VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Belagavi-590018
ADA REPORT(BCS401)
ON
“Algorithm Design Techniques: When and
Where to Use Them”
Submitted by
Suma R -1RI23CS153
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Veena
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
R R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to VTU and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognized by Govt. of
Karnataka,
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ and NBA
Raja Reddy Layout, Chikkabanavara, Bengaluru-560090
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2024-25
ABSTRACT
The efficient management of patient data and hospital operations is critical in
delivering quality healthcare services. Traditional manual systems are often
inefficient, error-prone, and unable to handle large volumes of data. This report
presents a comprehensive overview of a Hospital Management System (HMS) built
using Database Management System (DBMS) technology. The system aims to
streamline hospital workflows by providing centralized, secure, and real-time access
to patient information, appointments, billing, and medical records. Using relational
database concepts such as normalization, primary and foreign keys, and SQL
queries, the system ensures data integrity, reduces redundancy, and enhances overall
operational efficiency. Furthermore, the system supports role-based access control to
maintain data privacy and security. The implementation of this DBMS-based HMS
demonstrates significant improvements in accuracy, speed, and ease of data
retrieval, contributing to better patient care and hospital management. The report
also discusses potential future enhancements through integration with emerging
technologies like IoT and AI to further optimize healthcare delivery.
CHAPTERS
I. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Need for digital transformation in hospital 1-
1.2 Overview of DBMS-Based hospital
management systems
II. CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES
2
2.1 Enhancing and accuracy
2.2 Ensuring secure and reliable data
access
III. CHAPTER 3
APPROACHES 3-4
3.1 Database structure and table design
3.2 Workflow of the systems
IV. CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES
5
V. CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE 6
7
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Need for Digital Transformation in Hospitals
Hospitals today deal with thousands of patients and vast amounts of sensitive medical data
daily. The traditional paper-based system is not only time-consuming but also prone to
human errors, data loss, and mismanagement. With growing populations and increasing
medical needs, hospitals must adopt a smarter and more secure approach to data handling.
Database Management Systems (DBMS) play a crucial role in this transformation by
helping hospitals store, manage, and access patient data efficiently and securely. They
provide a centralized system where data can be updated in real-time and accessed by
authorized users only. The introduction of DBMS into hospital workflows reduces
paperwork, shortens patient wait times, and increases the overall reliability of the system
(Silberschatz et al., 2020; Elmasri & Navathe, 2017).
Moreover, DBMS allows integration with other technologies such as mobile apps, cloud
storage, and even Artificial Intelligence for predictive diagnosis, making the hospital
system future-ready (GeeksforGeeks, 2023; Oracle, 2023).
1.2 Overview of a DBMS-Based Hospital Management System
A Hospital Management System (HMS) built on DBMS is an integrated solution that
connects various departments like Reception, OPD, Pharmacy, Billing, and Diagnostics.
Each patient interaction, from registration to discharge, is recorded in the system and
linked via a unique patient ID. This ensures that all medical history, test reports, and
prescriptions are available for future reference.
The use of relational databases like MySQL or Oracle allows for creating normalized
tables, such as Patient, Doctor, Appointments, and Billing. These tables can be linked
using primary and foreign keys, ensuring a consistent and reliable data model (C.J. Date,
2004; TutorialsPoint, 2024). This not only simplifies data retrieval using SQL queries
but also helps enforce rules for data integrity and security.
A good HMS system powered by DBMS is scalable, which means new departments and
services can be added without major changes to the database structure. Also, it ensures
data recovery and backup in case of system failure, making hospital operations smooth
and continuous (ResearchGate, 2022; IEEE Xplore, 2023).
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 1
CHAPTER 2:
OBJECTIVES
2.1 Enhancing Efficiency and Accuracy
One of the key goals of a DBMS in hospitals is to reduce the time and effort required to access
patient data while improving its accuracy. Manual data entry often leads to duplication and
missing information, whereas DBMS systems validate data during entry, reducing errors. For
example, patient IDs are unique, ensuring no two records can be confused (Silberschatz et al.,
2020).
Doctors can access historical data instantly, such as past diagnoses, test reports, and prescriptions,
which improves the accuracy of treatment. This access is enabled through structured query systems
that pull data from multiple related tables (Elmasri & Navathe, 2017).
2.2 Ensuring Secure and Reliable Data Access
Healthcare systems contain extremely sensitive data. DBMS systems implement security layers
such as role-based access control, user authentication, and encryption to prevent unauthorised data
access. For example, only doctors can update diagnosis details, while only billing staff can manage
payment records (Oracle Documentation, 2023).
Moreover, features like data backup, failover mechanisms, and ACID-compliant transactions
ensure that the hospital’s critical data remains safe, even during system failures (IEEE Xplore,
2023).
2.3 Supporting Automation and Smart Healthcare
Automated appointment bookings, report generation, and billing reduce human effort and free up
staff for more patient-centric tasks. The DBMS can also be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT)
devices to record vital signs directly into the system (ResearchGate, 2022).
Such intelligent integration paves the way for smart hospitals where AI tools help predict disease
risks based on patient data trends stored in the database (GeeksforGeeks, 2023).
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 2
CHAPTER 3:
APPROACHES
3.1 Database Structure and Table Design
The Hospital Management System uses a relational database model where information is stored in
structured tables. Each table is designed using normalization rules to eliminate redundancy and ensure
efficiency.
For example, the Patient table stores personal and medical information, while the Doctor table includes
specialization and timings. Foreign keys link patient appointments to specific doctors and bills to their
respective services (Elmasri & Navathe, 2017; TutorialsPoint, 2024).
The ER diagram helps visualize these relationships and ensures that all data is logically connected.
Primary keys ensure that each record is uniquely identifiable, which is critical in systems that handle
large volumes of data (C.J. Date, 2004).
3.2 Workflow of the System
When a patient is registered, their data is entered into the DBMS. This record is then connected to other
modules like doctor consultations, lab tests, pharmacy, and billing.
Each interaction updates the database in real-time using SQL transactions, ensuring consistency and
traceability (W3Schools, 2024). For example, a doctor’s prescription gets linked to the pharmacy table,
allowing seamless coordination between departments.
This structured flow enables the hospital to serve more patients in less time, with all information
instantly accessible (MySQL Documentation, 2024).
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 3
CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES
4.1 Key Features of the Hospital DBMS
•Role-Based Access: Ensures that only authorized users can access or modify certain data fields,
maintaining patient privacy (Oracle Documentation, 2023).
•User-Friendly Interface: Most systems are built with frameworks like PHP or Python Flask, providing
an intuitive interface for hospital staff (PHP Manual, 2024; Flask Docs, 2024).
•Validation Mechanisms: Prevents incomplete or incorrect data from being entered into the system.
4.2 Benefits Over Manual System
•Speed: Fetching patient records, generating reports, or scheduling appointments takes seconds
(GeeksforGeeks, 2023).
•Accuracy: Centralized storage eliminates the need to rewrite or duplicate data, reducing errors
significantly.
•Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for physical storage, files, and printing.
•Real-Time Updates: Allows immediate reflection of changes, such as bed availability, doctor status, or
test results (ResearchGate, 2022).
•Security and Backup: Encrypted data storage, automatic backups, and disaster recovery support
protect against data loss (IEEE Xplore, 2023).
4.3 Tools and Technologies Used
•Database Engine: MySQL, Oracle DB
•Front-end Development: PHP, Python (Flask/Django)
•Development Stack: XAMPP, WAMP, or custom servers
•System Design Tools: ER diagrams and DFDs for modeling structure (TutorialsPoint, 2024)
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 4
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 5
CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION
The integration of a Database Management System (DBMS) into a hospital setting marks
a significant transformation in how healthcare institutions operate. Throughout this report,
we explored how DBMS plays a pivotal role in organizing, storing, and retrieving patient-
related information quickly, securely, and efficiently. From patient registration to billing,
from lab records to prescription history, every interaction within the hospital ecosystem
can be seamlessly managed using a structured database system.
The hospital management system, designed using relational DBMS principles not only
simplifies the workflow but also eliminates redundancy, ensures accuracy, and enhances
the security of sensitive medical data. Features like role-based access, real-time data
updates, and backup support make the system both reliable and scalable. With the help of
tools like ER diagrams, SQL queries, and normalization techniques, the database ensures
data integrity and supports multi-user environments without conflict.
In addition, the use of DBMS in hospitals opens doors to advanced technologies such as
Artificial Intelligence, IoT integration, and predictive analytics. These innovations can
drastically improve diagnosis, automate decision-making, and personalise treatment plans
for patients based on past records stored in the database. The system’s ability to generate
reports, handle high transaction loads, and work across departments makes it ideal for
large and small healthcare setups alike.
In conclusion, the application of DBMS in hospital management is not just a technical
upgrade—it is a crucial step toward smarter, faster, and more patient-friendly healthcare
services. As technology continues to evolve, such systems will continue to grow in
importance, becoming the backbone of digital health infrastructure worldwide.
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 6
REFERENCES
1. Silberschatz, A., Korth, H. F., & Sudarshan, S. (2020).
Database System Concepts (7th Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. B. (2017).
Fundamentals of Database Systems (7th Edition). Pearson Education.
3. Date, C. J. (2004).
An Introduction to Database Systems (8th Edition). Pearson Education.
4. Rajaraman, V. (2016).
Fundamentals of Computers (6th Edition). PHI Learning.
5. TutorialsPoint. (2024).
Hospital Management System Database Design.
Retrieved from: https://www.tutorialspoint.com
6. GeeksforGeeks. (2023).
DBMS – Real-life Applications and Use Cases.
Retrieved from: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org
7. ResearchGate. (2022).
Design and Implementation of Hospital Management System.
Available at: https://www.researchgate.net
8. Oracle Documentation. (2023).
Oracle Database for Healthcare Systems.
Retrieved from: https://docs.oracle.com
Dept. of CSE, RRIT 2024-25 Page 7
