y Fern a
MobuLé - fr
Matrices
A malin sam okelece d seckangulax
arkay bens oh chien Thés
ee ee lions ae call omen
on emb Aces | of the maken. _
“g° l a | Bolen ath
a4 ces tone sin’ (-l)
ordex ofa omalatx
A maken Rauing m AEWA and on colimmns
Us ealled. a mabarn of ond ex mx.
Types of onalaiees
Rew ernabate
- clumn mabsia
: Diagonal amalsin
Square soak acne
* Scalax analain’-A makain with all cliagenealendaies men-3ea8 ancl equal, all Thy,
entails Que gre.
os \ o |
5s 0
os
Adenti ly [ tanit Nakita edn mosder
sqpae anakxine with, all Aiagemal evbties °
are ©; and other enbales are gore
*(are]. (ed
00 4
11 ool)
éqpalily of Hakslees .
Tso emahsiws Hae B ase said, tobe
equal af at of dame order
each Pee baaeb othe
copacspondi element of 6.
Jf TAlinna = [aj Joon
[eImnxn = (e9j]
Thee [age] = [bij [Ar anal j |Sub -Hatstces of a Natain :
heb Abe-anwsancn omabsin Thon a malate
oblaimed by dulebing seme rows and
eslumavs uv called a mub-maluin of A-
Manes
, mee chan element aij of a deleann-
daltons “2186 th aot anal J eatieemm
drich “the “elemenb az; peg Arbt 2b ds
ca felon .
to fauloe of am element ag 4 divatala
Na 2 CO Maj |
tejoiml of a Spuors—omalrin
otk is thes, taarnpore of the cofactax
amakain of The emaluix’ Co- factos, malar
us The onal at Bterabl by wai Hong the
co fovkeas of each element «
zg=
Rarke of a Malad Malate
The zank ta araltin us onder opm
hax east 4YUQEL Ah omalkin with, 2. ls
dekermenank #0.
Thus a mo,a4s said fo b& the sank of
the onabain A, if it poases the followers
este , eee
: ef A sche oeden HA * 4 and Jal #o- :
% AP the omaliix tt cenkauns amy ayauet
omahsixn of oder’ Atl the lal =
> An'n! gq naw motain Nd sailed
men - cdongular A 3 zamkek A ts equal fe
a’ {e, tal pe
> IP acmralun hu called. angele” ‘Then
IA[ 0 08 Kank? of A Lxs\tham Sn
Wer of the amatato 1 canbe |
« fhe )
9 4 ne of each ef fe
following malute ,le sfeslal§ lea] a |
~ (6-8) al hqs) 424-6)
= ~@- S+41R
tale 8 nei ie
V Ramk= 3.
Bef & 34 |
: ( J
“Ct 232 3x3
is] =. 2) t-3| jap {|
5
aCa-4)-3( 64a) tracert)
QX -2) = 3KEA4YXT
“Hay +28
of
—oe
Ye
8.
8.
Ce | Q3
aA
3 ga
lef = ole f Ry = ary
Ras 33K,
£Co =
Nutt. of a amadatan
AF mis Sein of oA tha
n- (CR vs called The oreclily af
Trabant A amd ts domated by NCA)
Rank of, mon-aimaulet onlin Soe
onde is mn and aullily of the omaluin
ws gern
pPCAT) = Pea)
LOA) > fob tem ry seb—maleinElement oa Saansfermation of a Matstn
Thee ae 6 dxamafovemaltens ena male
8 of eshuch are duc le cows and hue
The intenehangeng of Arewson &
estuamrs : end
and th seas are demiled. by Ry > Ry
amd imlirchanging of bt, amok |
célummn cs demiladrby Cie G-
She omuittiphicalion ofa men-gerwo scalar
vectox : :
Ayombo tically the onultipleation of
each eleweml of fhe Ath cew by a scalar
h#o us deniled by) |
Ress KeaV .
the cxiupeipeiling célumn. teameforonation 4s
Ce > KEE
- The additien.of the element of amy reeo |
pr cstummn to The wrrecpenden alernenG
tk ony other seuss cx wlemmecmullplied —by a ae - gen scalar’
Ayomboke cally acprusenled ws,
Ro > REtkR
The conor ending cluumn eperalion,
Ci—> Cit RF
Theo dem
iia aly a allen £5. ae: ars
Equivalent - Matafees
IF Bisa meatair obtaimed tier by
to be equivalent fo B-
Denokd as ANB,
Reduction fo_Noximal foram
Rowmal fev of anabria
Eve men -zera mxn gnatarar of aonk
‘20 cam be deduced by a sequene of
elmentary teemcfpymati ons fb The form:Tx oO Tv Tdentity amalrean
Oo °o of onder &.
th ie also knewmas lhe fieut canenical
feom ef a malt .
note Ne The aamk of he maln aloesn’E alll
due to the element taans fo conatt ens,
the «amk of fe roanmnal pron wall be
Same as The
Rg ARQ | fe RR
oa | 8
ao 0 oO oO -
Ry Lok, bo Q.-2
o 1 V2 Bie
oO coo °
&
BPC, -2C, (' *] a) -¥
©] VY 37>
of 6 6
° .
fh Vs <3
O.¢a fa
Hcg taef ip a's +,
© «|
o*#
O°
C3 >, -nCa (' “|
Oo!
O78 oO 6
CG - Be
a St on
ea6 '=APlt ont al ¢
(. 3.-30°A
HIB6 U
Ry > RAR & cl 34
o° MW -b6 -lo
FR TR
Rs 3 © § -1Q -19
Rg Rao RR2 »-l 3 6
o lb-@' fo
S o- © |!
Rabe [t -t 3 6
4 -3y, ~S/
& 0 5Q “Se
° eo. 68 J
Ca Cat Z Ah sh Vo (Ty
G8" ©
¢ + ?
aye oA £ Ca o 06 |
Cg Cg tcp [1° Ala 13
O-~ { ° }
oo 3° )o
&
of
fb
js
e
6 +0. -——_,
9 a>
9 - 0
oo 9
o o&
Cle t 2 3
R-11 8
si -3 Do a)
A= 15) BA
Ra> Ra AR tk og
0 esitgl¢e
Oo ¢€ fo. fo
54
Re 3 ate,
-} ,
ka eRe} 2/s-
R, DR -2R [oor
! i z ° has
Rg —Ra-eRa | oO 0 ele |
a4 ot 1S th a
Ry ky ;
f KO to i 8/5
K P Rom off ele
i 4 O.a t= Vio
oo Mg
R/S APSR 10's %o
ole 7710
Rg hgh eet TiS
ana 8 | oe be
Ry Ru Ae 0 6 Aste
‘fo lo Thilo
= 1. Thro
ex o o
Cy > Cy — 42.6, tooe
fe eol(o Theo 4
— CDI Mo
Poo }
4 C4a-te 100 oO
4-> 4 TSACs 2, £3/4 oe
C3 3 3 G [LOO
ee it este [a |
ef Cr) =!
——
Reis Lqiivalent Camenten! M atarees
ta alain As recused 6 by the
we of element ary teams foronadl ens
of cow alone) B is said fs be soos equi-
valent BA cand converley:
ony enern= 9620 motsin of ramk a cs
ew equivalent bo a anenical anabaroe
ww which 51. The Pout x sews centaur atleast ery,
hev- 3e40 element :
2. The foul men gow element um cach rey
us ene and the wtumn cont ativing ‘thal.
ercter enly eros.
Me steregneny Aews centaumns Por
gui Ie eae form On
Simply ahlel bre ”
us spat 8h eel none
un That onataix., .
obtam the «ew equivalent camenical
emaheuine oy fhe {pllesimg males
I. As i
> A435.
‘-) 6-7
5 Rak, Pr oe Y
Xe 7 i E 9 ny Sa yas3
Ra Ra t Ry oo. st 43t 2 34
Oo -Q -94lo
© =$ -n ~14
[al g
o | 4 -
© -5 - -J4
Ons -6
14s
ao 4 MS
I? @ =o =€
a a ew
O;o | u
"%RD R~ RR, (2 _
R 5 GD
Pop). it
9 eel lit 4
Aire =e
3°31 2
Rg R= RR, “port |e
R, Rk. 3R Ost sero lo
37 KS ' aru aveed)
Rete Ry ret 2
Oo4+4-*ST Fo
O-6-Q -¥
R > RY Re lo-4 a
Raa hytok, |O FS 10
© 0 88 ¢6éf,—>_!_k 1 Pdi +8
RE 9 er = sv Jo
o i 2
Ra ka-S Ry [ 90, 0
© 100
oe Ry + 4R3 © Ol 2
P ce) = 3
Aystem of meas Linas Equations
tonscelen the) sega of om Limear
equations, Ln MW UNkRNEWNS ,
ae (Fala %t-- mare, +a kn = by
a,,%, ta tes} 7
art Aaah, Te tty = bg _0
Fay 0 T Ban gh ut ses. ty 2, =e
"the above ays town of equation wom be
expressed um form 6 6g anatcices,A =f A Aartcre Mn
May Aa, 3,
Am) Im 2° Senn
Man
Ke by
x ~ Ka B= be
‘ bs
NTs :
5 1AM bm Jenx}
Bry verkor x! wtih sebafies "the
onatekar equation ts. ealud the solution
of the matain Whim bs are mot equal
b> pre, the aysherm 44 soud “b be nen-heme
geneous: je, B Fo. tshen B =o, The system
uy satd to be fhemogenrous.
A act of valu of the umknewans ox 1%
Ky y0=> En uturh, satiskres sionedtfameeut
the m equations an the system Qs called
the olution aet of the system of equations.A Umear ay st em may have encartly 7
ere solution and unk mii mo -of Felubier,
CK} Mo otal ows at awl.
4ystom that hove ErtLoA moas then en,
solitionis called conmbent aystom
wohl system thet den't have welubien,
dystemn of nen hermog ements Lemean
4 equations
Befou atlenching t solve The men henw-
gerects system of Amean equation,
ushsther tt dy cemisteht er mal -
Auganenited Matéto }
The, amaitrin, (4 Blechish is obtained by
plauims the matrix 8 bp the aight of he
makdin A vis called “the augmented onaliie
Ag a [Apres rere. « arn by
* 31 a Aan be
am; Ima ama Pneon
the system AX=Bu covrwisteml cf and
enly iff Nand AB have the sornurank .
Results
~ A cermutent aystemo
wa ‘nn! unknowns hare a unique
Le .omd only vif Aamk of hae
CNo-of vews = vamk. ef Ce cecluting)
dna consistent aylin~ of equations show
co-efficient omabrin ub of damk\& , 24,
f-2) ol The unkmsuns Owe chosem and
anncgmed orbb tory values -ace uwiquely
b dunes equations AX=B
ion
- ffa men fremog ence aypstem centavns n egn's
un on wn ms: Then The ayptem 4s consds —
tent, Ifthe dank of the co-efficient malin’
nie, (al #oln thu case, wit elementary
Lacuvife vations wecam acducee A fo normal
trrin'D. > Lomeequently Cag] wall be tedererd
to (rn? | . pis the column omaloene » D,> Pa
Dg yee Dn + Thun‘The. satubion <4
a, 281 y RQ-= Day Ra 2 Dg2
I
! es
Shew thal the oysben of equation,
aeely 13) 3A
Bx ty- az =/
4m-3y- 3 =3
Foe tAy t 23 =4 :
US i comms bart ariel: hence srlve
th Aare.
A =| tla 4 a 5 2
1-2 !
4-3 2) 1
2 4 8 4
yo laf s ra 1 3
y (A8)= 284 1
‘ 4rad -1, 7?)
x. au aS
cere AE
R,—R,3F | 1! 4 ¥%
o +s -SI
hy PR; YR y Si <—ph -
Ry? fa~ 9K, o 6 Oo———
- ra fe
Ra Rafe. '
Ry ky [ t jogt |e
! 12 RO
ot l t
Rak, TIR2 oo 6 4
Loe oo
kg Rg /g ‘ oO -l oO
ols ¢
o.0 1 2/3
ooo 6
Ry PR +R Il o oi23
k,— Ra Rs ot 6 V3
© Or 2/3
00060
" f CAB) =3 scape x(a)
es o. : “heaton (hate
Sine, fCA) = Sore) ~3
No ef an kmewors = $ = fca)
=> The aystem hax an na oe selectorsSplething AB un to A and B
AX = 8
loa at 3 fo
Olo -
Co \ 4 8 Y
Bo & % 4/3
a
a .
y an
3 =) Ys
© 2/3
2
“ Sse & = R lg
V3
8/3
—_.
9
, Solve. mL 8x4 - Yy =6
KX, t+ Bu,t X3 ~ 4x, =
Aut Su, - 4x3 ~ Fxg = Io
vee An =Pkx i Q-3 “4 = 6
“fy, 34 7-94 °
4 slo 2s to
(2-3-4 6
a
x4 (ae) 134 -3y
3 a Ss -2 7-5 jo
By
orvccler 8 )
Ry Rak ia ge “ee
RB, 8328 o |! 4 2-3
o1 4 3 -R
By oR dhe FL oon CY ee
Ol fA J@-R
Ri Ra~Ro re) © Oo 7] oO
Rr@RtsRa | to et © Jo
Ra Ram R83 2 th On?
2e0e A ©
ceo trat—
fen) = CAB) = 3—?AX .= B
fo-uw o)f x, lo
ofp 4 o]| *e Sia ho
! % a].
Coo] xy °
PD -%)- Nees =l0—@
2+ 4x, 2-9 ——@
XG = 0.
Pul Mz Fa @-=
ODx Maze Vxstha sna
GE ~, = fot ila hye -2-4a
Fo 4 fa) sis the olneeal
“x
- ays tho Rott Rg
fca)~ fcos) =3
AK =b |
ww
tsLamu Rule. / a
eppoae we Rove a deerrarhenl: syily
ef n equations, um ‘at unknowns Ode.
geven below. )
Oy %, +t Va % Bec t OE, = by,
MIX, t Agatads + +71 Oy, X= bg =@
Ang M1 Ong Mate tae ob
mm 1 me
the above easter of equolionn con be
expand 4 a ingle onalain AX=8
%
ae | eu Aa Bing =
x=| 4
Ga, A%n-° °°" Fam .
: _ :
On, Fmr2°°* on pany
b,
Be ba
bnThe above: syvlire ws todatenk and —
feren, Le [Al #o-
For earh £2 ag. yn heb AZ
dinste the malein obtamed from A by
euplaun the ith cslumn with The
colurmnen “0 & conatanls BJA) o> The
syle AX=8 has the wmniqgue solu
en
% =lAl pay = deal Ty dn | An
)A] ~ TAL Tal
? Asolve the Pllowarg system af equations
wing MILOUM ONG |\z
3x-4 433-9
x +rY4Yty HE
t-Yt+z =2
4 =| a-f 3 gl q
ede]
Wale aft tea] 3 hel
rl -t1
Lt (v¥)+ (ct+3) 4((-1*3 )
= 2 xa) ee
= H- ard
14 | =
q “13
ui]
' a( H)- 6 (-13) 43 (143)
= (xR) — ERA F AXYaes JA) OF 2)
, lala AE
\ 4a) =.
39 3
4 & A
vo itt
"Da feeadina(andar (4m)
xc (A xh it 8 “4 “4
$ -
= §-3-4
e =m
Ys \ 4a] «1» 3
la | fh -\4; | - w= UF
1 [a
=a (ard) adn be)
an GeV AT = 11%
z le = sj= 7;
a
Q = [43] 76 =
eer es
mtg)
Ax ty = »)
-yig 2 ==e
do
oO iS \ :
ee = I(1-0)-a@(-)-)
= 1- a(-4) = Mle =
=i é
6 —
4g * ry ls _
-l¢
lag |) = tOsti) ~.1G ate) :
|
~ 6+Q26 |
on —
a= 1a Se ee
lal -t =—Se ee
y-lWal 2 is - -13
Jap
q¢eo ls] | 8 ae
iy)
W
9 an Sy 4 Ay
ee Fn t 2y 43,
3
s
3x Hy ~ 63. }
vonU-ay tw -tdl =o
Qu-Qwi gb th =o
Su-4ut & +3 =6
Test the conrscstemy ?f Ik given «gstem
of equdlions.
A= fl -2 0-1 -|
2 6 -2 3 = “4
5 “4 ot -3
[rs] - Po -@ p-l -4
rr |
5-4 0 f 3
Raa Ra AR,
Rg Ry — SK, oF 2-9
} HR Lal =] = 3 rae
o YAS -3 Pet
fo 6 -S ER
Ra ~~ Rely( 257607
ete ea “M4 &- Be
,
” Ane th 3 RG-3e
a
— 4
: veccat ar %y3
Ry fa ~ 683 _
: +
Yoo -1 3h -2 “
Sb ot sh yz a
oOo ! 3 i
4 so 13 den j
Ry —> Bit hy os
oe Bs gg
ac? aa, me,
of 9 Ty %m\ . | bs
ooh ~ ais
“FCn) =3 , PCa) = 3.)wolve ening names duke,
Yi 43x54 xy 29 :
a, + Rat ing 76
Bu, 4+ Des i a
"kh =LQ- 3-4 B= 4
(eh 3 (as ” Vé
- Nr »8
lal = a( 4-3) 410 6-1) +3C4-3)
ce Ae S42
= aly
fe Pines lal Po, The ayslom
= tcbeak
_ {obs CH)
Iai etme gy
8 44
9( 4-3) - ¢C6- ate 2)
“4 ~ 36456 < 35
SD ws
no= ~34 —lo 163 6 az
= AY / r ¢ @ \) ‘ cA
a yas af.
\as | I ; |
3 1 8
4 (16-6) At 449) 3(ag-is)
ao -Is = °
Se
|? a tye Ss
vee =8
i’3
RIWIESS = 4
% + hy $15.5 € ee ey)
i! se
Aolve wemg wanes | at
.
= a]
(ae
I
z ((t85 Ha) = ic at -a)
6~ F $1. gg
=
oa
_9= 3 —— = |
4G alg g 1A]
3 (is=12) -4 (14) +é(3- 2)
1g - Got?é
4
=
eilhih=
m Le
"
it}SID wy
« y fo ‘ « : .-
ayfes - 7
DIP ops 9
= Be “13 ~ (a7- 6) Choe
= |e — 3) 45>
~ ae
"1 * “i 44
ro ¢
=)
2° (tee) = = (Say nen
= -§ ;o— a a
= sz #o
— >= y - fh :)
a Mah, $50
Alin y = Cah Bu
Societal 47
pole Hires = + ey F
ia Fda FxAutom of Kinaat Kernog ences
—= Saaohion
rey LR the fllewing, ages: oF
eH as pa a mn?
unkmnewmn + =
Aye (tO Bt--. w * TAN Xn, ==0,
aa! ep Ta tt aera FA, ,7 in) =o
Omre (Typ gh, t- “: 1 +2 mn%n =O
din aman, mo baleen, Wiis sey ewe con be
wakevs as follows:
aX =o
Hlarli sCthep = f(a)
he i. python asa donsna tent
wee = HOA always
ae, Ky = 15=-
aK
iet 6, us & eek ay feoy UE Thee ae’ ne themogencecu equatews
ie uw W unkmnorwas. every dibecmnant ef
v Ac fo%d - TS systion Rot ac tadv iol
elation go long as (Al [pe ‘
tHeuewer the sgn & wall Foie a notul
wen “othr than a uvial solution, th
(nl=o-fe, #Ca gn, uch om as the ooh
umkmnewns, .
In gemuol the dystem anew will le
boli, thin than’ aXQuveal solution
uke and enlyak FCA) an, 4
2. Solve the syaslim vf Limeac » Rome gencons
F : 47> a 4
We - ay 43K =O 2 J Le= Ae
ety 7 ag tdwne
Ha tyl- Sg4+Be =e s vf
; oe ty HF Ag-b =o ° |
FF i pe ohn le rt
£\P 74- 3; |c
at SS Bo ]s
€¢-72 7/‘e928
2 i S74
Rg >R,-AR, o 8 S74
5 0 4 -7 9a ae
Hh -SR, Lo Bo HRB! ae
S= WS of =e
Rok fk Uy
“3 oy RAYS
o TAU lg
an 2444
e 8 -3 4 tas
Rims MFR wf oli Ses aS
if Hr 473 ~ 3
Ry R34 Ot
: 20 oO 104 3-3:
Riu? Rea &2 | 0) 6- Bb TO(CA) = ( Cao) = 4
lo-1 s%
% 0
Ol 4p tle o
C00 © w el gS
Ww °
*0.0;9 9
aig Suid LO
. 3 :
4d ~ % +4 +8 + @*
3
“tn m #PCA), ad aoe ‘be uml vo din
two arbiliary constants ar 324, web
o> w--atZbe=o
3
a= a-Zb
3
@s y-at4h beo
3
y= a-Abf
3
: bemofe
a 4 3 L a J ay
i limere henv-
~ x =fe)e a- shh us The soluble
y
Y
Ww b FEES SesCHARACTERISTIC RUBES K CrlIARA CTERIST),
VecToRs of 4 MATRIX
day men- 3c yecfor is card fo leg
aad he chaaaclerstic Veckoy of a»
matsrn A . Thee esta men—sor F
DX such That AX= AX. Aho, Thin A &
qasl he a chonacterustic ool of the
onatae A connespending fo The veebo
Xana Vole vena. Charact vucttc 70s
ax alte cated exgen yalus and chara-
chen fic vectors ate ako colled og on
veetoas -
Characloushi eyneb e malin
Let A = (ay J be an nxn malin: Then hed
mabe (A-AL) uy called The characte
atte matex of ACuher tT 4: nxn martrial
The snay of (A-AL) wie nokt-
null po nermnel o vee. giter d.and
us tthe of 0b Cleat polynomial ef
4+.Th ym: fA-AL]= © vs called -the
cherockeustre eqn- of # wand it sols aa
called chane clersstie Aol /etgen valeurs
ftPro blems ,
bk Pend the eigen values of the amatw'x
A =|YRB
o-4 2
oo 7
Se A- AT eft aad corriods
0-4 2. a ceo]
6 6 7] 3° Poe 4
muh {ro A, 8 3
oy |
oo oA i
Ja-az] = I-% ~ATAY q.
° 7-aA
( = I-9(€u-a)(1-a) + 0+)
Ei = (2a8(=ae ean -Tata*)
= 2]
=~ ARTA TANG aSA-GA TA
- 9?
3 a
= A-+4”a +85 A~ ae« chanackeua tc gn of The piven
peat
rs ~ VY 4A ZAEA-as =e
ws Ak A=/
ve —-1494Q5-2% =o
2 Or =I) ube fachoy
The dock, ofthe above polynem es bs
a-e =A
mm 2 by A*#99 23 =0 s
2) ALE, Bot JERR
——————__”—
RX]
\e -34+ [4-13 «3 tis
t K +3 a
asl
b=7¢3
e= 3Oo, 3494 amd ~9 ~St
evs ovat
Exgen values aut,
“4 “9
[p- az]
\"
Co
i.e
w OL
yy 20
1 ;
oy >
oe>
Sp oll
~ 2% o
LL 3
TRE RE = o-aleadco-a)+3)
Jet tfocsy =I)
gift SFA A Ss) + |
= 3% aa 4/
- _n+34e- BAT
SS*. Characters He eyms e .
ae 49a ~ BAdI HO.
As gig k4ay <1 = 0
(a-1)?=0 => A=|=0
ar uae *
BE ger va lis ace a=, 1,1
L LO F
f
Ipeat) Safa 4). i
4 f ae ’ Ael]
= (Ie ca) Eayea- | (‘> 3
#3 (1-2(a-a)=(i- »)[a-antr4a- ‘| -[-a -]
+ a[t—Agaa)
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