Dear Students,

Write (only the part in yellow) in your notebook. Use black ink for
the questions and blue for the answers.
Date to be written as 29/04/25

THE LAST LESSON BY ALPHONSE DAUDET

Theme
The themes of patriotism, freedom of language and the love for one's mother tongue are
predominant in the story. The people of Alsace and Lorraine were denied the freedom to learn their
own language by the Prussians.

Linguistic Chauvinism means the strong and unreasonable belief that your own country and
language is the best and important. The story "The last lesson" is all about linguistic chauvinism.
Acquisition of power over the Alsatians made the Prussians so domineering that they imposed even
their language on them

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1: Answer in 30 – 40 words: (2) CBSE paper, 2012]

What changes did the order from Berlin cause in the school?
A: The order from Berlin directed schools in the districts of Alsace and Lorraine in France to teach
German instead of French.
Q2: Answer in 30 – 40 words: (2) [CBSE paper, 2013]
How did Franz react to the declaration that it was their last French lesson?
A: Franz was shocked and sad when he heard this news. Suddenly he developed a liking for ‘his’
language and was keen to learn French. He was remorseful for not learning well in the past and was sad
that his teacher, Mr. Hamel would go away.
Q3: Answer in 30 – 40 words: (2) CBSE paper, 2014]
Why were the elders of the village sitting in the classroom?
A: The elders of the village came to the classroom to attend the last lesson of French in the school as a
mark of respect to the French teacher Mr. Hamel who had been teaching there for the last forty years.
These ‘elders’ had not studied well and could not read and write their mother tongue, French and so as it
was the last opportunity for them, they came to attend the class.
Q4. Answer the following question in 120 – 150 words: (6) [CBSE paper, 2015]
The order from Berlin aroused a particular zeal in the school. Comment.
OR
Q5: Answer the following question in 120 – 150 words: (6) [CBSE paper, 2016]
 Our language is part of our culture and we are proud of it. Describe how regretful M. Hamel and the
village elders are for having neglected their native language, French.
A: When Berlin ordered that French language would no longer be taught in schools in the French districts
of Alsace and Lorraine, it stirred the otherwise lazy Frenchmen. Suddenly, they all had a strong desire to
learn how to read and write their mother tongue. It was not only the children who went to school but also
the elders of the village who had not studied seriously in their childhood, putting off ‘unimportant’ works
to the next day. The day finally arrived as the last day of French language in the schools. They become
serious and keen to learn as they feel the German would laugh at them for not knowing their own
language. They are ashamed of themselves when the teacher says that this lack of knowledge is the reason
for their defeat to the Germans and asks them to guard their mother tongue as being close to one’s
language is the key to escape from the prison of slavery.

READ ONLY DOCUMENTS

Brief Introduction

’The last lesson’ written by Alphonse Daudet narrates about the year 1870 when the Prussian forces
under Bismarck attacked and captured France. The French districts of Alsace and Lorraine went into
Prussian hands. The new Prussian rulers discontinued the teaching of French in the schools of these
two districts The French teachers were asked to leave. Now M. Hamel could no longer stay in his
school. Still he gave lesson to his students with utmost devotion and sincerity as ever. One such
student of M. Hamel, Franz who dreaded French class and M. Hamel’s iron rod, came to the school
that day thinking he would be punished as he had not learnt his lesson on participles. But on reaching
school he found Hamel dressed in his fine Sunday clothes and the old people of the village sitting
quietly on the back benches. It was due to an order from Berlin. That was the first day when he
realized for the first time that how important French was for him, but it was his last lesson in French.
The story depicts the pathos of the whole situation about how people feel when they don’t learn their
own language. It tells us about the significance of one’s language in one’s life for the very existence
of a race and how important it is to safeguard it.

Gist of the lesson

 Franz is afraid of going to school as he has not learnt participles.

 He wants to enjoy beauty of nature. The bright sunshine, the birds chirruping in the woods, Prussian
soldiers drilling but resisted.
 Bulletin board: all bad news, lost battles, the drafts and orders of the commanding officers: wondered
what it could be now
 The changes he noticed in the school.
 Instead of noisy classrooms everything was as quiet as Sunday morning
 The teacher does not scold him and told him very kindly to go to his seat
 The teacher dressed in his Sunday best.
 Villagers occupying the last benches
 To pay tribute to M. Hamel for his 40 yrs of sincere service and also to express their solidarity with
France.
 Hamel making the announcement that that would be the last French lesson; realizes that, that was
what was put up on the bulletin board.
 Franz realizes that he does not know his own mother tongue
 Regretted why he had not taken his lessons seriously.
 Also realizes the reason why teacher was dressed in his Sunday best and villagers sitting at the back.
 Hamel realizes that all three, the children , the parents and he himself are to be blamed for losing
respect and regard for the mother tongue.
 Always keep the mother tongue close to your heart as it is the key to the prison of slavery.
 Atmosphere in class: teacher teaching sincerely and patiently, students and others studying with
utmost sincerity.
 Franz wonders sarcastically if Prussians could force pigeons to coo in German.
 Hamel overcome with emotions could not speak and wrote on the black board “Long Live France”.

INTRODUCTION IMPORTANT TOPIC WISE

A. Daudet's short story "The Last Lesson' is set in the days of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
Germany (Prussia occupied two French districts of Alsace and Lorraine. By an order from Berlin,
German language was imposed on the French speaking people of Alsace and Lorraine. The story
highlights the dismay and distress of M. Hamel, his students and the villagers caused by that order from
Berlin.

1. Late for School.

The narrator (Franz) started for school very late that morning. He feared M. Hamel. He would question
the students on participles. The narrator didn't know even the first word about them. He feared a scolding,
He thought of running away and spending the day out of doors. The weather was very warm and bright.
But he decided otherwise and hurried off to school.

2. Crowd in Front of the Bulletin-board.

As Franz passed the town hall, he saw a big crowd in front of the bulletin-board. For the last two years all
the bad news had come from there. The people got the news of the lost battles and other important
information only from there.

3. Unusual Calm at School.

Usually, when the school began there was a lot of hustle and bustle. The opening and closing of desks and
lessons orally repeated in unison, created a lot of commotion. But now it was all so still. He could depend
on the commotion to get to his desk without being noticed. But now he went in before everybody. He
blushed and was quite frightened. But nothing happened. No punishment. M. Hamel saw him and asked
very kindly to take his seat.

4. The Last Lesson.

M. Hamel was in clothes that he wore only on inspection and prize days. The whole school seemed so
strange and silent. But the most surprising thing was the presence of the village elders sitting quietly on
the back benches. M. Hamel mounted his chair and spoke in a grave and gentle tone. *My children, this is
the last lesson I shall give you." He told them that an order had come from Berlin. Only German would be
taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The new master would come the next day. It was their last
French lesson. He wanted them to be very attentive.
5. Sudden Love for French.
The narrator felt sorry for not learning his lessons in French. He never liked his books. He didn't have any
interest in grammar and history. But now he developed a fascination for them. Even he started liking M.
Hamel. The idea that he would not teach them any more, made Franz forget all about his ruler He even
forgot how cranky his teacher was. Now it was his turn to recite. But he got mixed up and confused. M.
Hamel didn't scold him.

6. M. Hamel went on to Talk of the French Language.

M. Hamel showed his concern that people of Alsace generally gave no importance to French. They put
off learning their own native language. Franz was not the only culprit. Many others also shared the same
fate, He declared that French language was the most beautiful language in the world. It was the clearest
and most logical. They must guard it among themselves and never forget it. It appeared that M. Hamel
wanted to give them all he knew before going away.

7. "Vive La France " "Long Live France!.

All at once the church-clock struck twelve. The trumpet of the Prussian soldiers sounded under their
windows. M. Hamel stood up, very pale, in his chair. He tried to speak but some thing choked him. He
couldn't speak. Then he turned to the blackboard. He took a piece of chalk and wrote as large as he could:
"Vive La France!" Long Live France!") Then without a word, he made a gesture to them with his hand:
"School is dismissed you may go.

Explanation
I started for school very late that morning and was in great dread of a scolding, especially because M.
Hamel had said that he would question us on participles, and I did not know the first word about them.
The narrator of the story is a young school going boy named Franz. That morning, he was scared as he was late for
school. Also, as their teacher M. Hamel had announced the previous day that he would test them on the topic of
‘Participles’ and Franz did not know anything at all, he was more scared of being scolded.
For a moment I thought of running away and spending the day out of doors. It was so warm, so bright! The birds were
chirping at the edge of the woods; and in the open field back of the sawmill the Prussian soldiers were drilling.
Sawmill: a factory for cutting wood Drilling: exercising
Franz had another option in his mind – to miss school and enjoy the day out in the warm and bright weather. He
describes the scene – there were birds chirping on the trees and the noise of the Prussian soldiers doing the drill
behind the sawmill could also be heard.
It was all much more tempting than the rule for participles, but I had the strength to resist, and hurried off to school.

It was all much more tempting than the rule for participles, but I had the strength to resist, and hurried off to school.
Tempting: attracting Resist: to stay away

The scene outside was more attractive than the school but Franz controlled the temptation and chose to attend
school.

When I passed the town hall there was a crowd in front of the bulletin-board. For the last two years all our bad news had
come from there — the lost battles, the draft, the orders of the commanding officer — and I thought to myself, without
stopping, “What can be the matter now?”
bulletin-board: a notice board for putting up the latest news and communication

As Franz walked past the town hall, he noticed a huge crowd at the notice board. The war with Prussia had begun
two and a half years ago and since then all the bad news like losing the war, occupation of Alsace and Lorraine by
the enemy i.e. Prussia, etc had been communicated to the people through this bulletin board. Franz kept on walking
towards the school and thought in his mind that what news could have been put up at the board now.

Then, as I hurried by as fast as I could go, the blacksmith, Wachter, who was there, with his apprentice, reading the
bulletin, called after me, “Don’t go so fast, bub; you’ll get to your school in plenty of time!”

I thought he was making fun of me, and reached M. Hamel’s little garden all out of breath.

As he walked hurriedly towards the school, the blacksmith who was also reading the news and had come along with
his trainee called out to Franz from behind and said that he needn’t go in such a hurry as there was plenty of time
for him to reach school.
Franz thought that the blacksmith was making fun of him as he was already late for school. When Franz reached
the garden outside the school, he was out of breath as he had walked very fast.
Usually, when school began, there was a great bustle, which could be heard out in the street, the opening and closing of
desks, lessons repeated in unison, very loud, with our hands over our ears to understand better, and the teacher’s great
ruler rapping on the table.

a great bustle: a lot of noise created by many people

in unison: at the same time rapping: striking

Franz describes the usual scene at the school in the mornings – a lot of noise created by the moving of desks,
children repeating their lessons and teachers striking the tables with the rulers could be heard .

But now it was all so still! I had counted on the commotion to get to my desk without being seen; but, of course, that day
everything had to be as quiet as Sunday morning.

counted on: depended upon commotion: noise and confusion

That day was unusual as there was no such sound coming out of the school and it seemed that the school was closed
as it used to be on a Sunday morning. Franz had planned that he would take cover under the commotion and reach
the class without being noticed but that did not seem possible.

Through the window I saw my classmates, already in their places, and M. Hamel walking up and down with his terrible
iron ruler under his arm.

Franz peeped inside his class and saw his classmates seated and M. Hamel, their teacher walking in the class with
the ruler made of iron placed under his arm. Franz feared a beating.

I had to open the door and go in before everybody. You can imagine how I blushed and how frightened I was.

Blushed: face turned red in colour due to shame

Franz was ashamed of being late and feared a scolding as he had to enter the classroom in front of everyone.

But nothing happened. M. Hamel saw me and said very kindly, “Go to your place quickly, little Franz. We were beginning
without you.”

Franz found it strange as M. Hamel did not say anything and on the contrary, politely asked him to get to his seat,as
the class was about to begin without him.
I jumped over the bench and sat down at my desk. Not till then, when I had got a little over my fright, did I see that our
teacher had on his beautiful green coat, his frilled shirt, and the little black silk cap, all embroidered, that he never wore
except on inspection and prize days.

Franz hurried to his seat. After some time when he overcame the scare and became comfortable, he noticed that
their teacher had worn his best embroidered that day. The teacher normally wore it on occasions like inspection and
prize distribution days. Franz wondered if that day was a normal day, then what could be the reason for M. Hamel
to wear his special dress.
Besides, the whole school seemed so strange and solemn. But the thing that surprised me most was to see, on the back
benches that were always empty, the village people sitting quietly like ourselves; old Hauser, with his three-cornered hat,
the former mayor, the former postmaster, and several others besides.
Solemn: serious.
Franz felt that the atmosphere in the school was unusual and serious. To add to it, the last benches of the class room were
occupied by the senior village men – Hauser, who was wearing his three-cornered hat, the retired mayor, postmaster, etc.

Everybody looked sad; and Hauser had brought an old primer, thumbed at the edges, and he held it open
on his knees with his great spectacles lying across the pages.
Primer: basic reader of any language Thumbed: torn and damaged
They all looked sad. Hauser had brought his reader which was old and torn. He had opened it, kept it on his knees
and had placed his spectacles on it.

While I was wondering about it all, M. Hamel mounted his chair, and, in the same grave and gentle tone
which he had used to me, said, “My children, this is the last lesson I shall give you. The order has come
from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine. The new master comes
tomorrow. This is your last French lesson. I want you to be very attentive.”

Grave: serious

Franz was confused and could not figure out what was happening that day. Just then M. Hamel told them
that it was their last lesson in French as the Prussians in Berlin had ordered that French language would
no longer be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine and that German language be taught instead.
The German teacher would arrive the next day and as this was the last lesson in French, he wanted them
to pay attention.

What a thunderclap these words were to me! Oh, the wretches; that was what they had put up at the town-
hall!

Thunderclap: used in comparison to refer to something startling or unexpected

Wretches: here, it refers to an unfortunate happening

Franz was shocked to know that he could not learn French any longer and now he knew the latest news
that had been put up at the bulletin board of the town hall.

My last French lesson! Why, I hardly knew how to write! I should never learn any more! I must stop
there, then! Oh, how sorry I was for not learning my lessons, for seeking birds’ eggs, or going sliding on
the Saar!
Saar: a river which passes through France

Franz regretted for not being serious towards studies and for wasting his time in hunting bird’s eggs and
playing in the Saar river.
My books, that had seemed such a nuisance a while ago, so heavy to carry, my grammar, and my history
of the saints, were old friends now that I couldn’t give up.

Nuisance: problem, burden couldn’t give up: cannot leave

Till now Franz considered his books to be an unwanted burden but suddenly, he starts considering them
to be his best friends whom he could never leave. The writer wants to show the change in Franz’s attitude
towards study after hearing the news that he could not learn French any longer.

And M. Hamel, too; the idea that he was going away, that I should never see him again, made me forget
all about his ruler and how cranky he was.

Cranky: strange, short – tempered

The news that their teacher M Hamel was leaving also had a similar impact on him. Franz did not want
him to go away. He no longer thought the teacher to be short – tempered and strict.

Poor man! It was in honour of this last lesson that he had put on his fine Sunday clothes, and now I
understood why the old men of the village were sitting there in the back of the room.

Sunday clothes: the best dress that a person has.

Now Franz knew that M Hamel was wearing his best dress in honour of this last lesson. He also realized
that the village men had come to pay respect and thank M Hamel for his service of forty years in that
school.

It was because they were sorry, too, that they had not gone to school more. It was their way of thanking
our master for his forty years of faithful service and of showing their respect for the country that was
theirs no more.

The village men had come to the class as they were also repenting for not have studied well in their
childhood. They had come to thank their teacher for his forty years of service as a teacher of French.
Also, they wanted to show respect to their country and were sad as their mother tongue – French would
no longer be taught to them.

While I was thinking of all this, I heard my name called.

The teacher calls out to Franz as it his turn to recite the topic of participles.
It was my turn to recite. What would I not have given to be able to say that dreadful rule for the participle
all through, very loud and clear, and without one mistake?
Dreadful: frightening
As the news had impacted Franz, he was eager to study and so, he was desperate to show his eagerness.
He wanted to be able to recite the topic in one go and without any mistake and please his teacher. His
desperation is reflected in his willingness to give away all that he had in return for reciting the lesson
well.
But I got mixed upon the first words and stood there, holding on to my desk, my heart beating, and not
daring to look up.
mixed up: confused
As Franz did not know the lesson, he got confused and stood quietly. His heart was beating fast as he
was ashamed of himself and did not have the courage to face his teacher.
I heard M. Hamel say to me, “I won’t scold you, little Franz; you must feel bad enough. See how it is!
Every day we have said to ourselves, ‘Bah! I’ve plenty of time. I’ll learn it tomorrow.’ And now you see
where we’ve come out.
where we’ve come out: result
M. Hamel said to Franz that he would not scold him as now he had realized his mistake. Everyday Franz
told himself that he would study the next day and now the opportunity to study had ended and he knew
nothing.
Ah, that’s the great trouble with Alsace; she puts off learning till tomorrow. Now those fellows out there
will have the right to say to you, ‘How is it; you pretend to be Frenchmen, and yet you can neither speak
nor write your own language?’ But you are not the worst, poor little Franz. We’ve all a great deal to
reproach ourselves with.”
Pretend: show to reproach: blame
M Hamel says that all the people of Alsace were to be blamed as no one was serious towards learning.
He tells the class that the enemies (Prussians) would laugh at them and say that they only show to be
Frenchmen as they can neither speak nor write their own language. He says that Franz should not feel
guilty as everyone is at fault.
“Your parents were not anxious enough to have you learn. They preferred to put you to work on a farm
or at the mills, so as to have a little more money. And I? I’ve been to blame also. Have I not often sent
you to water my flowers instead of learning your lessons? And when I wanted to go fishing, did I not just
give you a holiday?”
M. Hamel says that Franz’s parents were not interested in getting him educated. They wanted him to
work at a farm or a mill and earn some money. He says that as a teacher, he was also not interested in
teaching them. He would send them to his home to water the plants. Sometimes, he would declare a
holiday and go for fishing.
Then, from one thing to another, M. Hamel went on to talk of the French language, saying that it was the
most beautiful language in the world — the clearest, the most logical; that we must guard it among us and
never forget it, because when a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as
if they had the key to their prison.
M. Hamel praises their mother tongue – French language as being the most beautiful, clearest and most
logical language in the world. He tells the class to guard their language as it is the only way to free
oneself from the prison of slavery. If a person knows his mother tongue well, no one can enslave him.
Knowing the mother tongue well as a language is a tool to fight domination.
Then he opened a grammar and read us our lesson. I was amazed to see how well I understood it. All he
said seemed so easy, so easy! I think, too, that I had never listened so carefully, and that he had never
explained everything with so much patience.
It seemed almost as if the poor man wanted to give us all he knew before going away, and to put it all into
our heads at one stroke.
at one stroke: at once, in one go.
The teacher took a lesson in grammar. That day Franz was surprised that he understood the lesson with
ease. He felt that he had been attentive, and that M. Hamel also explained the lesson with a lot of
patience. Franz felt that the teacher wanted to give them all the knowledge he had before leaving.
After the grammar, we had a lesson in writing. That day M. Hamel had new copies for us, written in a
beautiful round hand — France, Alsace, France, Alsace.
After Grammar, they had a lesson in writing. M. Hamel gave the class new notebooks with “France,
Alsace, France, Alsace” beautifully written on them.
They looked like little flags floating everywhere in the school-room, hung from the rod at the top of our
desks. You ought to have seen how everyone set to work, and how quiet it was! The only sound was the
scratching of the pens over the paper.
Franz felt that here was an air of patriotism in the class. The notebooks were like flags of France that
were floating all around. The entire class was busy writing and the only sound that could be heard was
that of the pen writing on the paper.
Once some beetles flew in; but nobody paid any attention to them, not even the littlest ones, who worked
right on tracing their fish-hooks, as if that was French, too.
beetles: a large sized insect not even the littlest ones: refers to the pigeons
who worked right on tracing their fish-hooks: scratching with their claws.
Once some mosquitoes flew into the class, but no one panicked as everyone was busy writing. The writer
considers the pigeons sitting on the roof of the class to be students as well and says that even the pigeons
were busy scratching the roof with their claws and it seemed that they were also busy writing the task of
French language.
On the roof the pigeons cooed very low, and I thought to myself, “Will they make them sing in German ,
even the pigeons?”
Cooed: the sound made by the pigeons
The ‘coo’ sound of the pigeons could be heard in the class and Franz wondered that would the Prussians
force the pigeons also to change their language and coo in German. The writer wants to say that
language comes naturally to a being and it cannot be forced upon anyone – be it the pigeons or the
French men.
Whenever I looked up from my writing I saw M. Hamel sitting motionless in his chair and gazing first at
one thing, then at another, as if he wanted to fix in his mind just how everything looked in that little
school-room.
Gazing: looking intently fix in his mind: store or keep forever
In between writing, Franz looked at M. Hamel who sat still and stared at the different things in the
classroom in succession as if he wanted to memorize the appearance of everything before leaving.
Fancy! For forty years he had been there in the same place, with his garden outside the window and his
class in front of him, just like that.
Only the desks and benches had been worn smooth; the walnut-trees in the garden were taller, and the
hopvine that he had planted himself twined about the windows to the roof.
worn smooth: had worn out and became smooth due to overuse
twined: twisted
M. Hamel had been teaching at that same place for the last forty years. The only changes were that the
desks in the classroom had worn out due to use over the years, the walnut trees in the garden outside had
grown taller, the hopvine on the outer wall of the school building had climbed up to the roof.
How it must have broken his heart to leave it all, poor man; to hear his sister moving about in the room
above, packing their trunks! For they must leave the country next day.
Franz feels that the teacher must be heartbroken to be sent away from a place where he had spent forty
years of his life. The noises of his sister packing and moving their luggage could be heard from the room
upstairs as they had to leave the next day.
But he had the courage to hear every lesson to the very last. After the writing, we had a lesson in history,
and then the babies chanted their ba, be bi, bo, bu.
M. Hamel remained composed and heard the lesson from the entire class. After the writing task, there
was a lesson of history followed by phonetics where they recited the sounds of alphabets. Franz referred
to the class as "babies" because although they were grown up, they were reciting the lesson of phonetics
which is usually done by younger children. So, he calls himself and his class to be ‘babies’.
Down there at the back of the room old Hauser had put on his spectacles and, holding his primer in both
hands, spelled the letters with them.
You could see that he, too, was crying; his voice trembled with emotion, and it was so funny to hear him
that we all wanted to laugh and cry. Ah, how well I remember it, that last lesson!
Hauser had put on his spectacles and holding the primer in both his hands, recited the letters with the
class. He was crying, his voice trembled as he spoke. Franz had mixed feelings – he found it funny to see
how an old man like Hauser was crying and trembling and on the other hand, he also felt emotional like
Hauser did. Franz could never forget this last lesson.
All at once the church-clock struck twelve. Then the Angelus.
Angelus: prayer song in the church, the start is marked by the ringing of the bell.
Just then the clock at the church struck twelve and the prayer song begun.
At the same moment the trumpets of the Prussians, returning from drill, sounded under our windows. M.
Hamel stood up, very pale, in his chair. I never saw him look so tall.
Trumpets: a musical instrument.
Pale: used to describe a person's face or skin if it has less colour than usual
At the same moment the sound of the trumpets played by the Prussian soldiers who were returning from
the drill was heard. M. Hamel’s face became dull and colourless as the time had come for the class to get
over. He stood straight and motionless and Franz says that he had never appeared to be so tall.
“My friends,” said he, “I—I—” But something choked him. He could not go on. Then he turned to the
blackboard, took a piece of chalk, and, bearing on with all his might, he wrote as large as he could
— “Vive La France!”
Choked: became unable to speak due to strong emotions
M. Hamel began to speak but could not continue as he was overpowered by his emotions. He took a
piece of chalk and wrote the words “Vive La France” meaning ‘Long Live France’ on the blackboard as
large as he could.
Then he stopped and leaned his head against the wall, and, without a word, he made a gesture to us with
his hand — “School is dismissed — you may go.”
Gesture: a signal
Then he stopped writing, bent towards the wall and without speaking anything signalled the class to
leave as the class was over.