Now EL will be ignored
autoFlush The autoFlush attribute specifies whether buffered output should be flushed
automatically when the buffer is filled.Bydefault it is true.
<%@ page autoFlush="true" %>
isThreadSafe This option marks a page as being thread-safe. By default, all JSPs are considered
thread-safe(true). If you set the isThreadSafe = false, the JSP engine makes sure
that only one thread at a time is executing your JSP.
<%@ page isThreadSafe ="false" %>
session The session attribute indicates whether or not the JSP page uses HTTP sessions.
<%@ page session="true" %>//Bydefault it is true
pageEncoding We can set response encoding type with this page directive attribute, its default
value is “ISO-8859-1”.
<%@ page pageEncoding ="US-ASCII" %>
errorPage It is used to define the error page, if exception occurs in the current page, it will
be redirected to the error page.
<%@ page errorPage="myerrorpage.jsp" %>
isErrorPage The isErrorPage attribute is used to declare that the current page is the error
page.
<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>

Q6. Explain JSP Include Directives with appropriate example.

Ans.  JSP include directive is used to include the contents of another file to the current JSP page
during translation time.
 Include directive is used for merging external files to the current JSP page during translation
phase
 The included file can be HTML, JSP, text files etc.

Advantage of Include directive

Code Reusability
Syntax
<%@ include attribute= "value" %>
Example
<%@ include file="1.jsp" %>

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Q7. Explain JSP implicit objects with appropriate example.
Ans.  There are 9 jsp implicit objects.
 These objects are created by the web container that are available to all the jsp pages.
Sr.No. Implicit Object Example
1. out  For writing any data to the buffer, JSP provides an implicit object
named out.
 It is an object of JspWriter
<html>
<body>
<% out.print(“DIET”); %>
</body>
</html>
2. request  Instance of javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest object associated
with the request.
 Each time a client requests a page the JSP engine creates a new
object to represent that request.
 The request object provides methods to get HTTP header
information including from data, cookies, HTTP methods etc.
<%
out.println(request.getParameter("login"));%>

3. response  The response object is an instance of a

javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse object.
 Through this object the JSP programmer can add new cookies or
date stamps, HTTP status codes, redirect response to another
resource, send error etc.

<%response.sendRedirect("www.darshan.ac.in");
%>
4. config  Config is an implicit object of type javax.servlet.ServletConfig.
 This object can be used to get initialization parameter for a
particular JSP page.

<% out.print("Welcome "+

request.getParameter("login"));

String c_name=
config.getInitParameter("College");
out.print("<p>College name
is="+c_name+"</p>");%>

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5. session  In JSP, session is an implicit object of type
javax.servlet.http.HttpSession.
 The Java developer can use this object to set, get or remove
attribute or to get session information.

6. pageContext  Instance of javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext

 The pageContext object can be used to set, get or remove
attribute.
 The PageContext class defines several fields, including
PAGE_SCOPE, REQUEST_SCOPE, SESSION_SCOPE, and
APPLICATION_SCOPE, which identify the four scopes.

<% String name=

(String)pageContext.getAttribute
("user",PageContext.APPLICATION_SCOPE);
out.print("Hello "+name); %>
7. page  This object is an actual reference to the instance of the page.
 It is an instance of java.lang.Object
 Direct synonym for the this object.

Example: returns the name of generated servlet file

<%= page.getClass().getName() %>

8. application  Instance of javax.servlet.ServletContext
 The instance of ServletContext is created only once by the web
container when application or project is deployed on the server.
 This object can be used to get initialization parameter from
configuration file (web.xml).
 This initialization parameter can be used by all jsp pages.

<%//refers to context parameter of web.xml

String driver=application.getInitParameter("
name");
out.print("name is="+name); %>
9. exception  Exception is an implicit object of type java.lang.Throwable class.
This object can be used to print the exception.
 But it can only be used in error pages.

<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>

<html> <body>

exception occured: <%=exception %>

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</body> </html>
Q8. Explain JSP Action elements with appropriate example.
Ans.  JSP actions use constructs in XML syntax to control the behavior of the servlet engine.
 We can dynamically insert a file, reuse JavaBeans components, forward the user to another
page, or generate HTML for the Java plugin.
Syntax
<jsp:action_name attribute="value" />

There are four types of JSP Action elements

1. <jsp:param>
 This action is useful for passing the parameters to other JSP action tags such as JSP include &
JSP forward tag.
 This way new JSP pages can have access to those parameters using request object itself.
Syntax
<jsp:param name ="name" value="value" />
Example
<jsp:param name ="date" value="10-03-2017" />
<jsp:param name ="time" value="10:15AM" />
<jsp:param name ="data" value="ABC" />

2. <jsp:include>
 The jsp:include action tag is used to include the content of another resource it may be jsp,
html or servlet.
 The jsp:include tag can be used to include static as well as dynamic pages
Attribute Description

page The relative URL of the page to be included.

flush The boolean attribute determines whether the included resource has its buffer
flushed before it is included. By default value is false.
Syntax
<jsp:include page="relative URL" flush="true" />
Example
<jsp:include page="2.jsp" />

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3. <jsp:forward>
Forwards the request and response to another resource.
Syntax
<jsp:forward page="Relative URL" />
Example
<jsp:forward page="2.jsp" />

4. <jsp:plugin>
 This tag is used when there is a need of a plugin to run a Bean class or an Applet.
 The <jsp:plugin> action tag is used to embed applet in the jsp file.
 The <jsp:plugin> action tag downloads plugin at client side to execute an applet or bean.
Syntax
<jsp:plugin type="applet|bean"
code="nameOfClassFile"
codebase= "URL"
/>
Example
MyApplet.java
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class MyApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString("Welcome in Java Applet.",40,20);
}}
MyPlugin.jsp
<html> <body>
<jsp:plugin
type="applet"
code="MyApplet.class"
codebase="/JSPClass/MyApplet"/>
</body></html>

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Q9. What is EL Scripting? Explain EL implicit object and EL operator with
appropriate example.
Ans. What is EL Scripting?
 Expression Language(EL) Scripting.
 The Java Expression Language is a special purpose programming language mostly used in Java web
applications for embedding expressions into web pages.
 It is the newly added feature in JSP technology version 2.0.
 The purpose of EL is to produce script less JSP pages.
Syntax ${expr}
Example
EL Output
${a=10} 10
${10+20} 30
${20*2} 40
${10==20} false
${'a'<'b'} true

EL Implicit Object
pageScope It is used to access the value of any variable which is set in the Page scope

requestScope It is used to access the value of any variable which is set in the Request
scope.
sessionScope It is used to access the value of any variable which is set in the Session scope

applicationScope It is used to access the value of any variable which is set in the Application
scope
pageContext It represents the PageContext object.

param Map a request parameter name to a single value

paramValues Map a request parameter name to corresponding array of string values.

header Map containing header names and single string values.

headerValues Map containing header names to corresponding array of string values.

cookie Map containing cookie names and single string values.

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 An expression can be mixed with static text/values and can also be combined with other
expressions
Example1
${param.name}
${sessionScope.user}

Example2
EL1.jsp
1. <form action="EL1.jsp">
2. Enter Name:<input type="text" name="name" >
3. <input type="submit" value="go">
4. </form>
EL2.jsp
1. Welcome, ${ param.name }

Example3:
Cookie_Session1.jsp
1. <form action="EL2.jsp">
2. <% Cookie ck=new Cookie("c1","abc");
3. response.addCookie(ck);
4. session.setAttribute("sid","054"); //for session
5. %>
6. Enter Name:<input type="text" name="name" >
7. Enter Address:<input type="text" name="address" >
8. <input type="submit" value="submit">
9. </form>
Cookie_Session2.jsp
1. <p>Name is : ${param.name}</p>
2. <p>Address is : ${param.address}</p>
3. <p>Cookie Name : ${cookie.c1.name}</p>
4. <p>Cookie value : ${cookie.c1.value}</p>
5. <p>Session id : ${sessionScope.sid}</p>

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JSP EL Operator
JSP EL Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are provided for simple calculations in EL expressions.
They are +, -, *, / or div, % or mod.
JSP EL Logical Operators
They are && (and), || (or) and ! (not).
JSP EL Relational Operators
They are == (eq), != (ne), < (lt), > (gt), <= (le) and >= (ge).

JSP EL Important Points

 EL expressions are always within curly braces prefixed with $ sign, for example ${expr}
 We can disable EL expression in JSP by setting JSP page directive isELIgnored attribute value
to TRUE.
<%@ page isELIgnored="true" %>
 JSP EL can be used to get attributes, header, cookies, init params etc, but we can’t set the
values.
 JSP EL implicit objects are different from JSP implicit objects except pageContext
 JSP EL is NULL friendly, if given attribute is not found or expression returns null, it doesn’t
throw any exception.

Q10. Explain Exception Handling in JSP.

Ans. JSP provide 3 different ways to perform exception handling:
1. Using simple try...catch block.
2. Using isErrorPage and errorPage attribute of page directive.
3. Using <error-page> tag in Deployment Descriptor.

1. Using try...catch block is just like how it is used in Core Java.

Example
<html>
<body>
<%
try{
int i = 100;
i = i / 0;
out.println("The answer is " + i);
}
catch (Exception e){
out.println("An exception occurred: " + e.getMessage());
}
%>
</body>
</html>

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2. Using isErrorPage and errorPage attribute of page directive

Example
1.jsp
<%@page errorPage= "2.jsp" %>
<% int i=10;
i=i/0; %>
2. jsp
<%@page isErrorPage="true" %>
<html> <body>
An Exception had occured
<% out.println(exception.toString());%>
</body> </html>

3. Using <error-page> tag in Deployment Descriptor

 Declaring error page in Deployment Descriptor for entire web application.
 Specify Exception inside
 <error-page> tag in the Deployment Descriptor.
 We can even configure different error pages for different exception types, or HTTP
error code type(503, 500 etc).
Example1:web.xml
<error-page>
<exception-type>
java.lang.Throwable
</exception-type>
<location>/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>

Example2:web.xml
<error-page>
<exception-type>
java.lang.ArithmeticException
</exception-type>
<location>/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>

Example3:web.xml
<error-page>
<error-code>404</error-code>
<location>/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>
<error-page>
<error-code>500</error-code>
<location>/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>

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Q11. Write a JSP program to retrieve record from database.
Ans. 1. <%@page import="java.sql.*" %>
2. <%
3. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
4. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
5. "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/GTU","root","pwd");
6. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
7. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from diet");
8. while(rs.next()) {
9. out.println("<p>"+rs.getString(1));
10. out.println(rs.getString(2));
11. out.println(rs.getString(3)+"</p>");
12. }
13. con.close();
14. %>

Q12. Explain JSTL core tags library

Ans.  The core group of tags are the most frequently used JSTL tags.
 The JSTL core tag provides variable support, URL management, flow control etc.

Syntax to include JSTL Core library in your JSP:

<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>

1 c:out It display the result of an expression, similar to the way <%=...%> tag
work.
E.g. <c:out value="${'Welcome to JSTL'}"/>
2 c:import It is similar to jsp 'include', with an additional feature of including the
content of any resource either within server or outside the server.
E.g.<c:import var="data"
url="http://www.darshan.ac.in"/>
3 c:set It is used to set the result of an expression evaluated in a 'scope'. This
tag is similar to jsp:setProperty action tag.
<c:set var="Income" scope="session"
value="${4000*4}"/>
4 c:remove It is used for removing the specified scoped variable from a particular
scope
<c:set var="income" scope="session"
value="${4000*4}"/>
<c:remove var="income"/>

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5 c:if It is conditional tag used for testing the condition and display the body
content only if the expression evaluates is true.
E.g.
<c:if test="${income > 8000}">
<p>My income is: <c:out
value="${income}"/><p>
</c:if>
6 c:catch It is used for catching any Throwable exceptions that occurs in the
body and optionally exposes it.
E.g.
<c:catch var ="MyException">
<% int x = 2/0;%>
</c:catch>

7 c:choose It is a conditional tag that establish a context for mutually exclusive

conditional operations. It works like a Java switch statement in which
we choose between a numbers of alternatives.
c:when It is subtag of <choose > that will include its body if the condition
evaluated be 'true'.
c:otherwise It is also subtag of < choose > it follows <when> tags and runs only if
all the prior condition evaluated is 'false'.
The <c:when> and <c:otherwise> works like if-else statement. But it
must be placed inside <c:choose tag>.

E.g.
<c:choose>
<c:when test="${marks > 75}">
Congratulations! you hold Distinction
</c:when>
<c:otherwise>
Sorry! Result is unavailable.
</c:otherwise>
</c:choose>

8 c:forEach It is an iteration tag used for repeating the nested body content for
fixed number of times. The < c: for each > tag is most commonly
used tag because it iterates over a collection of object.
E.g.<c:forEach var="i" begin="0" end="5">
count <c:out value="${i}"/><p>
</c:forEach>

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9 c:forTokens It iterates over tokens which is separated by the supplied delimiters.

E.g. <c:forTokens items="DIET-CE-Department"
delims="-" var="name">
10 c:url This tag creates a URL with optional query parameter. It is used for
url encoding or url formatting. This tag automatically performs the
URL rewriting operation.
<c:url value="/MyJspFile.jsp"/>
11 c:param It allow the proper URL request parameter to be specified within
URL and it automatically perform any necessary URL encoding.
E.g.
<c:param name="CollegeCode" value="054"/>
<c:param name="Name" value="DIET"/>

12 c:redirect This tag redirects the browser to a new URL. It is used for redirecting
the browser to an alternate URL by using automatic URL rewriting.
E.g.
<c:redirect url="http://darshan.ac.in"/>

Q13. Explain JSTL Function tags library

Ans. The JSTL function provides a number of standard functions, most of these functions are common
string manipulation functions.
Syntax:
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions" prefix="fn"
%>
fn:contains It is used to test if an input string containing the specified substring in
a program.
fn:containsIgnoreCase It is used to test if an input string contains the specified substring as a
case insensitive way.
fn:endsWith It is used to test if an input string ends with the specified suffix.

fn:startsWith It is used for checking whether the given string is started with a
particular string value.
fn:toLowerCase It converts all the characters of a string to lower case.

fn:toUpperCase It converts all the characters of a string to upper case.

fn:length It returns the number of characters inside a string, or the number of

items in a collection.

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fn:indexOf It returns an index within a string of first occurrence of a specified

substring.
fn:substring It returns the subset of a string according to the given start and end
position.
fn:replace It replaces all the occurrence of a string with another string sequence.

fn:trim It removes the blank spaces from both the ends of a string.

Example
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/functions"
prefix="fn" %>
<c:set var="String1" value=" Welcome to diet CE Department "/>
<c:if test="${fn:contains(String1, 'diet')}">
<p>Found diet string<p>
<p>Index of DIET : ${fn:indexOf(String1, "diet")}</p>
<c:set var="str2" value="${fn:trim(String1)}" />
<p>trim : ${str2}</p>
The string starts with "Welcome":
${fn:startsWith(String1, 'Welcome')}
<p>To UPPER CASE: ${fn:toUpperCase(String1)}</p>
<p>To lower case: ${fn:toLowerCase(String1)}</p>
</c:if>

Output:

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Q14. Explain JSTL Formatting tags library.

Ans. 1. The formatting tags provide support for message formatting, number and date formatting
etc.
2. Syntax
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt" prefix="fmt"%>
fmt:parseNumber It is used to Parses the string representation of a currency, percentage or
number.
E.g. <fmt:parseNumber var="j" type="number"
value="${Amount}" />
fmt:formatNumber It is used to format the numerical value with specific format or precision.
E.g.
<fmt:formatNumber value="${Amount}"
type="currency" />
<fmt:formatNumber type="number"
maxFractionDigits="6"
value="${Amount}" />

fmt:formatDate It formats the time and/or date using the supplied pattern and styles.
<fmt:formatDate type="date" value="${Date}" />
<fmt:formatDate type="time" value="${Date}" />
fmt:parseDate It parses the string representation of a time and date.
E.g.
<fmt:parseDate value="${date}" var="parsedDate"
pattern="dd-MM-yyyy" />
fmt:setTimeZone It stores the time zone inside a time zone configuration variable.
E.g.
<fmt:setTimeZone value="IST" />
<c:set var="date" value="<%=new java.util.Date()%>"
/>
fmt:timeZone It specifies a parsing action nested in its body or the time zone for any time
formatting.
E.g.
<c:set var="timeZone" value="GMT-8"/>
<fmt:timeZone value="${timeZone}">
fmt:message It display an internationalized message.
E.g. <fmt:message key="String"/>

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15. Explain JSTL SQL tags library.

Ans.  The JSTL sql tags provide SQL support.
 Syntax:
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql" prefix="sql" %>
sql:query It is used for executing the SQL query defined in its sql attribute or the body.

sql:setDataSource It is used for creating a simple data source suitable only for prototyping.

sql:update It is used for executing the SQL update defined in its sql attribute or in the tag
body.
sql:param It is used to set the parameter in an SQL statement to the specified value.

sql:dateParam It is used to set the parameter in an SQL statement to a specified

java.util.Date value.
sql:transaction It is used to provide the nested database action with a common connection.

Q16. Write a JSP program using JSTL SQL taglib to display student details in
tabular form by iterating through the database table student.
Ans. <%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql" prefix="sql"%>

<sql:setDataSource var="db" driver="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"

url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/gtu"
user="root" password="root"/>
<sql:query dataSource="${db}" var="rs">
SELECT * from diet;
</sql:query>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>Enr_no</td>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Branch</td>
</tr>
<c:forEach var="table" items="${rs.rows}">
<tr>
<td><c:out value="${table.Enr_no}"/></td>
<td><c:out value="${table.Name}"/></td>
<td><c:out value="${table.Branch}"/></td>
</tr>

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</c:forEach>
</table>
Output:

Q17. Explain JSTL XML tags library

Ans.  The JSTL XML tags are used for providing a JSP-centric way of manipulating and creating XML
documents.
 The xml tags provide flow control, transformation etc.
 Syntax:
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/xml" prefix="x" %>

x:out Similar to <%= ... > tag, but for XPath expressions.
x:parse It is used for parse the XML data specified either in the tag body or an attribute.
x:set It is used to sets a variable to the value of an XPath expression.
x:choose It is a conditional tag that establish a context for mutually exclusive conditional
operations.
x:when It is a subtag of that will include its body if the condition evaluated be 'true'.
x:otherwise It is subtag of that follows tags and runs only if all the prior conditions evaluated be
'false'.
x:if It is used for evaluating the test XPath expression and if it is true, it will processes its
body content.
x:transform It is used in a XML document for providing the XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)
transformation.
x:param It is used along with the transform tag for setting the parameter in the XSLT style
sheet.

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Example:
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
<%@ taglib prefix="x" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/xml" %>
<c:set var="myBook">
<books>
<myBook>
<title>TheSecret</title>
<author>RhondaByrne</author>
</myBook>
<myBook>
<title>Meluha</title>
<author>Amish</author>
</myBook>
</books>
</c:set>
<x:parse xml="${myBook}" var="output"/>
<b>Name of the Book is</b>:
<x:out select="$output/books/myBook[1]/title" />
<p><b>Author of the Meluha is</b>:
<x:out select="$output/books/myBook[2]/author" /> </p>
<x:set var="myTitle"
select="$output/books/myBook[2]/title"/>
<p>x:set:<x:out select="$myTitle" /></p>

Output:

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Q18. Explain steps to create JSP Custom Tag?
Ans.  A custom tag is a user-defined JSP language element.
 When a JSP page containing a custom tag is translated into a servlet, the tag is converted to
operations on an object called a tag handler.
 The Web container then invokes those operations when the JSP page's servlet is executed.
 JSP tag extensions let you create new tags that you can insert directly into a Java Server Page
just as you would the built-in tags.

To create a custom tag we need three things:

 Tag handler class: In this class we specify what our custom tag will do, when it is used in a
JSP page.
 TLD file: Tag descriptor file where we will specify our tag name, tag handler class and tag
attributes.
 JSP page: A JSP page where we will be using our custom tag.

Step-1:Create the Tag handler class

 Define a custom tag named <ex:Hello>
 To create a custom JSP tag, you must first create a Java class that acts as a tag handler.

HelloTag.java
import javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.io.*;
public class HelloTag extends SimpleTagSupport
{
public void doTag() throws JspException,
IOException
{
JspWriter out = getJspContext().getOut();
out.println("Hello Custom Tag!");
}}

100
 Unit 4 – Java Server Pages

Step-2: Create TLD file

 Tag Library Descriptor (TLD) file contains information of tag and Tag Hander classes.
 It must be contained inside the WEB-INF directory.
<taglib>
<tlib-version>1.0</tlib-version>
<jsp-version>2.0</jsp-version>
<uri>WEB-INF/tlds/mytags.tld</uri>
<tag>
<name>Hello</name>
<tag-class>MyPackage.HelloTag</tag-class>
<body-content>empty</body-content>
</tag>
</taglib>

Step-3:Create JSP Page

<%@ taglib prefix="ex" uri="WEB-INF/tlds/mytags.tld"%>
<html>
<body>
<ex:Hello/>
</body>
</html>

Output:

101
 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Q1. Draw the JSF request processing life cycle and briefly give the function of
each phase.
Ans. JSF application lifecycle consist of six phases which are as follows:
Phase-I: Restore View (RV)
Phase-II: Apply Request Values (ARV)
Phase-III: Process Validations (PV)
Phase-IV: Update Model Values (UMV)
Phase-V: Invoke Application (IA)
Phase-IV: Render Response (RR)

Figure: JSF Request Processing Lifecycle

Phase 1: Restore view
 JSF begins the restore view phase as soon as a link or a button is clicked and JSF receives a
request.
 During this phase, the JSF builds the view, wires event handlers and validators to UI
components and saves the view in the FacesContext instance.
 The FacesContext instance will now contains all the information required to process a
request.

Phase 2: Apply request values

 In this phase, the values that are entered by the user will be updated on each and every
individual component defined in the View graph.
 Component stores this value.
 If any of the Conversions or the Validations fail, then the current processing is terminated
and the control directly goes to the Render Response for rendering the conversion or the
validation errors to the Client.

Phase 3: Process validation

 This Phase will process any Validations that are configured for UI Components.
 These validations will only happen for the UI Components only if the property 'rendered'
property is set to 'true'.

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Phase 4: Update model values
 After the JSF checks that the data is valid, it walks over the component tree and set the
corresponding server-side object properties to the component’s local values.
 The JSF will update the bean properties corresponding to input component's value attribute.

Phase 5: Invoke application

 During this phase, the JSF handles any application-level events, such as submitting a form /
linking to another page.
 Instances MB(Managed Bean), adds value of component to properties of MB, Method of
MB is executed.

Phase 6: Render response

 And finally, we have reached the Render Response whose job is to render the response back
the Client Application.

Q2. Explain JSF Standard Component in detail.

Ans.
h:inputText HTML input of type="text"
<h:inputText id="username" value=""/>

h:inputSecret HTML input of type="password"

<h:inputSecret id="password" value="" />

h:inputHidden HTML input of type="hidden"

<h:inputHidden value = "Hello World"
id = "hiddenField" />

h:selectMany Checkbox A group of HTML check boxes

<h:selectManyCheckbox value="">
<f:selectItem itemValue="1"
itemLabel="Diet J2SE" />
<f:selectItem itemValue="2"
itemLabel="Diet J2EE" />
</h:selectManyCheckbox>

h:selectOneRadio <h:selectOneRadio value="Semester">

<f:selectItem itemValue="1"
itemLabel="Sem 4" />
<f:selectItem itemValue="2"
itemLabel="Sem 6" />
</h:selectOneRadio>

h:outputText HTML text

<h:outputText value="Username:" />

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces

h:commandButton HTML input of type="submit" button.

h:Link HTML anchor

<h:link value ="Page 1" outcome = "page1" />

Q3. Write a short note on JSF Facelets.

Ans.  JSF provides special tags to create common layout for a web application called facelets
tags.
 These tags provide flexibility to manage common parts of multiple pages at one place.
 Facelets is a powerful but lightweight page declaration language that is used to build
JavaServer Faces views using HTML style templates and to build component trees.
 For these tags, you need to use the following namespaces of URI in html node.
<html
xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:ui = "http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets" >

The following tags are provided by the Facelet tags

ui:insert Inserts content into a template. That content is define with
the ui:define tag
ui:define The define tag defines content that is inserted into a page by a
template.
ui:composition The <ui:composition> tag provides a template encapsulating the
content to be included in the other facelet.
ui:include This tag includes the component in the src attribute as a part of the
current JSF page.

Facelets features include the following:

 Use of XHTML for creating web pages
 Support for Facelets tag libraries in addition to JavaServer Faces and JSTL tag libraries
 Support for the Expression Language (EL)
 Templating for components and pages
 .xhtml instead of .jsp
 No tld files and no tag classes to defined a UIComponent.
 Faster than using JSP.

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Advantages of Facelets :
 Support for code reuse through templating and composite components
 Functional extensibility of components and other server-side objects through
customization
 Faster compilation time
 Compile-time EL validation
 High-performance rendering

Example
<h:body>
<div id="top" class="top">
<ui:insert name="top">Top Section</ui:insert>
</div>
<ui:define name="top">
Welcome to Template Client Page
</ui:define>

</h:body>
</html>

Q4. List the JSF validation tags and explain any two.
Ans.  JSF provides inbuilt validators to validate its UI components. These tags can validate the
length of the field, the type of input which can be a custom object.
 For these tags you need to use the following namespaces of URI in html node.
<html
xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:f = "http://java.sun.com/jsf/core">

f:validateLength Validates length of a string

<f:validateLength minimum = "10"
maximum = "15"/>

f:validateLongRange Validates range of numeric value

<f:validateLongRange minimum = "10"
maximum = "15"/>

f:validateDoubleRange Validates range of float value

<f:validateDoubleRange
minimum = "1000.00"
maximum = "100000.00"/>

f:validateRegex Validate JSF component with a given regular expression.

<f:validateRegex pattern
="((?=.*[a-z]).{6,})" />

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces

Custom Validator Creating a custom validator

 Create a validator class by implementing
javax.faces.validator.Validator interface.
 Implement validate() method of above interface.
 Use Annotation @FacesValidator to assign a unique
id to the custom validator.

Q5. Write a short note on JSF Expression Language.

Ans. ⚫ JSF provides a rich expression language. We can write normal operations using
#{operation-expression} notation.
⚫ Some of the advantages of JSF Expression languages are following.
1. Provides easy access to elements of a collection which can be a list, map or an
array.
2. Provides easy access to predefined objects such as request.
3. Arithmetic, logical, relational operations can be done using expression language.
4. Automatic type conversion.
5. Shows missing values as empty strings instead of NullPointerException.
Notation:
#{operation-expression}
Example:
#{i=10} <!-- output: 10-->
#{10 > 9} <!-- output: true-->
#{userCar.add} <!– calls add() of UserCar bean -->

Q6. Write a JSF program to authenticate user with given UID and Password
Ans. LoginBean.java
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
@ManagedBean
public class LoginBean {
String username;
String password;
public String getUsername() {return username;}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;}
public String getPassword() {return password;}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;}
public String login() {
if(username.equals("java") && password.equals("jsf"))
return "success";
else{return "failure";} }}

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Index.xhtml
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:c="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html">
<h:body>
<h:form id="loginForm">
<h:outputLabel value="username" />
<h:inputText value="#{loginBean.username}" />
<h:outputLabel value="password" />
<h:inputSecret value="#{loginBean.password}"></h:inputSecret>
<h:commandButton value="Login" action="#{loginBean.login}">
</h:commandButton>
</h:form>
</h:body></html>

Output:

Q7. Explain JSF Database ACCESS

Ans. 6. We can easily integrate JDBC with JSF for Database Access, let’s understand with an
example.
7. Files required for JSF DB access are as follows:
1. AuthenticationBean.java
2. index.xhtml
3. success.xhtml
4. fail.xhtml
5. Faces-config.xml [Navigational file]

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
AuthenticationBean.java
import java.sql.*;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.bean.RequestScoped;
@ManagedBean
@RequestScoped
public class AuthenticationBean
{
String uname;
String password;
public String getUname()
{return uname;}
public String getPassword()
{return password;}
public void setUname(String uname)
{this.uname = uname;}
public void setPassword(String password)
{this.password = password;}

// This method will perform authentication from database

public String validateFromDB()throws Exception
{
int i=0;
if(uname.equals("diet") && password.equals("diet") ){
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection con= DriverManager.getConnection (
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ajava", "root", "root");
Statement st=con.createStatement();
i=st.executeUpdate("insert into cxcy
values(2011,'dfg','r1')");
}
if(i!=0)
{return "success";}
else {return "failure";}
}}

index.xhtml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html">
<h:body>
<h:form><center>

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Enter Name :<h:inputText id="name"
value="#{authenticationBean.uname}" >
</h:inputText>
Enter Password <h:inputSecret id="pwd"
value="#{authenticationBean.password}"/>
<h:commandButton value="Submit"
action="#{authenticationBean.validateFromDB}"/>
</center></h:form>
</h:body></html>

success.xhtml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html">
<h:body>
Welcome Home: query executed
</h:body>
</html>

fail.xhtml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html">
<h:body>
Login Failed
</h:body>
</html>

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Faces-config.xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>

<faces-config version="2.1"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-
facesconfig_2_1.xsd">
<navigation-rule>
<from-view-id>/index.xhtml</from-view-id>
<navigation-case>
<from-action> #{authenticationBean.validateFromDB}</from-
action>
<from-outcome>success</from-outcome>
<to-view-id>/success.xhtml</to-view-id>
</navigation-case>
<navigation-case>
<from-action> #{authenticationBean.validateFromDB}</from-
action>
<from-outcome>failure</from-outcome>
<to-view-id>/fail.xhtml</to-view-id>
</navigation-case>
</navigation-rule>
</faces-config>
Output:

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 Unit 5 – Java Server Faces
Q8. Write a short note on PrimeFaces.
Ans.  PrimeFaces is a lightweight library with one jar, zero-configuration and no required
dependencies
 To use JSF prime faces library we need to use following code:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:p="http://primefaces.org/ui ">
Characteristics of PrimeFaces
1. Simplicity and Performance
PrimeFaces is a lightweight library, all decisions made are based on keeping PrimeFaces as
lightweight as possible.
Usually adding a third-party solution could bring a overhead however this is not the case
with PrimeFaces.
It is just one single jar with no dependencies and nothing to configure.
2. Ease of Use
Components in PrimeFaces are developed with a design principle which states that "A
good UI component should hide complexity but keep the flexibility"
3. Strong Community Feedback
PrimeFaces community continuously helps the development of PrimeFaces by providing
feedback, new ideas, bug reports and patches.
JSF prime faces provides following collection of tags:
1. <p:inputText>
2. <p:inputSecret>
3. <p:commandButton>
4. <p:commandLink>
5. <p:ajax>
6. <p:barChart>
7. <p:calendar>
8. <p:colorPicker>
9. <p:dialog>
10. <p:fileUpload>
11. <p:fileDownload>
12. <p:inputText>
13. <p:inputSecret>
14. <p:commandButton>
15. <p:commandLink>
16. <p:ajax>
17. <p:barChart>
18. <p:calendar>
19. <p:colorPicker>
20. <p:dialog>
21. <p:fileUpload>
22. <p:fileDownload>

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Q1. What is Hibernate? List the advantages of hibernate over JDBC.
Ans.
 Hibernate is used convert object data in JAVA to relational database tables.
 It is an open source Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) for Java.
 Hibernate is responsible for making data persistent by storing it in a database.

JDBC Hibernate
JDBC maps Java classes to database tables Hibernate automatically generates the
(and from Java data types to SQL data types) queries.
With JDBC, developer has to write code to Hibernate is flexible and powerful ORM to
map an object model's data to a relational map Java classes to database tables.
data model.
With JDBC, it is developer’s responsibility to Hibernate reduces lines of code by
handle JDBC result set and convert it to Java. maintaining object-table mapping itself and
So with JDBC, mapping between Java objects returns result to application in form of Java
and database tables is done manually. objects, hence reducing the development
time and maintenance cost.
Require JDBC Driver for different types of Makes an application portable to all SQL
database. databases.
Handles all create-read-update-delete Handles all create-read-update-delete
(CRUD) operations using SQL Queries. (CRUD) operations using simple API; no SQL
Working with both Object-Oriented software Hibernate itself takes care of this mapping
and Relational Database is complicated task using XML files so developer does not need
with JDBC. to write code for this.
JDBC supports only native Structured Query Hibernate provides a powerful query
Language (SQL) language Hibernate Query Language-HQL
(independent from type of database)

List the advantages of hibernate over JDBC

 Hibernate is flexible and powerful ORM to map Java classes to database tables.
 Hibernate reduces lines of code by maintaining object-table mapping itself and returns result
to application in form of Java objects, hence reducing the development time and
maintenance cost.
 Hibernate automatically generates the queries.
 It makes an application portable to all SQL databases.
 Handles all create-read-update-delete (CRUD) operations using simple API; no SQL
 Hibernate itself takes care of this mapping using XML files so developer does not need to
write code for this.

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
 Hibernate provides a powerful query language Hibernate Query Language-HQL (independent
from type of database).
 Hibernate supports Inheritance, Associations, Collections.
 Hibernate supports relationships like One-To-Many, One-To-One, Many-To-Many-to-Many,
Many-To-One.
 Hibernate provided Dialect classes, so we no need to write SQL queries in hibernate, instead
we use the methods provided by that API.

Q2. Draw and explain the architecture of Hibernate.

Ans.

Figure: Hibernate Architecture

 For creating the first hibernate application, we must know the objects/elements of Hibernate
architecture.
 They are as follows:
i. Configuration
ii. Session factory
iii. Session
iv. Transaction factory
v. Query
vi. Criteria

1. Configuration Object
 The Configuration object is the first Hibernate object you create in any Hibernate
application.
 It is usually created only once during application initialization.

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
 The Configuration object provides two keys components:
 Database Connection:
o This is handled through one or more configuration files supported by
Hibernate.
o These files are hibernate.properties and hibernate.cfg.xml.

 Class Mapping Setup:

o This component creates the connection between the Java classes and database
tables.
2. SessionFactory Object
 The SessionFactory is a thread safe object and used by all the threads of an application.
 Configuration object is used to create a SessionFactory object which in turn configures
Hibernate for the application.
 You would need one SessionFactory object per database using a separate configuration file.
 So, if you are using multiple databases, then you would have to create multiple
SessionFactory objects.
3. Session Object
 A Session is used to get a physical connection with a database.
 The Session object is lightweight and designed to be instantiated each time an interaction is
needed with the database.
 The session objects should not be kept open for a long time because they are not usually
thread safe and they should be created and destroyed as needed.
4. Transaction Object
 A Transaction represents a unit of work with the database and most of the RDBMS supports
transaction functionality.
 Transactions in Hibernate are handled by an underlying transaction manager and
transaction (from JDBC or JTA).
5. Query Object
 Query objects use SQL or Hibernate Query Language (HQL) string to retrieve data from the
database and create objects.
 A Query instance is used to bind query parameters, limit the number of results returned by
the query, and finally to execute the query.
6. Criteria Object
 Criteria objects are used to create and execute object oriented criteria queries to retrieve
objects.

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate

Q3. What is HQL? How does it different from SQL? List its advantages.
Ans. What is HQL?
 The Hibernate ORM framework provides its own query language called Hibernate Query
Language.
 Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is same as SQL (Structured Query Language) but it doesn't
depends on the table of the database. Instead of table name, we use class name in HQL.
 Therefore, it is database independent query language.

How does it different from SQL?

SQL HQL
SQL is based on a relational database HQL is a combination of object-oriented
model programming with relational database
concepts.
SQL manipulates data stored in tables and HQL is concerned about objects and its
modifies its rows and columns. properties.
SQL is concerned about the relationship HQL considers the relation between two
that exists between two tables. objects.

Advantages of HQL:
 Provides full support for relation operations
 Returns results as objects
 Support polymorphic queries
 Easy to learn and use
 Supports for advanced features
 Provides database independency

Q4. What is O/R Mapping? How it is implemented using Hibernate. Give an

example of Hibernate XML mapping file.
Ans. Three most important mapping are as follows:
1. Collections Mappings
2. Association Mappings
3. Component Mappings

Collections Mappings
 If an entity or class has collection of values for a particular variable, then we can map those
values using any one of the collection interfaces available in java.
 Hibernate can persist instances of java.util.Map, java.util.Set, java.util.SortedMap,
java.util.SortedSet, java.util.List, and any array of persistent entities or values.

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate

Association Mappings:
 The mapping of associations between entity classes and the relationships between tables is
the soul of ORM.
 There are the four ways in which the cardinality of the relationship between the objects can
be expressed.
 An association mapping can be unidirectional as well as bidirectional.

Mapping type Description

Many-to-One Mapping many-to-one relationship using Hibernate

One-to-One Mapping one-to-one relationship using Hibernate

One-to-Many Mapping one-to-many relationship using Hibernate

Many-to-Many Mapping many-to-many relationship using Hibernate

Component Mappings:
If the referred class does not have its own life cycle and completely depends on the life cycle of the
owning entity class, then the referred class hence therefore is called as the Component class.
The mapping of Collection of Components is also possible in a similar way just as the mapping of
regular Collections with minor configuration differences.

Give an example of Hibernate XML mapping file.

<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="hibernatetest.Customer" table="customers">
<id column="C_ID" name="customerID" type="int">
<generator class="native">
</generator></id>
<property name="customerName">
<column name="name">
</column></property>
<property name="customerAddress">
<column name="address">
</column></property>
<property name="customerEmail">
<column name="email">
</column></property>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Q5. Explain the Hibernate cache architecture.
Ans.

Figure: Hibernate Cache Architecture

 Caching is all about application performance optimization.
 It is situated between your application and the database to avoid the number of database
hits as many as possible.
 To give a better performance for critical applications.
First-level cache:
 The first-level cache is the Session cache.
 The Session object keeps an object under its own control before committing it to the
database.
 If you issue multiple updates to an object, Hibernate tries to delay doing the update as long
as possible to reduce the number of update SQL statements issued.
 If you close the session, all the objects being cached are lost.
Second-level cache:
 It is responsible for caching objects across sessions.
 Second level cache is an optional cache and first-level cache will always be consulted before
any attempt is made to locate an object in the second-level cache.
 Any third-party cache can be used with Hibernate.
 An org.hibernate.cache.CacheProvider interface is provided, which must be implemented
to provide Hibernate with a handle to the cache implementation.
 While preparing a Hibernate mapping document, we map the Java data types into RDBMS
data types.
 The types declared and used in the mapping files are not Java data types; they are not SQL
database types either.
 These types are called Hibernate mapping types, which can translate from Java to SQL data
types and vice versa.

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Q6. Write a program to insert record in to the database using hibernate.
Ans. Steps to run first hibernate example with MySQL in Netbeans IDE 8.2
Step-1: Create the database
CREATE DATABASE retailer;
Step-2: Create table result
CREATE TABLE customers(
name varchar(20),
C_ID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
address varchar(20),
email varchar(50),
PRIMARY KEY(C_ID)
);
Step-3: Create new java application.
File > New project > Java > Java Application > Next
Name it as HibernateTest.
Then click Finish to create the project.

Step-4: Create a POJO(Plain Old Java Objects) class

 We create this class to use variables to map with the database columns.
 Right click the package (hibernatetest) & select New > Java Class
Name it as Customer.
 Click Finish to create the class.

package hibernatetest;
public class Customer {
private String customerName;
private int customerID;
private String customerAddress;
private String customerEmail;
public void setCustomerAddress(String customerAddress) {
this.customerAddress = customerAddress;}
public void setCustomerEmail(String customerEmail) {
this.customerEmail = customerEmail;}
public void setCustomerID(int customerID) {
this.customerID = customerID; }
public void setCustomerName(String customerName) {
this.customerName = customerName; }
public String getCustomerAddress() {
return customerAddress; }
public String getCustomerEmail() {
return customerEmail; }
public int getCustomerID() {
return customerID; }
public String getCustomerName() {
return customerName; }}

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Step-5: Connect to the database we have already created. [retailer]
 Select Services tab lying next to the Projects tab.
 Expand Databases.
 Expand MySQL Server. There we can see the all databases on MySQL sever
 Right click the database retailer. Select Connect.

Step-6: Creating the configuration XML

 Hibernate need a configuration file to create the connection.
 Right click package hibernatetest select New > Other > Hibernate > Hibernate Configuration
Wizard.
 Click Next > In next window click the drop down menu of Database Connection and select
retailer database connection.

hibernate.cfg.xml
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver </property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url">

jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/retailer</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.username">
root</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.password">
root</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.pool_size">
10</property>
<property name="hibernate.dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="current_session_context_class">
thread</property>

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
<property name="cache.provider_class">

org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">
update</property>

<mapping resource="hibernate.hbm.xml"></mapping>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

Step-7: Creating the mapping file [hibernate.hbm]

 Mapping file will map relevant java object with relevant database table column.
 Right click project select New > Other > Hibernate > Hibernate Mapping Wizard
 click Next name it as hibernate.hbm
 click Next> In next window we have to select Class to Map and Database Table.
 After selecting correct class click OK
Select Database Table
Click drop down list and select the table you want to map.
Code for mapping file.

hibernate.hbm.xml
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="hibernatetest.Customer" table="customers">
<id column="C_ID" name="customerID" type="int">
<generator class="native"> </generator></id>
<property name="customerName">
<column name="name"> </column>
</property>
<property name="customerAddress">
<column name="address"> </column>
</property>
<property name="customerEmail">
<column name="email"> </column>
</property>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Step-8: Now java program to insert record into the database
package hibernatetest;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
public class HibernateTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Session session = null;
try
{
SessionFactory sessionFactory = new
org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory(
);
session =sessionFactory.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
System.out.println("Populating the database !");
Customer customer = new Customer();
customer.setCustomerName("DietCX");
customer.setCustomerAddress("DIET,Hadala");
customer.setCustomerEmail("dietcx@darshan.ac.in");
session.save(customer);
session.getTransaction().commit();
System.out.println("Done!");
session.flush();
session.close();
}catch(Exception ){System.out.println(e.getMessage()); } }
}

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Q7. Develop program to get all students data from database using hibernate.
Write necessary xml files.
Ans. import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
public class HibSelect {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Session session = null;
try
{
SessionFactory sessionFactory = new
org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory(
);
session =sessionFactory.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
System.out.println("Populating the database !");

hibernatetest.Customer customer= new hibernatetest.Customer();

Query query=session.createQuery("from hibernatetest.Customer");
//here persistent class name is Emp
List list=query.list();
while(list.isEmpty())
{
System.out.println(list.get(0).toString());
System.out.println(list.get(1).toString());
System.out.println(list.get(2).toString());
}

session.save(customer);

session.getTransaction().commit();
System.out.println("Done!");
session.flush();
session.close();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e.toString());
} } }

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate

Write necessary xml files.

hibernate.cfg.xml
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class">
com.mysql.jdbc.Driver </property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url">

jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/retailer</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.username">
root</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.password">
root</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.pool_size">
10</property>
<property name="hibernate.dialect">
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="current_session_context_class">
thread</property>
<property name="cache.provider_class">

org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">
update</property>

<mapping resource="hibernate.hbm.xml"></mapping>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

hibernate.hbm.xml
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="hibernatetest.Customer" table="customers">
<id column="C_ID" name="customerID" type="int">
<generator class="native"> </generator></id>
<property name="customerName">
<column name="name"> </column>
</property>
<property name="customerAddress">
<column name="address"> </column>
</property>
<property name="customerEmail">
<column name="email"> </column>
</property>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
Q8. Explain Hibernate Annotation.
Ans.  Hibernate Annotations is the powerful way to provide the metadata for the Object and
Relational Table mapping.
 Consider we are going to use following EMPLOYEE table to store our objects:

create table EMPLOYEE (

id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
salary INT default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id) );
 Following is the mapping of Employee class with annotations to map objects with the
defined EMPLOYEE table:
import javax.persistence.*;
@Entity
@Table(name = "EMPLOYEE")
public class Employee {
@Id @GeneratedValue
@Column(name = "id")
private int id;
@Column(name = "first_name")
private String firstName;
@Column(name = "last_name")
private String lastName;
@Column(name = "salary")
private int salary;
public Employee() {}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}

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 Unit 6 – Hibernate
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
 @Entity Annotation:
o Employee class which marks this class as an entity bean
 @Table Annotation:
o The @Table annotation allows you to specify the details of the table that will be used
to persist the entity in the database.
 @Id and @GeneratedValue Annotations:
o Each entity bean will have a primary key, which you annotate on the class with
the @Id annotation
@GeneratedValue is same as Auto Increment.
 @Column Annotation:
o The @Column annotation is used to specify the details of the column to which a
field or property will be mapped. You can use column annotation with the
following most commonly used attributes:
o name attribute permits the name of the column to be explicitly specified.
o length attribute permits the size of the column used to map a value particularly for
a String value.
o nullable attribute permits the column to be marked NOT NULL when the schema is
generated.
o unique attribute permits the column to be marked as containing only unique
values.

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC
Q1. Explain architecture of Spring MVC Framework. Explain all modules in
brief.
Ans.  Spring’s web MVC framework is, like many other web MVC frameworks, request-driven,
designed around a central servlet that dispatches requests to controllers and offers other
functionality that facilitates the development of web applications.
 Spring’s DispatcherServlet is completely integrated with Spring IoC container and allows us
to use every other feature of Spring.

Following is the Request process lifecycle of Spring 3.0 MVC:

1. The client sends a request to web container in the form of http request.
2. This incoming request is intercepted by Front controller (DispatcherServlet) and it will
then tries to find out appropriate Handler Mappings.
3. With the help of Handler Mappings, the DispatcherServlet will dispatch the request to
appropriate Controller.
4. The Controller tries to process the request and returns the Model and View object in
form of ModelAndView instance to the Front Controller.
5. The Front Controller then tries to resolve the View (which can be JSP, Freemarker,
Velocity etc) by consulting the View Resolver object. The selected view is then rendered
back to client.

Q2. What is Spring Web MVC framework? List its key features.
Ans.  Spring links objects together instead of the objects linking themselves together.
 Spring object linking is defined in XML files, allowing easy changes for different application
configurations thus working as a plug in architecture.
 In an MVC architecture your controllers handle all requests.
 Spring uses a “DispatcherServlet” defined in the web.xml file to analyze a request URL
pattern and then pass control to the correct Controller by using a URL mapping defined in
a “spring bean” XML file. All frameworks integrate well with spring.
 Consistent Configuration, open plug-in architecture
 Integrates well with different O/R Mapping frameworks like Hibernate
 Easier to test applications with.
 Less complicated than other frameworks.
 Active user community.
 Spring is well organized and seems easier to learn comparatively
 Spring also supports JDBC Framework that makes it easier to create JDBC Apps.

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC

Advantage of Spring MVC Framework

1. Predefined Templates
2. Loose Coupling
3. Easy to test
4. Lightweight
5. Fast Development
6. Declarative Support
7. Hibernate and JDBC Support
8. MVC Architecture and JavaBean Support

Features of Spring MVC Framework

1. Inversion of Control (IoC) Container
It is used to provide object reference to class during runtime.
2. Data Access Framework
It enables developers to easily write code to access the persistent data throughout the
application.
3. Transaction Management
It enables developers to model a wide range of transaction by providing Java Transaction
API (JTA).
4. Spring Web Services
It provides powerful mapping for transmitting incoming XML request to any object.

Figure: Spring MVC Architecture

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC

Features of Spring 3.0:

 Spring 3.0 framework supports Java 5. It provides annotation based configuration support.
Java 5 features such as generics, annotations, varargs etc can be used in Spring.
 A new expression language Spring Expression Language SpEL is being introduced. The Spring
Expression Language can be used while defining the XML and Annotation based bean
definition.
 Spring 3.0 framework supports REST web services.
 Data formatting can never be so easy. Spring 3.0 supports annotation based formatting. We
can now use the @DateFimeFormat(iso=ISO.DATE) and
@NumberFormat(style=Style.CURRENCY) annotations to convert the date and currency
formats.
 Spring 3.0 has started support to JPA 2.0.

Q3. What is Dependency Injection?

Ans.  Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern that removes the dependency from the
programming code so that it can be easy to manage and test the application.
 Dependency Injection makes our programming code loosely coupled.
 DI is a concept of injecting an object into a class rather than explicitly creating object in a
class, since IoC container injects object into class during runtime.

Example:Standard code without Dependency Injection

public class TextEditor {
private SpellChecker spellChecker;

public TextEditor() {
spellChecker = new SpellChecker();
}
}
Example: Code with Dependency Injection
public class TextEditor {
private SpellChecker spellChecker;

public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker) {

this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
}
}
Here, the TextEditor should not worry about SpellChecker implementation. The SpellChecker will be
implemented independently and will be provided to the TextEditor at the time of TextEditor
instantiation. This entire procedure is controlled by the Spring Framework.

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC
Q4. What is Spring IoC container?
Ans.  The Spring container is at the core of the Spring Framework.
 The container will create the objects, wire them together, configure them, and manage
their complete life cycle from creation till destruction.
 The Spring container uses DI to manage the components that make up an application.
 The main tasks performed by IoC container are:
1. to instantiate the application class
2. to configure the object
3. to assemble the dependencies between the objects
 There are two types of IoC containers. They are:
1. BeanFactory
2. ApplicationContext

Q5. Briefly explain spring bean life cycle.

Ans.  The life cycle of a spring bean is easy to understand. When a bean is instantiated, it may be
required to perform some initialization to get it into a usable state. Similarly, when the bean
is no longer required and is removed from the container, some cleanup may be required.
 Though, there is lists of the activities that take place behind the scenes between the time of
bean Instantiation and its destruction, but this chapter will discuss only two important bean
lifecycle callback methods which are required at the time of bean initialization and its
destruction.
 To define setup and teardown for a bean, we simply declare the <bean> with init-method
and/or destroy-method parameters. The init-method attribute specifies a method that is to
be called on the bean immediately upon instantiation. Similarly, destroy-method specifies a
method that is called just before a bean is removed from the container.
HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld {
private String message;

public void setMessage(String message){

this.message = message;
}
public void getMessage(){
System.out.println("Your Message : " + message);
}
public void init(){
System.out.println("Bean is going through init.");
}
public void destroy(){
System.out.println("Bean will destroy now.");
}
}

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC
Q6. Develop small application using Spring MVC framework.
Ans. Spring MVC Hello World Example
There are given 7 steps for creating the spring MVC application. The steps are as follows:
1. Create the request page (optional)
2. Create the controller class
3. Provide the entry of controller in the web.xml file
4. Define the bean in the xml file
5. Display the message in the JSP page
6. Load the spring core and mvc jar files
7. Start server and deploy the project

Step-1: Create the request page (optional)

This is the simple jsp page containing a link. It is optional page. You may direct invoke the action class
instead.

index.jsp
<a href="hello.html">click</a>

Step-2: Create the controller class

 To create the controller class, we are using two annotations @Controller and
@RequestMapping.
 The @Controller annotation marks this class as Controller.
 The @Requestmapping annotation is used to map the class with the specified name.
 This class returns the instance of ModelAndView controller with the mapped name,
message name and message value. The message value will be displayed in the jsp page.

HelloWorldController.java
package com.javatpoint;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
@Controller
public class HelloWorldController {
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public ModelAndView helloWorld() {
String message = "HELLO SPRING MVC HOW R U";
return new ModelAndView("hellopage", "message", message);

}
}

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC

Step-3: Provide the entry of controller in the web.xml file

In this xml file, we are specifying the servlet class DispatcherServlet that acts as the front
controller in Spring Web MVC. All the incoming request for the html file will be forwarded to the
DispatcherServlet.
web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="2.5"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">
<servlet>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<servlet-
class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet
-class>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.html</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

Step-4: Define the bean in the xml file

 This is the important configuration file where we need to specify the ViewResolver and
View components.
 The context:component-scan element defines the base-package where DispatcherServlet
will search the controller class.
 Here, the InternalResourceViewResolver class is used for the ViewResolver.
 The prefix+string returned by controller+suffix page will be invoked for the view
component.
 This xml file should be located inside the WEB-INF directory.

spring-servlet.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

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 Unit 7 – Spring MVC
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-
3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-
3.0.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javatpoint" />
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalRe
sourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/" />
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
</bean>
</beans>

Step-5: Display the message in the JSP page

This is the simple JSP page, displaying the message returned by the Controller.
It must be located inside the WEB-INF/jsp directory for this example only.
hellopage.jsp
Message is: ${message}

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