AURORA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

COURSE : Java Programming

STUDENT LECTURES

Topic: Web Development with Java

PRESENTED BY:
Syed Akheeeb (231U1R1093)
B. SAI SANKETH (231U1R1101)
COURSE INSTRUCTER:
RAVIKANTH K T. Divya (231U1R1107)
J. Mukesh (231U1R1120)
Year & Term: II & III
Introduction to Java Web Development

• Java's Role in Web Development:

• Java is a platform-independent, robust, and secure language. It’s known for its ability
to run on any device or operating system that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Used extensively in enterprise applications, Java web development often focuses on
building secure, scalable, and highly available web applications.
• Key components: Java provides libraries and frameworks that make web development
easier, such as Java EE, Spring, and JSP.
Additional Points:
• Java-based web technologies power critical systems in industries like banking, insurance,
healthcare, and telecommunications.
• Java's object-oriented design makes it easy to build reusable and maintainable components
for web applications.
• Java offers a strong community support with active forums, documentation, and
educational resources, making learning and problem-solving easier.
Key Message: Java is one of the most trusted and widely used languages for developing
scalable, enterprise-level web applications.
 Understanding Web Application Architecture

• Three-Tier Architecture: This is the standard model for web development, dividing an application into three logical layers:
• Presentation Layer (Frontend): This layer represents the user interface of the application, which is usually built using HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and client-side technologies. It communicates with the backend (business logic) to fetch data and display it to users.
• Business Logic Layer (Backend): In Java, this is where the application’s core functionality resides. It processes business logic,
calculations, data processing, and validates input. Java servlets, JSPs, and Spring controllers fall into this category.
• Data Access Layer (Database): This layer is responsible for managing the data. It handles connections to databases, performs
queries, and processes the results. Technologies like JDBC, Hibernate, and JPA are commonly used for data access.
Additional Points:
• Modularity and Maintainability: This separation allows each layer to be developed and maintained independently.
• This architecture ensures that changes in one layer don’t heavily affect others, promoting code reusability and separation of concerns.
• Scalability: You can scale each layer independently as needed, such as adding more database instances or servers for the frontend.
• Key Message: The three-tier architecture helps in organizing and maintaining complex web applications, promoting scalability and
ease of development.
 Java Servlets – The Foundation

• What are Servlets? Servlets are Java programs that run on a web server and handle HTTP requests from clients (typically browsers).
They interact with the web server, process requests, and generate responses (usually HTML) that are sent back to the client.
• Servlet Lifecycle: The lifecycle of a servlet follows specific phases:
1. init(): Called once when the servlet is first loaded into memory. Used for setup tasks like initializing resources.
2. service(): Handles client requests. This method is called for every request made to the servlet.
3. destroy(): Called when the servlet is unloaded from memory, allowing the servlet to release resources.
Additional Points:
• Servlets are the foundation of dynamic web applications in Java. They interact with databases, perform processing, and manage sessions.
• A servlet container (like Apache Tomcat) is required to run servlets. It provides the environment for servlets to execute and manage the
lifecycle.
• Servlets vs. JSP: While servlets are used for controlling application flow and processing requests, JSP is more focused on generating
dynamic web pages.
Key Message: Servlets are the basic building blocks for handling HTTP requests and responses in Java-based web applications.
 JavaServer Pages (JSP)
In-depth Explanation:
• Purpose: JSP simplifies creating dynamic web pages by embedding Java code directly into HTML.
Instead of writing Java code in a servlet to generate HTML, JSP allows embedding Java directly
within HTML tags.
• Features:
• JSP pages are compiled into servlets by the server when they are requested for the first time.
• Supports custom tags (via JSTL) that help manage complex logic, making code cleaner.
• JSP is event-driven, meaning it reacts to requests made by users (via HTTP requests).
Additional Points:
• Separation of concerns: JSP focuses on view logic (what the user sees), not business logic, which
should be handled by servlets or business services.
• JSP Lifecycle: Similar to servlets, but here the JSP engine manages page compilation and execution.
• JSP can integrate with modern front-end frameworks like Thymeleaf or Angular for richer UI
development.
• Key Message: JSP makes it easy to create dynamic, data-driven web pages, but it should not be
used to handle business logic, which is the role of the backend.
 Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern

• What is MVC? The Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern is a core concept in web development that separates application
logic into three interconnected components:
• Model: Represents the data and business logic. It communicates with the database and performs operations (like fetching or saving
data).
• View: The UI layer, usually HTML or JSP in Java web apps. It’s the part of the application the user interacts with.
• Controller: Acts as the intermediary between the Model and the View. It receives input from the user, processes it (via the Model),
and returns the output to the user via the View.
Additional Points:
• Separation of concerns: MVC allows you to decouple the different aspects of the application, making it more modular and easier to
maintain.
• Spring MVC: This is one of the most popular frameworks for implementing the MVC pattern in Java. It offers flexible configuration
and integrates seamlessly with other Spring modules.
Key Message: The MVC pattern is widely used in Java web development for clean separation of business logic, UI, and control flow,
promoting maintainability and scalability.
 JDBC – Java Database Connectivity

•What is JDBC? JDBC is a standard API that enables Java applications to interact with relational databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
Oracle.
•The typical JDBC process involves:
1. Establishing a connection: Using DriverManager or a DataSource object.
2. Executing a query: Using Statement or PreparedStatement to execute SQL queries.
3. Processing results: Using ResultSet to retrieve query results.
4. Closing resources: Always close connections, statements, and result sets to prevent memory leaks.

•Additional Points:
•PreparedStatement: Safer than Statement as it protects against SQL injection.
•Transaction Management: JDBC provides APIs to manage database transactions (commit, rollback).
•While JDBC is low-level and often tedious, it’s still used in many legacy systems and Java-based frameworks.

•Key Message: JDBC allows seamless integration between Java applications and databases, but it can be cumbersome for large-scale
applications, which is why frameworks like Hibernate are often used for easier ORM (Object-Relational Mapping).
Spring MVC – Building Web Applications

• Spring MVC: It’s part of the Spring Framework, designed to simplify building web applications.
1. DispatcherServlet is the central controller in Spring MVC that processes incoming requests.
2. Controllers define application logic and interact with the Model (data layer).
3. Spring integrates with JSP, Thymeleaf, or other view technologies for rendering the user interface.
• Spring MVC makes it easy to create RESTful services with @RestController.
 Spring Boot – Simplifying Development

• Spring Boot is designed to simplify the setup and development of Spring-based applications. It is essentially a framework within the
larger Spring ecosystem, aiming to reduce the complexities of configuration and make development faster and easier.
1. Auto-Configuration: One of the key features of Spring Boot is its auto-configuration mechanism. It automatically configures
application settings based on the dependencies you add to your project. For instance, if you add a dependency for a database, Spring
Boot automatically configures the necessary data source, connection pool, and other database-related configurations, which would
otherwise have to be done manually.
2. Embedded Servers: Unlike traditional Spring applications where you need to deploy your app on an external server like Apache
Tomcat or Jetty, Spring Boot comes with embedded web servers (such as Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow). This means that you can run
a Spring Boot application as a standalone Java application without needing to configure an external server. This feature is
particularly useful in microservices architecture, where each microservice can run as an independent service.
 Java Web Development – Key Tools and Frameworks

• Java Web Development is supported by a wide range of tools and frameworks that enhance productivity, scalability, and performance.
• Eclipse/IntelliJ IDEA: These are the most popular Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for Java development. They
provide rich features such as code suggestions, debugging, refactoring, and seamless integration with build tools like Maven and
Gradle. Using a good IDE is essential for streamlining the development process.
• Maven/Gradle: These are build automation tools that manage dependencies, compile the code, and package applications for
deployment. They allow developers to define project dependencies, version management, and build life cycle, ensuring consistency
across the team.
• Apache Tomcat/Jetty/Undertow: These are popular web servers used to deploy Java web applications. While Apache Tomcat is
the most widely used servlet container, Jetty and Undertow provide lightweight alternatives, often used with microservices
architectures.
• Spring Framework: While Spring Boot simplifies application development, the Spring Framework provides broader features for
managing dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming (AOP), transaction management, and more, forming the
backbone for many Java web applications.
Key Message: Java offers a wide selection of tools and frameworks to make web development more efficient and manageable, and
combining them strategically is key to building robust applications.
 Best Practices in Java Web Development

• While Java offers powerful tools and frameworks, the success of a Java web application largely depends on following best practices
throughout the development process.
• Separation of Concerns (SoC): The MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern is one of the most commonly used design patterns in
Java web development. It encourages separation of the application's business logic (Model), user interface (View), and user input
(Controller), making the application easier to maintain and test.
• Exception Handling: Java's exception handling model ensures that errors are gracefully managed. Use of try-catch blocks, custom
exceptions, and logging (with frameworks like Log4j or SLF4J) is essential for debugging and improving application reliability.
• Database Transactions: Managing database transactions properly is crucial for consistency and integrity of data. Use frameworks
like Spring Transaction Management to manage transactions across multiple operations.
• Security Best Practices: Use frameworks like Spring Security to manage authentication, authorization, and access control to
sensitive resources. Follow OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) guidelines to secure your web application against
common vulnerabilities such as SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
Key Message: Implementing best practices in Java web development ensures that your applications are maintainable, secure, and
scalable.
 Future of Java in Web Development

• Java continues to evolve, and its role in web development is as important as ever. Several trends are shaping the future of Java in web
development.
• Microservices and Cloud-Native Applications: Java is increasingly being used for microservices architecture, where applications
are broken down into small, independently deployable services. Spring Boot and Spring Cloud are at the forefront of this trend,
providing developers with tools for building cloud-native applications.
• Reactive Programming: Java’s support for reactive programming through libraries like Project Reactor and RxJava is
transforming how web applications handle asynchronous events. These tools allow developers to build highly responsive, non-
blocking web applications.
• Integration with Modern Front-End Frameworks: As web development becomes more client-side heavy, Java continues to work
in tandem with modern JavaScript frameworks (such as React, Vue, or Angular). Java handles the back-end operations, while these
front-end frameworks take care of the UI.
• Java 17 and Beyond: With each new Java version (such as Java 17), new features and optimizations are being introduced, such as
Pattern Matching and Sealed Classes. These improvements make Java more intuitive, readable, and maintainable for web
developers.
Key Message: The future of Java in web development lies in microservices, cloud-native applications, and reactive programming,
ensuring that Java remains a dominant technology in building modern, scalable applications.