Harshita Maheshwari

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➢ Introduction to Node.js
➢ JavaScript vs. Node.js
➢ why Node.js
➢ Event Loop
➢ Thread vs. Event-Driven
➢ Understanding Blocking I/O and Non-blocking
I/O
➢ What can we do with Node?
➢ What can’t do with Node?
➢ When to use Node
➢ When not use Node
➢ Node.js Environment Setup
➢ Node.js REPL

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Node.js is a cross-platform runtime environment and library for
running JavaScript applications outside the browser. It is used
for creating server-side and networking web applications.

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➢ Written in C++

➢ created by Ryan Dahl starting in 2009

➢ Built on top of Chrome’s V8 engine –so pure JavaScript

➢ Framework to build asynchronous I/O applications

➢ Single Threaded – no concurrency bugs –no deadlock

➢ One node process = one CPU core

➢ It is open source and free to use.

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 JAVASCRIPT NODEJS
Javascript is a programming language that is NodeJS is a Javascript runtime environment.
used for writing scripts on the website.
Javascript can only be run in the browsers. NodeJS code can be run outside the browser.
It is basically used on the client-side. It is mostly used on the server-side.
Javascript is capable enough to add HTML and Nodejs does not have capability to add HTML
play with the DOM. tags.
Javascript can run in any browser engine as like Nodejs can only run in V8 engine of google
JS core in safari and Spidermonkey in Firefox. chrome.
Javascript is used in frontend development. Nodejs is used in server-side development.
Some of the javascript frameworks are RamdaJS, Some of the Nodejs modules are Lodash, express
TypedJS, etc. etc. These modules are to be imported from npm.
It is the upgraded version of ECMA script that uses Nodejs is written in C, C++ and Javascript.
Chrome’s V8 engine written in C++.

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➢ Node.js is a platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for easily
building fast, scalable network applications.

➢ Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes

it lightweight and efficient, perfect for data-intensive real-time
applications that run across distributed devices.

➢ It makes use of event-loops via JavaScript’s callback functionality

to implement the non- blocking I/O.

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➢ JavaScript used in client-side but node.js puts the JavaScript on
server-side thus making communication between client and server
will happen in same language

➢ Servers are normally thread based but Node.JS is “Event” based.

Node.JS serves each request in a Evented loop that can able to
handle simultaneous requests.

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Infoway Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 3rd Floor Commerce Centre, Rambaug Colony, Paud Road Pune 411038 8
There are a couple of implications of this apparently very simple and
basic model
➢ Avoid synchronous code at all costs because it blocks the event loop
➢ Which means: callbacks, callbacks, and more callbacks
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 Threads Asynchronous Event-driven

Lock application / request with only one thread, which repeatedly

listener-workers threads fetches an event
Using incoming-request model Using queue and then processes it

multithreaded server might block the manually saves state and then goes on
request which might involve multiple to process the next event
events
Using context switching no contention and no context switches

Using multithreading environments Using asynchronous I/O facilities

where listener and workers threads (callbacks, not poll/select or
are used frequently to take an O_NONBLOCK) environments
incoming-request lock

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In a normal process cycle the webserver while processing the
request will have to wait for the IO operations and thus
blocking the next request to be processed.

Node.JS process each request as events, The server doesn’t

wait for the IO operation to complete while it can handle
other request at the same time.

When the IO operation of first request is completed it will call-

back the server to complete the request.

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Example : Read data from file and show data

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● Read data from file

● Show data

● Do other tasks
var data = fs.readFileSync( “test.txt” );
console.log( data );
console.log( “Do other tasks” );

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 Callback

● Read data from file

When read data completed, show data

● Do other tasks

fs.readFile( “test.txt”, function( err, data ) {

console.log(data);
});

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➢ We can create an HTTP server and print ‘hello world’ on the
browser in just 4 lines of JavaScript.

➢ We can create a DNS server.

➢ We can create a Static File Server.

➢ We can create a Web Chat Application like GTalk in the browser.

➢ Node.js can also be used for creating online games, collaboration

tools or anything which sends updates to the user in real-time.

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➢ Node is a platform for writing JavaScript applications outside web
browsers. This is not the JavaScript we are familiar with in web
browsers. There is no DOM built into Node, nor any other browser
capability.

➢ Node can’t run on GUI, but run on terminal

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➢ Node.js is good for creating streaming based real-time services,
web chat applications, static file servers etc.

➢ If you need high level concurrency and not worried about CPU-
cycles.

➢ If you are great at writing JavaScript code because then you

can use the same language at both the places: server-side and
client-side.

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➢Your server request is dependent on heavy CPU
consuming algorithm/Job.

➢Node.JS itself does not utilize all core of underlying

system and it is single threaded by default, you have to
write logic by your own to utilize multi core processor and
make it multi threaded.

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➢ The following tools/SDK are required for developing a Node.js application:
a. Node.js
b. Node Package Manager (NPM)
c. IDE (Integrated Development Environment) or Text Editor
➢ Install Node.js on Windows:
a. Visit Node.js official web site https://nodejs.org.
b. It will automatically detect OS and display download.
c. Download node MSI for windows by clicking on Download link.
d. After downloading the MSI, double-click on it to start the installation.
e. Click Next to read and accept the License Agreement and then click Install.
f. It will install Node.js quickly on your computer.
g. Finally, click finish to complete the installation
h. Open command prompt and type following.
node -v
npm -v
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REPL stands for Read Eval Print Loop and it represents a computer
environment like a Windows console or Unix/Linux shell where a
command is entered and the system responds with an output in an
interactive mode. Node.js or Node comes bundled with a REPL
environment. It performs the following tasks −
➢ Read − Reads user's input, parses the input into JavaScript data-
structure, and stores in memory.
➢ Eval − Takes and evaluates the data structure.
➢ Print − Prints the result.
➢ Loop − Loops the above command until the user presses ctrl-c twice.
➢ The REPL feature of Node is very useful in experimenting with Node.js
codes and to debug JavaScript codes.

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To launch the REPL (Node shell), open command prompt (in Windows) or
terminal (in Mac or UNIX/Linux) and type node as shown below. It will change
the prompt to > in Windows and MAC.

You can now test pretty much any Node.js/JavaScript expression in REPL. For
example,

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We can define a function and execute it as shown below.

You can execute an external JavaScript file by writing node fileName command.
For example,

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The following table lists important REPL commands.

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 Harshita Maheshwari
Infoway Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 3rd Floor Commerce Centre, Rambaug Colony, Paud Road Pune 411038 24
➢ Introduction to Node.js Modules
➢ Types of Module
➢ How to create a Local Module
➢ How to export module
➢ Require function
➢ Introduction to NPM
➢ Package.json
➢ NPM local Package
➢ NPM Global Package
➢ Adding dependency
➢ Update and Search Package
➢ Package-lock.json

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In Node, the modularity is a first-class concept. In the Node.js module
system, each file is treated as a separate module. let’s say,
a demo.js file is a module.

Modules help us encapsulating our code into manageable chunks.

Anything that we define in our module (i.e. in our JavaScript file)
remains limited to that module only, unless we want to expose it to
other parts of our code.

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➢ Core module: Modules that come shipped with Node.js,
e.g. htts, os, fs, net, etc.

➢ Third-party module: Modules that you install from any package

manager. We use these modules to accomplish or simplify any existing
task. For example, to simplify our web API development we use express,
or to deal with date and time we use moment.

➢ Local module: These are the modules that we create for our own use.
These modules basically consist of core business logic of our code.

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➢ __dirname :- It specifies the name of the directory that currently
contains the code.
➢ __filename : - It specifies the filename of the code being executed.
➢ setImmediate(callback[, arg][, ...])
➢ setInterval(callback, delay[, arg][, ...])
➢ setTimeout(callback, delay[, arg][, ...])
➢ clearImmediate(immediateObject)
➢ clearInterval(intervalObject)
➢ clearTimeout(timeoutObject)

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Creating a module in Node is very simple, just create a javascript
file .

Let’s say we defined one file, named sum.js, with the following
content:

const sum = (a, b) =>

{
return a + b;
};
const result = sum(2, 3)
console.log(result)

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➢ This is an object used to expose our functionalities in one module, so these
functionalities can be used in other modules.
➢ We can expose anything, this can be a function, variable, constants, classes, etc.
➢ whatever you assign to module.exports will be exposed as a module.

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This is a function that we use to import or require the functionalities from other modules. It
is a compliment to the exports object, which is used to export functionalities. require, on
the other hand, is used to import those functionalities.

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➢ NPM is the world's largest Software Library (Registry).

➢ NPM is also a software Package Manager and Installer.

➢ The registry contains over 800,000 code packages.

➢ Open-source developers use npm to share software.

➢ Many organizations also use npm to manage private development.

➢ Created by Isaac Z. Schlueter

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npm includes a CLI (Command Line Client) that can be used to
download and install software:

➢ npm is installed with Node.js

➢ All npm packages are defined in files called package.json.
➢ The content of package.json must be written in JSON.
➢ At least two fields must be present in the definition file: name
and version

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 Package.json holds various meta data relevant to the project. This file is used to give
information to npm that allows it to identify project as well as handle the project’s
dependencies.

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➢ name − name of the package
➢ version − version of the package
➢ description − description of the package
➢ homepage − homepage of the package
➢ author − author of the package
➢ contributors − name of the contributors to the package
➢ dependencies − list of dependencies. NPM automatically installs
all the dependencies mentioned here in the node_module
folder of the package.
➢ repository − repository type and URL of the package
➢ main − entry point of the package
➢ keywords − keywords

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There is a simple syntax to install any Node.js module −
syntax:
$ npm install

For example, following is the command to install a famous Node.js

web framework module called express
$ npm install express

We have two ways to install package.

1. Install package local
2. Install package global

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Local packages are installed in the directory where you run
npm install , and they are put in the node_modules folder
under this directory.
By default, NPM installs any dependency in the local mode.

For Example: $npm install express

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global packages are all put in a single place in your system
(exactly where depends on your setup), regardless of where you
run
npm install -g <package-name>

For example:
$ npm install express -g

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Adding dependency in package.json:
For example:

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➢ Update Package:
Update package.json and change the version of the dependency
to be updated and run the following command.
For example:
$ npm update express

➢ Search a package:
Search a package name using NPM.
For example:
$ npm search express

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package-lock.json is automatically generated for any operations where npm modifies
either the node_modules tree, or package.json. It describes the exact tree that was
generated, such that subsequent installs are able to generate identical trees, regardless
of intermediate dependency updates.
This file is intended to be committed into source repositories, and serves various purposes:
➢ Describe a single representation of a dependency tree such that teammates, deployments, and
continuous integration are guaranteed to install exactly the same dependencies.

➢ Provide a facility for users to "time-travel" to previous states of node_modules without having to
commit the directory itself.

➢ To facilitate greater visibility of tree changes through readable source control diffs.

➢ And optimize the installation process by allowing npm to skip repeated metadata resolutions for
previously-installed packages.

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 Harshita Maheshwari
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➢ HTTP
➢ URL
➢ Fs
➢ Events

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Node.js has a set of core modules that are part of the platform and
come with the Node.js installation:

assert buffer child_process

console cluster crypto
dgram dns events
fs http http2
https net os
path perf_hooks querystring
readline repl stream
string_decoder timers tls
tty url util
v8 vm wasi
worker zlib
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Node.js has a built-in module called HTTP, which allows Node.js to
transfer data over the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Syntax:
const http = require('http');

//create a server object:

http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
res.write('Hello'); //write a response to the client
res.end(); //end the response
}).listen(1000); //the server object listens on port 1000

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The URL module splits up a web address into readable parts.

var url = require('url');

var adr = 'http://localhost:1000/default.htm?id=2&name=ram';
var q = url.parse(adr, true);

console.log(q.host); //returns 'localhost:1000'

console.log(q.pathname); //returns '/default.htm'
console.log(q.search); //returns '?id=2&name=ram'

var qdata = q.query; //returns an object: { id: 2, name: ‘ram' }

console.log(qdata.name); //returns ‘ram'

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The File System module provides a way of working with the
computer's file system.

Syntax:
const fs = require('fs');

Common use for the File System module:

 Read files
 Create files
 Update files
 Delete files
 Rename files

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Reading File Asynchronously:-
var fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('TestFile.txt', function (err, data)
{ if (err) throw err;
console.log(data);
});

Reading File Synchronously:

var fs = require('fs');
var data = fs.readFileSync('dummyfile.txt', 'utf8');
console.log(data);

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Creating & Writing File:-
var fs = require('fs');
fs.writeFile('test.txt', 'Hello World!', function (err)
{ if (err) console.log(err);
else
console.log('Write operation complete.');
});

Append File Content:-

var fs = require('fs');
fs.appendFile('test.txt', 'Hello World!', function (err) {
if (err) console.log(err);
else
console.log('Append operation complete.');
});
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var fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink('test.txt', function () {
console.log('write operation complete.');
});

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Node.js allows us to create and handle custom events easily by using
events module. Event module includes EventEmitter class which can be
used to raise and handle custom events.

// get the reference of EventEmitter class of events module

var events = require('events');

//create an object of EventEmitter class by using above reference

var em = new events.EventEmitter();

//Subscribe for FirstEvent

em.on('FirstEvent', function (data) {
console.log('First subscriber: ' + data); });

// Raising FirstEvent
em.emit('FirstEvent', 'This is my first Node.js event emitter example.');

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 Thank you !!

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